手足口病重症病例评分标准研究

目的 探讨评价手足口病重症程度的评分标准,为客观筛查重症病例、统一重症病例判定标准提供依据,并为临床救治提供参考.方法 选择安徽省阜阳市两家手足口病定点医院在2008年3-6月筛查的所有重症病例,并随机选择部分轻症病例为研究对象,利用事先制定的评分标准,对病例的病情进行统一评分.采用ROC曲线对评分标准的诊断价值进行客观评价,评价所用金标准主要依据ICU、气管插管和临床结局等制定,并利用灵敏度、特异度和约登指数界定危重、重症和轻症病例的判定分值.结果 97%(34例)的轻症病例评分在6分以下,88%(24例)的行气管插管和机械通气的病例评分在6分以上,79%(11例)死亡病例评分在10分以上.重症病例和轻症病例的ROC曲线下面积为0.90(95%CI:0.83～0.98),危重病例与重症+轻症病例的ROC曲线下面积为0.95(95%CI:0.92～0.98),综合考虑灵敏度和特异度,当评分为4分时,此时对重症病例的判断效果最好,灵敏度为0.94、特异度为0.68、约登指数为0.62;当评分为6分时,此时对危重病例的判断效果最好,灵敏度为0.92、特异度为0.84、约登指数为0.76.结论 手足口病重症程度评分标准可量化判定病情严重程度,对病例的诊断价值很高.     

NCIS评分与SNAPPEⅡ评分对危重新生儿死亡风险预测效果探讨

目的新生儿重症监护室中,危重新生儿占绝大部分。寻找简便易行的评估方法客观准确评估危重新生儿,对抢救新生儿生命和改善预后具有重要作用。本研究探讨新生儿危重症评分(neonatal critical illness score,NCIS)评分与新生儿急性生理学评分围生期补充Ⅱ(scores for neonatal acute physiology perinatal extension versionⅡ,SNAPPEⅡ)评分对危重新生儿死亡风险的预测价值。方法选取2015-08-01-2017-10-31河南科技大学第一附属医院收治的129例危重症新生儿为研究对象,根据病情转归分为好转治愈组(包括病情好转和治愈的患儿,106例)和死亡组(包括放弃治疗出院死亡的患儿,23例)。采用SNAPPEII和NCIS评分对两组危重新生儿进行评估,比较两种评分方法的受试者ROC曲线,探讨两种评分的相关性及预测危重新生儿死亡风险效果。结果死亡组患儿NCIS评分为(69.653±8.714)分,低于好转治愈组的(86.624±8.421)分,差异有统计学意义,t=-6.466,P<0.001;SNAPPE-Ⅱ评分为(28.573±4.115)分,高于好转治愈组的(17.921±3.552)分,差异有统计学意义,t=-6.754,P<0.001。Pearson相关分析结果显示,危重新生儿的两种评分之间呈负相关,r=-0.401,P<0.001。以100-NCIS评分调整后,NCIS评分曲线下面积为0.930(95%CI为0.886～0.974,P<0.001),NCIS评分76.5分作为预测危重新生儿的最佳界值,其灵敏度为88.7%,特异度为87.0%。SNAPPE-Ⅱ评分曲线下面积为0.948(95%CI为0.836～0.962,P<0.001),SNAPPE-Ⅱ评分23.5分作为预测危重新生儿的最佳界值,此时约登指数最高,灵敏度为95.7%,特异度为94.3%。结论 NCIS和SNAPPE-Ⅱ评分对危重新生儿的死亡风险均有预测作用,NCIS评分越低,SNAPPE-Ⅱ评分越高,危重新生儿的死亡风险越大,其中SNAPPE-Ⅱ预测死亡风险的能力更强。     

简易重症手足口病评分标准研究

目的 探讨简易重症手足口病评分标准,为临床医师早期评估病情提供依据.方法 选择福建省妇幼保健院2009年危重症手足口病例,并选择部分轻症病例作为对照.参照相关资料制定简易重症手足口病评分标准并对病例进行评分.用ROC曲线对评分标准的诊断价值进行评价.结果 重症病例评分≤80分有14例(87.5％),轻症病例评分＞80分有117例(69.7％).重症病例的ROC曲线下面积为0.885.以≤80分定义为重症,其敏感性为0.875,特异性为0.697,约登指数为0.572.结论 简易重症手足口病评分标准可早期量化评估病情严重程度,为手足口病分级诊治提供依据.     

