结核病患者压疮的预警管理研究

目的降低结核病住院患者压疮发生率。方法设计压疮预警管理项目,包括建立压疮三级监控小组,设计预警内容,制定监管制度确保预警管理项目落实。实施1年后评价效果。结果实施压疮预警管理项目后临床护理人员压疮知识知晓率显著提高,院内压疮发生率及高危患者压疮发生率显著下降(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论在全院实施压疮预警管理项目,可降低结核病住院患者压疮发生率。     

Two case studies of Marjolin's ulcers in patients referred for management of chronic pressure ulcers.

The term "Marjolin's ulcer" is often used to describe the formation of neoplastic changes in the scar tissue of chronic ulcers. This type of carcinoma is most often seen in postburn scars, but it may be seen in many types of chronic wound scars. The most common cell type is squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinomas resulting from Marjolin's ulcers have a much greater tendency to metastasize than squamous cell carcinomas arising from other causes, which makes early diagnosis imperative. The 2 case studies in this article describe Marjolin's ulcers occurring in chronic pressure ulcers, which should alert the clinician to the possibility of malignancy in any long-standing wound with an atypical presentation.     

院内难免压疮与院外带入压疮的危险因素比较分析

目的探讨院内难免压疮与院外带入压疮危险因素的差异。方法将338例院外带入压疮患者(院外组)与69例院内难免压疮患者(院内组)的危险因素进行比较。结果 13项危险因素中排序前3的为体位受限(92.14%)、年龄70岁(82.80%)及大小便失禁(80.84%);院外组年龄70岁者显著多于院内组(P0.01),院内组血清白蛋白30g/L、意识障碍、脏器功能衰竭、局部水肿、感觉减退者显著多于院外组(P0.05,P0.01);Logistic回归分析上述6项除血清白蛋白30g/L外均为发生压疮的危险因素(P0.05,P0.01)。结论院内、院外患者发生压疮的危险因素有差异,识别压疮高危人群采用的评估量表应有针对性。     

Diagnosis and management of pressure ulcers

Pressure ulcers represent a significant health issue and cost for the growing number of elderly and debilitated patients. The plastic surgeon, as part of the wound care team, has the ultimate responsibility of forming a plan to allow for the eventual closure of the wound. This plan should start with breaking the cycle and eliminating the risk factors that led to the development of the wound. Simultaneously, the surgeon should order an MRI and erythrocyte sedimentation rate and take a bone biopsy to diagnose the extent of the wound and the bacteria present. If more than 10(5) bacteria are present, surgical debridement should be performed, followed by 6 weeks of intravenous antibiotics. Once the bacterial load has been lessened, a 6-week course of Regranex should be applied. Finally, after the wound bed has been prepared adequately, definitive surgical closure should be planned and performed.     

Surgical and reconstructive management of pressure ulcers

Despite significant advances in therapeutic options, pressure ulcers continue to pose a challenge to physicians and surgeons and frequently require multidisciplinary input. In addition, they place huge financial burdens on health care providers. Generally classified as grades I to IV depending on the extent and severity of the ulcer, grades I and II are usually amenable to conservative management. Grades III and IV may require surgical intervention, which could either be simple debridement or complex reconstructive microsurgery. Direct closure or skin grafting is useful in only a small number of early pressure ulcers. For non-healing and advanced pressure ulcers, reconstructive surgery is indicated, which consists of soft tissue flap coverage such as fasciocutaneous, musculocutaneous, perforator, or free flaps. The selection of a particular flap depends on a variety of factors, for instance, the location and grade of the ulcer, vascularity of the surrounding tissue, mobility of the patient, and the experience and expertise of the surgeon. There are no clear guidelines at present regarding the suitability of a particular flap in the management of pressure ulcers at different stages. This article aims to provide an overview of the etiology, pathophysiology, and management of pressure ulcers in various anatomical locations, with particular emphasis on current advances in reconstructive surgical procedures.     

