盐酸氟西汀治疗首发抑郁症患者脑局部葡萄糖代谢变化的PET研究

目的探讨首发抑郁症患者经盐酸氟西汀治疗后脑葡萄糖代谢率的变化。方法8例首发抑郁症患者经盐酸氟西汀 治疗前、后进行正电子发射断层扫描术(positron emission tomographyr,PET),并采用统计参数地图(SPM,P值设为0．001)方法分析。 以汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、Montgomery-Asberg抑郁量表(MADS)、汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、临床疗效总评量表(CGI)、中国修订韦 克斯勒成人智力量表(WAIS-RC)、中国修订韦克斯勒记忆量表(WMS—RC)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)评价临床症状改善及神 经心理变化。结果SPM分析显示,首发抑郁症经盐酸氟西洒治疗有效者的左侧额上回、左侧额中回、右侧脑岛、左侧顶上小叶、右侧 顶下小叶及右侧小脑后叶的局部葡萄糖代谢率显著高于治疗前(P<0．001);左侧丘脑、左侧豆状核的局部葡萄糖代谢率显著低于治 疗前(P<0．001)。结论盐酸氟西汀可使首发抑郁症患者的前额叶皮质、丘脑的局部葡萄糖代谢率发生变化。     

首发抑郁症患者局部脑葡萄糖代谢的PET初步研究

目的　探讨首发抑郁症脑葡萄糖代谢特点及与临床症状、神经心理的相关性。方法　对14例首发抑郁症患者与 11例健康对照者进行正电子发射断层扫描 (positionemissiontomography ,PET)。抑郁症患者行汉密尔顿抑郁量表 (HAMD17)、Montgomery Asberg抑郁量表 (MADS)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表 (HAMA)、临床疗效总评量表 (CGI)、中国修订版韦克斯勒成人智力量表 (WAIS RC)、中国修订版韦克斯勒记忆量表 (WMS RC)、威斯康星卡片分类测验 (WCST)评定。结果　 (1)感兴趣区 (ROI)分析显示抑郁症组右侧额上回、右侧扣带回的rCMRglc显著低于健康对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;抑郁症组右侧额上回rCMRglc降低甚于左侧额上回rCMRglc降低 (P <0 0 5 )。 (2 )抑郁症组左侧、右侧rCMRglc与其MADS评分值呈负相关 (分别为P <0 0 5、P <0 0 1) ;右侧额上回、双侧额中回、双侧扣带回、双侧颞叶rCMRglc与SI评分值呈负相关 (除右颞叶P <0 0 1,余区域P <0 0 5 ) ;左侧额下回rCMRglc与其WMS评分值呈正相关P <0 0 5 )。 (3)抑郁症组右侧丘脑rCMRglc与其 1→ 10 0数数值呈正相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ;右侧额中回rCMRglc与其图片值呈负相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ;右侧岛叶rCMRglc与其再认值呈正相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ;左侧颞叶、左侧枕叶rCMRglc与其理解记忆     

难治性抑郁症脑局部葡萄糖代谢的初步研究

目的 探索难治性抑郁症的脑局部葡萄糖代谢模式.方法 对符合国际疾病分类标准第10版(ICD.10)抑郁症诊断标准的8例难治性抑郁症患者和8名正常对照进行静息态正电子发射计算机断层/18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(PET/FDG)扫描,利用参数统计图(SPM2)方法分析组间脑局部代谢差异.结果 患者组的双侧额中回、左侧眶额皮质、左顶下小叶、左腹侧前扣带回、右侧额下回、右颞是回和颞中回以及双侧背侧前扣带回FDG代谢水平明显低于对照组;而左侧中央前/后回、右侧额内侧回、右颞极、右岛叶以及双侧小脑等脑区代谢水平则明显高于对照组.上述差异均有统计学意义(P<0.005).结论 难治性抑郁症患者存在旁边缘系统代谢增高和皮质代谢降低的交互性改变的异常代谢模式.     