手足口病重症病例病情评分量表的ROC曲线分析

目的 建立手足口病重症病例的症状评价指标,探索方便、快捷、有效的小儿手足口病重症病例评分法,为基层医疗机构早期快速判定手足口病重症病例和病情严重程度提供参考依据。 方法 对2014—2016年成都市重症手足口病病例及同期住院轻症病例资料进行回顾性分析,参照小儿危重病例评分法(Pediatric Critical Illness Score,PCIS)、既往文献研究资料,筛选出相对简单易行的症状作为主要评价指标,建立适用于快速判定重症手足口病患者及其病情严重程度的评分法。通过受试者工作特性(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线下面积(area under the ROC curve,AUC)评价并比较评分表和评分系统工作效能。 结果 应用重症手足口病评分法得到重症组、Ⅳ期重症组病例的ROC曲线AUC分别为0.99、0.97,最优临界值评分对应的最大约登指数分别为0.96、0.89,说明此评价方法对重症和Ⅳ期重症手足口病例的分辨力较好。该评分表用于界定Ⅱ期与Ⅲ期重症手足口病病例的效果欠佳,AUC仅为0.62。 结论 此重症手足口病评分法能评判手足口病重症和Ⅳ期重症病例病情,为基层医疗机构儿科医生临床重症手足口病病例的早诊早治提供参考依据。     

危重症患儿胃肠功能衰竭诊断指标价值的探讨

目的 探讨危重症患儿胃肠功能衰竭不同实验室诊断指标的价值.方法 76例危重症患儿,合并胃肠功能衰竭48例,测定其血浆D-乳酸、血清及尿液肠型脂肪酸结合蛋白(IFABP)浓度,筛选出对胃肠功能衰竭诊断有价值的指标,计算其灵敏度、特异度及ROC曲线下面积,比较其诊断价值.结果 血浆D-乳酸浓度≥9.63 mg/L,诊断危重症胃肠功能衰竭的灵敏度为85.2%,特异度为70.9%,ROC曲线下面积为0.822;血清IFABP浓度≥0.129μg/L,诊断危重症胃肠功能衰竭的灵敏度为65.2%,特异度为63.8%,ROC曲线下面积为0.744;尿液IFABP浓度≥0.330μg/L,诊断危重症胃肠功能衰竭的灵敏度为78.3%,特异度为72.3%,ROC曲线下面积为0.820.血清及尿液IFABP浓度ROC曲线下面积比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);血浆D-乳酸浓度与血清IFABP浓度ROC曲线下面积比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 血浆D-乳酸、血清及尿液IFABP对危重症患儿胃肠功能衰竭有诊断价值,但血浆D-乳酸、尿液IFABP可能更适合于临床.     

新生儿危重病例评分和第三代小儿死亡危险评分预测危重新生儿死亡风险比较

目的 比较第三代小儿死亡危险评分(pediatric risk of mortality III score, PRISM III)和新生儿危重病例评分(neonatal critical illness score, NCIS)在预测危重新生儿死亡风险方面的优越性, 探讨更适合我国NICU应用的评分系统。方法 对2013年1-6月入住新疆石河子大学第一附属医院新生儿重症监护室(neonatal intensive care unit, NICU)的135例患儿同时采用NCIS和PRISM III两种评分系统进行评分, 根据评分将入组病例分为极危重、危重、非危重3组, 分别对各组病死率进行比较, 并描绘受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve, ROC), 比较ROC曲线下面积(area under the ROC curve, AUC), 以观察两种评分系统在预测危重新生儿死亡风险的优越性。结果 NCIS评分与PRISM III评分非危重组、危重组与极危重组组间病死率比较, 差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两种评分对应组组间比较, 差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);AUC:NCIS评分0.900, PRISM III评分0.909。结论 NCIS评分与PRISM III评分均能准确预测新生儿死亡风险, PRISM III评分在我国完全适用。     

