葛根黄酮对D-半乳糖致衰老大鼠骨质的影响

目的研究葛根黄酮对D半-乳糖致衰老大鼠骨质的影响。方法用D-半乳糖注射Wistar雄性大鼠5个月,建立衰老模型,对青年对照组、致衰老模型组、葛根黄酮组和正常老龄对照组进行骨常规参数测定及比较。结果致衰老模型组骨密度、骨结构力学参数、生物力学参数、骨钙、镁、锰及羟脯氨酸含量均比青年对照组有所降低(P<0.01),而骨磷含量、骨和血清碱性磷酸转移酶活性均比青年组有所升高(P<0.01),这些变化与正常老龄对照组的变化趋势一致,并比后者变化得更显著。相比之下,葛根黄酮组在骨密度、骨结构力学参数、生物力学参数、骨钙、镁、锰及羟脯氨酸含量参数指标均比致衰老模型组增高(P<0.05)。结论长期摄入D半-乳糖导致大鼠衰老的同时,可诱发致衰老性骨质疏松,而葛根黄酮可以改善D-半乳糖致衰老性骨质的变化。     

密骨胶囊对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松模型的影响

目的 探讨密骨胶囊对去卵巢骨质疏松模型大鼠腰椎整体骨量和骨质成分丢失的影响。方法 40只10月龄Wistar雌性大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、密骨胶囊组和倍美力组,每组10只。正常组仅行假手术,其余三组行卵巢切除术。术后91天开始给药,连续用药满90天,处死,取出第2腰椎,测定整体骨量和钙、磷、有机质含量。结果 密骨胶囊能明显提高骨质疏松大鼠腰椎骨的整体骨量和钙、磷、有机质含量。结论 密骨胶囊能增强骨质疏松大鼠腰椎的骨量,改善骨结构。     

强骨宝对去卵巢大鼠骨生物力学及骨量指标的影响

目的观察强骨宝复方制剂干预去卵巢骨质疏松模型大鼠股骨骨生物力学性能参数和骨矿元素钙、镁、磷及羟脯氨酸含量的变化,并探讨两者变化的相互关系。方法取32只Wistar雌性大鼠随机分为4组,按要求行去势手术后分别灌胃给药,8w后处死,取大鼠左侧股骨进行三点弯曲实验,测定股骨生物力学性能参数;取右侧股骨烘干测定钙、镁、磷及羟脯氨酸含量。结果强骨宝可使去卵巢大鼠股骨生物力学性能参数结构和材料力学指标均显著增加（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）;骨干重、羟脯氨酸、钙、镁等骨量指标亦明显提高（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）。结论强骨宝能促进骨羟脯氨酸的合成,钙、镁、磷的吸收和沉积,导致骨量增加;同时能促进骨的结构和材料力学特性的改善,增加骨对外界应力的对抗作用,而且骨生物力学参数与骨量指标两者的变化统一。     

去卵巢大鼠股骨和腰椎骨生物力学特性及骨矿物含量的变化

目的比较去卵巢大鼠股骨和腰椎的骨生物力学特性及骨矿物含量的不同。方法10.5月龄未交配的雌性SD大鼠40只,随机分为10.5月龄基础对照组;13月龄假手术组;13月龄去卵巢10 w组;16月龄假手术组;16月龄去卵巢22 w组。大鼠行双侧卵巢去除术后,然后灌喂生理盐水5 m l.kg-1.d-1。大鼠处死后采用三点弯曲试验测定股骨和压缩试验测定腰椎的骨生物力学指标,然后分别测量股骨和腰椎的骨矿物质含量。结果去卵巢大鼠腰椎的骨破坏荷载、破坏应力、弹性模量均明显降低及骨钙、骨磷、骨镁含量均明显降低,但股骨生物力学参数和矿物质含量均无明显变化。结论去卵巢大鼠腰椎的骨生物力学和骨矿物含量均明显降低,而股骨变化不明显。     

补肾益精方对切除卵巢大鼠骨质疏松模型腰椎骨生物力学性能的影响

目的：探讨被 肾益精方对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松模型松质骨生物力学性能的影响,方法：40只10月龄Wistar雌性大鼠随机分为正常对照组,模型对照组,补肾益精方组和倍美力组,每组10只,正常对照组做假手术,其余3组做卵巢切除术,术后3个月开始给药,连续用药满90天,处死,取出第3腰椎,测定其骨质含量并进行压应力测试与分析,结果：补肾益精方组比模型组腰椎骨的骨质含量提高了6．19％,最大承载力增加了21．66％,极限强度增加了16．93％,结论：应用补肾益精方可以明显改善去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松模型松质骨的生物力学性能。     