抑郁症首次发作患者情绪偏向任务的脑功能磁共振成像研究

目的 研究抑郁症首次发作(以下简称首发)患者对不同性质情绪线索的差异脑激活反应,以探讨抑郁症患者"负性情绪偏向性"的脑活动特征.方法 14例抑郁症首发患者与14名配对健康对照者,接受国际情绪图片系统中正性-中性-负性三组图片刺激的脑功能磁共振成像(fMRI)扫描,任务为组块设计;以文拉法辛(75～150 mg/d,口服)治疗患者,随访12周;以汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD17)减分率评估疗效;用神经功能影像分析(AFNI)软件处理影像数据.结果 (1)文拉法辛治疗8周时有效率为58%;12周时有效率为92%,HAMD17总分减分率为60%.(2)两组均激活的脑区包括双侧额中回、双侧背外侧前额叶皮质、左侧丘脑、双侧岛叶、双侧颞叶、双侧杏仁核和海马.(3)在正性/中性图片激活的脑区中,患者组双侧额中回(右侧0.11%,左侧0.09%)及左侧丘脑(0.31%)激活强度均低于对照组(分别为0.98%,1.17%和1.32%;P＜0.05);左侧岛叶(1.03%)及双侧杏仁核(右侧0.47%,左侧0.11%)的激活强度高于对照组(分别为0.45%,-0.34%和-0.49%;P＜0.05).对于负性图片,患者组左侧额中回(2.77%)、左背外侧前额叶皮质(0.18%)、左侧岛叶(1.36%)、左侧颞叶(0.33%)和右侧杏仁核(0.44%)的激活强度高于对照组(分别为1.91%.-0.32%.0.91%,-0.31%,-0.29%;P＜0.05);患者组左侧丘脑激活强度(-0.79%)低于对照组(1.15%;P＜0.05).(4)治疗后,对于正性图片,患者组左侧、右侧额中回及左侧丘脑激活增加为1.21%,1.14%及1.23%(P＜0.05).对于负性图片,左侧额中回(2.05%)、左外侧前额叶皮质(-0.42%)及左侧岛叶(0.73%)的激活降低(P＜0.05);左侧丘脑(1.53%)激活增加(P＜0.05).结论 前额叶、左侧岛叶、左侧颞叶、杏仁核和左侧丘脑对不同性质情绪诱导线索的异常激活,与抑郁症首发患者偏向性情绪障碍相关;文拉法辛对前额叶、左侧岛叶和丘脑的异常激活有调节作用.     

老年抑郁症患者的脑正电子发射体层摄影术显像分析

目的 探讨老年抑郁症患者脑^18氟-脱氧葡萄糖（18^F-FDG）正电子发射体层摄影术（PET）显像的特点。方法 分别对6例老年抑郁症患者（GD组）及10名健康体检者（对照组）进行脑^18 F-FDGPET显像，按年龄、简易智力状态检查量表总分和性别构成配对，用统计参数图第2版软件比较两组间脑局部葡萄糖代谢的差别。结果 GD组较对照组在双侧尾状核、额下回、颞上回、额中回，右侧核外、额上回、舌回和左侧扣带回、中央前回等脑区局部葡萄糖代谢减低（均P〈0．005）。GD组无局部脑葡萄糖代谢增加的脑区。结论 老年抑郁症患者存在基底节区、前额叶、颞叶和边缘系统的局部葡萄糖代谢下降。     

非脑部恶性肿瘤患者抑郁情绪的PET初步研究

目的探讨非脑部恶性肿瘤患者的抑郁情绪和18氟-脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)正电子发射体层摄影(PET)脑显像的特点及其相关性。方法根据年龄、性别构成配对,使用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、24项汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)分别对12例非脑部恶性肿瘤患者(肿瘤组)及10例正常体检者(对照组)进行心理评估,所有对象行脑18F-FDGPET显像,采用感兴趣区(ROI)方法对两组图像数据进行分析。结果肿瘤组SDS标准总分高于对照组(52.9±9.6vs42±8.9,P=0.012<0.05),肿瘤组阻滞类因子分高于对照组,HAMD总分及其它6类因子分两组间无明显差异(P均>0.05)。ROI分析显示肿瘤组较对照组双侧额叶下回、海马及左侧扣带回、左侧海马旁回的葡萄糖代谢有所下降(P均<0.05)。肿瘤组SDS标准总分与以上部分脑区局部脑葡萄糖代谢率存在负相关,对照组SDS标准总分与其脑葡萄糖代谢率无明显相关。结论恶性肿瘤患者存在一定程度的抑郁情绪,其脑18F-FDGPET显像提示存在额叶和边缘系统的局部脑葡萄糖代谢下降,两者可能存在一定相关性。     

5年随访未转相的抑郁症患者基线脑低频振幅及功能连接特征研究

目的:探讨5年随访未转相的抑郁症患者基线脑低频振幅及功能连接特征。方法:35例抑郁症患者(抑郁组)和27名性别、年龄和受教育年限相匹配的健康对照者(对照组)进行3.0 T静息态功能磁共振扫描,比较两组脑区低频振幅(ALFF)值,将有统计学差异的脑区对全脑进行功能连接(FC)分析。结果:与对照组相比,抑郁组左后扣带回和左丘脑ALFF值降低,左后扣带回和左额中回、左丘脑和左额眶回间FC增强,左后扣带回和左舌回、左丘脑和左小脑脚间FC减弱(P0.05,Alphasim矫正)。左后扣带回和左额中回FC值与17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)总分正相关(r=0.351,P=0.038)。结论:5年随访未转相的抑郁症患者基线期存在边缘局部脑区异常,同时与全脑FC存在异常,可能是抑郁症发病的重要因素之一。     