新生儿转运稳定指数评分对早产儿病情危重度及死亡风险的预测价值

目的探讨新生儿转运稳定指数(transport risk index of physiologic stability,TRIPS)评分对早产儿危重度及死亡风险的预测价值。方法胎龄≤34周的早产儿1 176例纳入研究,将其分为危重组、非危重组、死亡放弃组和改善组,同时进行TRIPS和新生儿危重病例评分(neonatal critical illness score,NCIS),分析二者相关性。绘制TRIPS评分预测早产儿危重度及死亡风险的ROC曲线。结果 TRIPS与NCIS评分呈中等强度负相关(r=-0.510);危重组TRIPS评分高于非危重组;死亡放弃组TRIPS评分高于改善组;TRIPS法评估早产儿危重度的ROC曲线下面积为0.671,当切点值为12分时,敏感性为74.9%、特异性为51.2%、阳性预测值为64.5%,阴性预测值为62.9%;TRIPS法评估早产儿死亡风险的ROC曲线下面积为0.666,当切点值值为17分时,敏感性为68.3%、特异性为74.6%、阳性预测值为32.7%,阴性预测值为92.9%。结论 TRIPS评分法对评估早产儿危重度、死亡风险有一定参考价值,但总体准确性不高,诊断效率有限。     

医院获得性肺部感染引发脓毒症的风险评分系统的建立及验证

目的建立住院患者医院肺部感染引发脓毒症的风险评分系统,为医院肺部感染相关脓毒症的防控提供参考依据。方法选取某院2017年1月1日-12月31日395例医院获得性肺部感染住院患者作为研究对象,构建logistic回归模型进行影响因素分析,建立风险评分系统,利用ROC曲线评价模型的预测效果。结果 395例医院获得性肺部感染发生脓毒症119例,占30.13%;构建Logistic回归分析显示,静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)评分≥5分、有慢性肺外基础疾病、曾住ICU、呼吸道侵袭性操作是医院获得性肺部感染患者发生脓毒症的独立影响因素。风险评分系统包括:VTE评分≥5分、有慢性肺外基础疾病、曾住ICU、呼吸道侵袭性操作。分值≥3分为高危人群;风险评分系统模型评价显示,建模组风险评分ROC曲线下面积为0.831,灵敏度为56.2%,特异度为95.1%,约登指数51.3%;验证组ROC曲线下面积为0.748,灵敏度为36.7%,特异度为95.9%,约登指数32.6%。结论建立并验证了住院患者医院肺部感染引发脓毒症的风险评分系统,该风险评估系统有助于监测高危患者,降低脓毒症的发生。     

山东省淄博市手足口病预警研究

目的应用移动百分位数法开展淄博市手足口病的预警研究,以提高手足口病的预警效率和能力,为防控的关口前移提供理论依据。方法收集整理2011-2016年淄博市手足口病每周疫情资料,以移动百分位数法建立预警模型,通过计算比较各候选预警界值的灵敏度、特异度、约登指数及ROC曲线,优选出淄博市合适的手足口病预警界值。结果将2016年淄博市手足口病的预警界值确定为P95,能较好的发现暴发苗头,预警效果较佳,该预警界值下的灵敏度、特异度和约登指数分别为100.00%,97.96%和0.98。结论移动百分位数法可作为淄博市手足口病的预警方法,具有较好的预警功效,并能为本地其它重点传染病预警界值的研究提供参考,但需要根据不同疫情流行年份流行强度的差异适时进行调整。     

儿童血清氨基末端脑钠肽前体在危重症手足口病早期预警中的临床应用

目的探讨血清氨基末端脑钠肽前体(NT-pro BNP)对儿童危重症手足口病早期预警的临床应用价值。方法选取2016年4月-2017年6月在该院就诊的普通手足口病(普通组)、重症手足口病(重症组)及危重症手足口病(危重症组)患儿各40例,分别检测3组患儿NT-pro BNP、血糖及白细胞水平,统计各组心功能及心血管不良事件发生率和转归,并记录小儿危重病例评分。结果危重症组NT-pro BNP、血糖及白细胞水平均高于普通组和重症组患儿(P0.05);危重症组心功能分级在Ⅲ~Ⅳ级患儿所占比例高于普通组和重症组,0级患儿所占比例低于普通组和重症组(P0.05)。危重症组患儿小儿危重病例评分低于重症组和普通组(P0.01);此外,危重症组患儿心血管不良事件发生率及严重神经系统后遗症发生率(75.0%、22.5%)高于重症组(45.0%、5.0%)和普通组(15.0%、0),组间数据经统计学分析差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论NT-pro BNP测定对儿童危重症手足口病早期诊断有重要的应用价值,可防止疾病进一步恶化,提高生存率。     

Introducing critical appraisal

All health-care professionals are being encouraged to use research evidence more in developing their clinical practice. To do this they need to inculcate the skills of 'critical appraisal'. Such skills involve assessing the appropriateness of research designs for answering clinical questions, critiquing the quality of the data gathering in individual studies, and assessing the implications of research findings.     