ICU患者压疮研究进展

综述ICU压疮的风险因素、患病率和发病率、研究方法、评估量表、预防措施,以指导临床更好地预防压疮,减轻患者痛苦,降低医疗支出,同时为完善我国压疮相关研究提供参考。     

Medical device related pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients

Most pressure ulcers occur over bony prominences such as heels and the sacrum. However, the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel recognises that pressure ulcers can also occur on any tissue under pressure and thereby can develop beneath medical devices. This article reports on results from a secondary analysis of existing data collected by The Nebraska Medical Center on pressure ulcer quality improvement initiatives and outcomes. The purpose of this study was to quantify the extent of the problem and identify risk factors for medical device related (MDR) pressure ulcer development in hospitalised patients. A subset of data collected during eight quarterly pressure ulcer incidence and prevalence studies (N = 2178) was created and analysed. The overall rate of hospital‐acquired pressure ulcers was 5·4% (113 of 2079). The proportion of patients with hospital‐acquired ulcers related to medical devices was 34·5% (39 of 113). Findings indicate that if a patient had a medical device, they were 2·4 times more likely to develop a pressure ulcer of any kind. Numerous risk factors for pressure ulcer development were identified; however, none differentiated between those with MDR and traditional pressure ulcers.     

Nutritional intake in community patients with pressure ulcers

Nutritional status has been associated with the development and healing of pressure ulcers. This study aimed to examine the dietary intake of adults who had pressure ulcers (n = 75) and a control group with no pressure ulcers (n = 100), randomly selected from those receiving treatment from community nurses. All participants were considered to be at risk of developing pressure damage. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-hour recall method (completed by 84 participants) and a nutritional questionnaire (completed by all 175 participants). The mean age of participants was 79 +/- 6 years and 70% were women. Patients who had pressure ulcers had a lower energy intake (mean difference -185 kcal, 95% confidence interval -413 to 43) and intake of protein (mean difference -6.73 g/day, 95% CI -16.20 to 2.74) but neither factor achieved a standard level of statistical significance. However, when protein was categorised into quartiles, a significantly higher proportion of participants with low intake had pressure ulcers on chi-squared analysis (p = 0.043). More participants who had pressure ulcers required assistance with eating (odds ratio 4.55, 95% CI 1.53 to 13.54) and more had experienced recent taste changes (odds ratio 3.28, 95% CI 1.19 to 9.10). While these differences were significant, there were few major differences between those who had pressure ulcers and the control group. A number of participants in both groups had poor nutritional intake and other risk factors for malnutrition were also found. Poor nutrition is a problem for all patients receiving community nursing care, not just those with pressure ulceration. Due to acknowledged difficulties in recording nutritional intake in elderly patients, further assessment of dietary intake in those receiving community nursing services should be undertaken to support these results.     

结构化电子病历在压疮管理中的应用

目的探讨压疮监控科学化、规范化的有效方法。方法制定压疮电子病历结构化模板,完成压疮表格结构化,制定相应的操作流程、上报流程及使用专项制度和相关管理规定,通过试点后在全院推广实施。结果结构化电子病历在压疮管理中规范运行。结论结构化电子病历应用于压疮管理体现出操作、质控的便捷性,数据统计的便捷性及准确性。     

集束化护理在骨科压疮高危患者管理中的应用

【摘要】目的 探索集束化护理对骨科压疮高危患者的护理效果。方法 将2015年9月～2016年9月入院的126例骨科压疮高危患者,按入院的先后顺序分为两组,其中对照组69例,研究组57例,对照组采取常规压疮预防措施,研究组采取集束化护理。结果 对照组69例,53例有效,有效率76.81%,压疮发生率17.39%;研究组57例,49例有效,有效率是85.96%,压疮发生率5.26%。两组差异显著（P<0.05）。结论 集束化护理能提高骨科压疮高危患者护理有效率、降低压疮发生率。     