参茸补血丸对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松防治作用的实验研究

目的研究以补肾养血为主的中药参茸补血丸防治骨质疏松的药效学基础，为临床应用提供实验依据。方法清洁级雌性SD大鼠，4．5月龄，体重260～300g，采用手术去除双侧卵巢方法。建立骨质疏松实验动物模型，随机分组。实验药物为参茸补血丸，对照药使用戊酸雌二醇（E2）、钙而奇D600，给药12W。测定骨密度、骨生物力学以及骨代谢相关指标。结果模型组下肢离体股骨、股骨头骨密度显著下降，股骨骨生物力学指标均显著下降，钙、镁代谢平衡异常。子宫指数显著下降，表明实验动物模型成立。与雌激素、钙而奇D作用相似，参茸补血丸具有明显增强股骨、股骨头骨密度，明显改善骨生物力学性能，明显降低抗酒钉酸酸性磷酸酶，明显增加骨钙含量；参茸补血丸＋钙而奇D600实验组可明显增加骨钙素含量等防治作用。结论参茸补血丸对防治骨质疏松症具有良好的效果。     

仙珍骨宝对维甲酸致大鼠骨质疏松的影响

目的 探讨仙珍骨宝对维甲酸致大鼠骨质疏松的影响.方法 4月龄未交配的SPF级雌性SD大鼠24只,随机分成正常对照组、维甲酸组、仙珍骨宝组,持续给药28 d.大鼠处死后取股骨进行骨密度的测量,取第4腰椎进行生物力学参数测量,取胫骨上段测定骨形态计量学参数.结果 仙珍骨宝组腰椎生物力学指标均高于维甲酸模型组(P<0.05),但股骨骨密度和胫骨上段骨形态计量学参数与维甲酸模型组无明显差别(P>0.05).结论 仙珍骨宝可对抗维甲酸致大鼠腰椎生物力学性能的降低,但对骨密度和骨形态计量学参数无明显影响.     

补肾中药复方对去卵巢骨质疏松大鼠皮质骨生物力学性能的改善作用及机制的实验研究

目的　探讨补肾中药复方对去卵巢骨质疏松模型大鼠皮质骨 (股骨 )生物力学性能的作用及其相关的机制。方法　将 50只 1 0月龄Wistar雌性大鼠随机分为 5组 ,每组 1 0只。正常对照组做假手术 ,其余 4组做卵巢切除术。术后正常饲养 90 d,第 91天开始给药 ,连续用药 90 d,处死 ,测定股骨的骨矿密度、几何尺寸和股骨的生物力学性能。结果　模型大鼠股骨的生物力学性能明显下降 ,骨强度降低 ;股骨干外径变细 ,股骨中段骨皮质面积减少 ,骨矿密度有所下降。补肾中药复方组 (密骨胶囊组和仙灵骨葆组 )大鼠股骨的生物力学性能明显提高 ,骨强度增加 ;股骨中段外径增粗 ,骨皮质面积增加 ,骨矿密度提高。结论　补肾中药复方通过提高去卵巢骨质疏松模型大鼠皮质骨 (股骨 )的宏观结构生物力学应答机能 ,明显改善其生物力学性能。     

去势骨质疏松症大鼠模型防治效果的参数比较

目的：评价防治骨质疏松症大鼠模型药物疗效的各项指标,方法：采用卵巢切除术建立骨质疏松症预防和治疗大鼠模型,分别灌喂阿仑膦酸内和埃本膦酸钠,持续处理6个月,以骨密度,骨生化标志物,骨矿含量,骨生物力学和骨组织形态学方面的参数为指标,评价它们的价值,结果：两组大鼠模型用药后,各部位的骨密度明显升高,评价药物疗效时,敏感度,特异度,准确度最高的是全身骨密度和骨小梁面积,用药大鼠的股骨最大弯曲载荷,骨挠度,股同干重,灰重,骨钙含量虽有不同程度的增高,血清骨钙素有一定程度的下降,但与对照组相比基本均无统计学意义。结论,全身骨密度是评价防治骨质松症药物疗效的最佳指标,骨切片计算骨小梁面积也是评价防治骨质疏松症药物疗效的敏感指标。     

去卵巢大鼠椎体松质骨骨小梁微结构改变及其对生物力学的影响

目的观察骨质疏松和正常状态下椎体松质骨的微观结构改变,分析其对骨生物力学的影响。方法将12只4月龄雌性Lewis大鼠随机分为去卵巢组(OVX)组和假手术组(Sham),每组各6只。OVX组行双侧卵巢切除术,假手术组仅显露双侧卵巢。术后6个月处死动物,取尾椎(L_(4-7))行Micro-CT分析及生物力学测试。结果去卵巢6个月后,OVX组大鼠体积骨密度(vBMD)和组织骨密度(tBMD)较Sham组显著降低,松质骨骨小梁的骨体积分数(BV/TV)和数目(TB.N)都明显低于Sham组,骨小粱表面积密度(BS/BV)、结构模拟指数(SMI)和间距(Tb.Sp)显著高于Sham组,差异有统计学意义。但2组间骨小梁厚度(Tb.Th)差异无统计学意义。生物力学测试结果表明,去势6个月后,OVX组大鼠骨质生物力学性能显著下降。骨小梁力学性能与骨小梁体积分数(Adjusted R~2=0.750和数目(Adjusted R~2=0.861)呈正线性相关,而与结构模拟指数(Adjusted R~2=0.716)和骨小梁间距(Adjusted R~2=0.830)呈负线性相关。结论松质骨骨小梁微观结构的改变可影响骨质的生物力学性能,二者之间具有一定的线性关系。     