Translating critical public health

One of the abiding challenges of engaging critically with public health practice is speaking across disciplinary lines. I ask critical public health scholars to consider the technologies and practices that may render their ideas inaccessible to others, while also exploring the importance of retaining those practices. I propose that if critical scholars must take seriously health promotion’s focus on knowledge translation (KT) to rethink their own forms of communication, they will need to find strategies for doing so without compromising key aspects of their work. Although KT is praised for its paradigm-shifting break from knowledge transfer, it still involves conceptualizing knowledge as a commodity to be packaged for application. Nonetheless, a creative engagement with KT may be possible. Drawing on Emily Apter’s complementary and contradictory theses – ‘Nothing is translatable’ (xi) and ‘Everything is translatable’ (xii) – I suggest a new direction for thinking through the impossible and imperative task of translating critical public health scholarship.     

The critical orifice revisited: a novel low pressure drop critical orifice

The ability to maintain a constant air flow rate under varying load conditions is of basic importance in air sampling. Critical orifice flow devices are often used to accomplish this. A major disadvantage of most critical orifice designs is that a pressure drop in excess of 350 mm Hg (14 in. Hg) is required to ensure stable flow. It is possible, however, to design a flow restricting device which will function as a critical orifice at pressure drops significantly less than those required for conventional designs. Presented here is an inexpensive and convenient method for controlling flow in the range of 20-90 L/min. Pressure drop versus flow rate data demonstrate that a vacuum of 150 mm Hg (6 in. Hg) or less is required to reach critical flow conditions using this design. Thus the convenience of unattended constant flow rate control with a substantial reduction in vacuum pump capacity and cost is achieved.     

Hyperglycemia during critical illness

BACKGROUND: We sought to review the literature describing the benefits of tight glycemic control in critically ill patients, comparing outcome differences in subgroup populations. METHODS: We searched PubMed for relevant literature on the topic of hyperglycemia and its management in the intensive care unit. RESULTS: Overwhelming evidence in both surgical and medical patients conclusively demonstrates that hyperglycemia is a marker of severity of illness and is also an independent determinant of bad outcome, largely from infectious complications. Randomized trial evidence, in conjunction with historically controlled trials, supports the use of intensive insulin therapy and euglycemic control in critically ill patients, with nondiabetics possibly benefiting even more than diabetic patients. Euglycemia is best achieved, and hypoglycemia attenuated, through use of a protocolized approach. Further elaboration as to what threshold range defines euglycemia in patient subpopulations is needed and what pitfalls must be avoided in this practice. Development of continuous blood glucose monitoring has started and will someday be incorporated into routine practice in the same way that continuous electrocardiographic monitoring and pulse oximetry are standards of care in the intensive care unit. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycemia is a predictor of death and complications in critically ill patients. Early aggregated study results show that control of hyperglycemia improves outcomes. Well-designed studies involving thousands of patients have started to better elucidate the concomitant promoters of hyperglycemia and to better quantify the benefits from tight glycemic control.     

Managing critical pathway variances

As the use of critical pathways expands at an increasing rate, we are faced with the issue of how to manage variances from the pathway. Variance management is not clearly defined in the literature, and many institutions search for the best approach. We have implemented a number of different techniques for variance management at Fletcher Allen Health Care. Our success benefits both patients and providers.     

危重症的出血问题

随着现代医疗水平、治疗手段、监测方式及对疾病认识程度的提高,挽救了许多病人的生命,然而在疾病发生、发展过程中所出现的某些并发症,常常对病人造成二次性的打击,导致病情的复杂化,其中危重症伴发的出血就是临床上的一个棘手问题.