未经治疗的抑郁症首次发病患者脑弥散张量成像的研究

目的 通过对未经治疗的抑郁症首次发病(以下简称首发)患者进行弥散张最成像(DTI)检查,探讨抑郁症患者脑门质的完整性及其与病程和抑郁严重程度的相关性.方法 对17名首发末服药抑郁症患者(以下简称患者组)和17名年龄、性别和文化程度相匹配的健康对照(以下简称对照组)进行全脑DTI扫描.以基于体素的分析比较两组受试者脑白质的分数各向异性(FA)的差异.提取差异有统计学意义的脑区的FA绝对值,将其与汉密尔顿抑郁量表(17项,HAMD)总分和患者病程进行相关分析.结果 患者组的双侧额中回、左侧扣带回和颞下回白质的FA值显著低于对照组(P＜0.01,cluster＞100).右侧额中回的FA值与病程呈显著负相关(r=-0.732,P=0.001).未发现各脑区的FA值与HAMD总分存在相关.结论脑白质完整性异常可能是抑郁症的生物学特征之一,抑郁症病程对脑白质的完整性有明显影响.     

~(18)F-FDG PET显像观察特发性快眼动睡眠期行为障碍患者脑葡萄糖代谢特点的研究

目的探讨~(18)F-FDG PET显像观察特发性快眼动睡眠期行为障碍(iRBD)患者脑葡萄糖代谢改变和iRBD脑葡萄糖代谢改变与病程间的相关性。方法纳入多导睡眠监测(PSG)确诊的iRBD患者20例(iRBD组)和年龄、性别匹配的健康对照者19例(对照组)。两组均行~(18)F-FDG PET脑显像。基于自动解剖标记模板将大脑划分为90个左右对称的脑区,计算各脑区葡萄糖代谢半定量值。对iRBD组和对照组各脑区葡萄糖代谢半定量值进行独立样本t检验;并对iRBD组脑葡萄糖代谢改变与病程行Pearson相关分析。结果 (1)与对照组比较,iRBD组的双侧背外侧额上回、双侧眶部额上回、双侧眶部额中回、双侧海马、双侧海马旁回、双侧杏仁核、左侧眶部额下回、左侧岛叶、左侧内侧与旁扣带脑回、左侧中央旁小叶、左侧苍白球的葡萄糖代谢半定量值均增高(P0.05);双侧距状裂周围皮质、双侧楔叶、双侧舌回、双侧枕上回、双侧枕中回、双侧枕下回、双侧角回、双侧颞上回、双侧颞中回、右侧颞横回的葡萄糖代谢半定量值均降低(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果,iRBD组双侧杏仁核、双侧颞上回、右侧楔叶、右侧枕上回、右侧颞横回、左侧海马、左侧颞中回的葡萄糖代谢半定量值与病程呈正相关(P0.05);而双侧眶部额上回、双侧眶部额中回、左侧中央旁小叶、左侧眶部额下回、左侧内侧和旁扣带回、右侧背外侧额上回、右侧海马旁回的葡萄糖代谢半定量值与病程呈负相关(P0.05)。结论 iRBD患者脑内存在疾病相关的葡萄糖代谢水平改变,有助于客观评估iRBD病情的变化。     

后部皮质萎缩患者脑部葡萄糖代谢特征及其与认知功能的相关性分析

目的 利用¹⁸F-脱氧葡萄糖(¹⁸F-FDG)正电子发射断层(PET)显像分析后部皮质萎缩(PCA)患者脑部葡萄糖代谢特点及其与认知评分相关性。方法 12例临床诊断为PCA的患者和20例年龄、性别匹配的健康对照者行静息状态下脑¹⁸F-FDG PET成像,运用统计参数图(SPM)两样本t 检验比较两组的PET图像在体素水平的差异,获得PCA患者脑葡萄糖代谢异常脑区并分析其与认知量表评分的相关性。结果 SPM分析显示,与健康对照组比较,PCA患者双侧顶叶(包括楔前叶、角回)、颞中回的葡萄糖代谢降低,基底节区、额叶、小脑的葡萄糖代谢相对增高。楔前叶局部葡萄糖代谢率与视空间觉、记忆、Gerstmann’s综合征相关测验评分呈正相关(R=0.3982～0.8229,P<0.05);角回局部葡萄糖代谢率与记忆、执行功能相关测试评分呈正相关(R=0.5949～0.7317,P<0.05)。结论 脑¹⁸F-FDG PET显像可应用于PCA的临床诊断及疾病严重度评估。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.