Systemic factors and mortality in elderly patients with pressure ulcers

The aim of this article was to identify specific systemic factors associated with existence of pressure ulcers (PUs) and the effect on survival from the time of admission. Patients admitted to the Skilled Nursing Department of the Herzog Hospital, Jerusalem, between 1 July 2008 and 31 December 2011. Of the 174 admitted patients (mean age: 77·4 ± 13·2 years), 107 (61·5%) had pre‐existing PUs and 67 (38·5%) did not have PUs. Major systemic factors were assessed for each patient at the time of admission: sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, use of urinary catheter, tube feeding and tracheostomy; nutritional state; Global Deterioration Scale, Glasgow Coma Scale and Norton Scale. Complications such as the number of provided antibiotic courses, and length and outcomes of hospitalisation were identified at the end of the study. In the univariate analysis, patients in the PU group had significantly prevalent characteristics including advanced age, low cognitive and consciousness function, low Norton scale, Parkinson's disease and anaemia due to chronic diseases, low nutritional parameters and higher number of antibiotics provided. Conditions that were associated with PUs in multiple regression analyses included advanced dementia (OR = 3·0, 95% CI: 1·4–6·3; P = 0·002), urinary catheter usage (OR = 2·25, 95% CI: 1·06–4·7; P = 0·03), low body mass index, BMI (OR = 0·92, 95% CI: 0·86–0·99; P = 0·02) and anaemia level (OR = 0·7, 95% CI: 0·58–0·9; P = 0·004). The median survival time of patients with PUs was significantly lower than the non PUs group (94 versus 414 days, respectively) (P = 0·005, log rank test). Length of stay was also significantly lower in the PU group (166 versus 270 days, P = 0·02). The existence of PUs may indicate a final common pathway of various systemic factors (geriatric conditions, diseases and frailty dysfunction).     

The paradox of obesity in pressure ulcers of critically ill patients

The relationship between body mass index and pressure ulcers in critically ill patients is controversial. We aimed to investigate the association between body mass index and pressure ulcers by analysing data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (version 2.0) database. Eligible data (21 835 cases) were extracted from the database (2008-2019). The association between body mass index and pressure ulcers in critically ill patients was investigated by adjusting multivariate trend analysis, restricted cubic spline analysis, and segmented linear models. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were used to ensure the stability of the results. Trend analysis and restricted cubic spline analysis showed an approximate U-shaped correlation between body mass index and the occurrence of pressure ulcers in critically ill patients, with the risk of pressure ulcers decreasing rapidly with increasing body mass index (8.6% decrease per unit) after adjusting for relevant factors; the trend reached its minimum at a body mass index of 27.5 kg/m2, followed by a slow increase in the risk of pressure ulcers with increasing body mass index (1.4% increase per unit). Among the subgroups, the highest overall risk of pressure ulcers and the risk of severe pressure ulcers were significantly higher in the underweight group than in the other subgroups, and the risk associated with the overweight group was the lowest. There is a U-shaped association between body mass index and pressure ulcers in critically ill patients, and being underweight and obese both increase the risk of pressure ulcers. The risk is highest among underweight patients and lowest among overweight patients (but not patients of normal weight), necessitating targeted prevention strategies for critically ill patients with different body mass indexes.     

The role of pressure-redistributing equipment in the prevention and management of pressure ulcers

In response to a focus on education and research in pressure ulcer prevention, this paper reviews the evolution of pressure-redistributing mattresses and explores the effectiveness of interface pressure measurement in mattress development.     

自制双樟膏治疗老年患者压疮的效果观察

目的 观察自制双樟膏治疗老年患者压疮的效果.方法 将47例(55处)老年压疮患者随机分为观察组24例(28处)和对照组23例(27处).两组均按照压疮常规的创面处理及护理,在此基础上对照组用碘伏纱布换药,观察组用自制的双樟膏治疗压疮,均换药1～2次/d.连续换药7d后观察疗效.结果 两组疗效及创面愈合时间比较,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 应用自制双樟膏治疗老年患者压疮优于传统的碘伏治疗,且缩短创面愈合时间,减轻患者痛苦.