Measurements of bone mass and bone density

X-ray-based procedures are available to measure bone mineral density in vitro at almost any skeletal site. These bone density measurements are not useful in the diagnosis of the cause of bone loss but at present are the only tests available for assessing bone mass prior to the occurrence of irreversible changes such as fractures or vertebral compression, which are easily recognizable on x-rays. When fractures are present, the severity of the bone loss and the risk for future fractures can be assessed. Repeated measurements permit estimation of the rate of bone loss, which gives useful information for monitoring treatment effect or course of the disease. Measurement of total body calcium is of less clinical importance because of the predominantly trabecular bone loss that generally occurs in metabolic bone disease. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT) of the spine are of about equal clinical value in the first approach to the patient with metabolic bone disease, although DEXA allows greater variety in sampling sites. For repeated measurements, DEXA provides better precision at significantly lower radiation burden. For bone mineral measurements, the lumbar spine appears to be the most sensitive skeletal site.     

Histomorphometric analysis of bone in metabolic bone disease

Most of the tools necessary for a detailed study of bone remodeling are now available. These methods will enable us to substitute simple surface-based histomorphometry with pertinent derived variables that reveal more information about the processes going on. Because of the inherent variability of the methods, bone histomorphometry is less well suited for investigations in single individuals. However, in terms of basic investigations of cell and tissue activity in grouped materials of patients with metabolic bone disease and the evaluation of treatment regimens in these materials, bone histomorphometric investigations still yield the most detailed analyses.     

Metabolic bone disease and bone quality

On the progress of study concerned with pathology of metabolic bone disease such as osteoporosis, it has been known that most of bone strength can be explained by bone volume. As bone volume can be determine by bone mineral density (BMD) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), it has been widely used for diagnosis of osteoporosis or efficacy of treatment. However, with the advance of bone morphometry, decrease of bone strength or existence of insufficiency fracture is influenced by not only loss of BMD but also deterioration of bone quality especially bone microstructure. In this chapter, we will give an outline of change of bone quality in metabolic bone disease.     

Recovery of bone mass and normalization of bone turnover in long-term survivors of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Osteoporotic fractures are potential long-term complications of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We previously reported that bone mineral density (BMD) of patients undergoing allogeneic BMT decreased by 6% to 9% during the first 6 months after BMT and that bone turnover rate was still increased 1 year after BMT. BMT patients do not need lifelong immunosuppressive treatment, which should offer favorable circumstances for the recovery of BMD. Thus, 27 (14 women, 13 men) of 29 long-term survivors of our previous study were invited to a follow-up study at a median of 75 months after BMT. From 12 months after BMT the BMD of the lumbar spine had increased by 2.4% (P = 0.002). The respective changes in femoral sites were +4.1% in the femoral neck (P = 0.087), 4.0% in the trochanter (P = 0.095), +4.7% in Ward's triangle (P = 0.072) and +1.4% in the total hip (P = 0.23). The markers of bone formation, serum osteocalcin and type I procollagen aminoterminal propeptide (PINP) had returned to control levels, but out of the markers of bone resorption the mean level of serum type I carboxyterminal telopeptide (ICTP) was 41% higher (P = 0.0001) and that of urinary type I collagen N-terminal telopeptide/creatinine (NTx) 41% lower (P = 0.0002) in patients than in controls. The mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was 33% lower in patients (P = 0.0002), most of whom had hypovitaminosis D [serum 25(OH)D < or = 37 nmol/l]. Except for two, males had serum testosterone level lower than before BMT and four men had hypogonadism. In conclusion, in long-term survivors of allogeneic BMT BMD recovers and bone turnover state normalizes as compared to the situation 1 year after BMT. More attention should be paid to the vitamin D status of all recipients and to possible hypogonadism of male patients.     

Histologic diagnosis of metabolic bone diseases: bone histomorphometry

Histomorphometry or quantitative histology is the analysis on histologic sections of bone resorption parameters, formation and structure. It is the only technique that allows a dynamic evaluation of the activity of bone modelling after labelling with tetracycline. Moreover, the new measurement procedures through the use of the computer allow an assessment of bone microarchitecture too. Histomorphometric bone biopsy is a reliable and well-tolerated procedure. Complications are reported only in 1% of the subjects (hematoma, pain, transient neuralgia). Histomorphometry is used to exclude or confirm the diagnosis of osteomalacia. It is employed in the evaluation of bone damage associated with particular treatments (for example, anticonvulsants) or in case of rare bone diseases (osteogenesis imperfecta, systemic mastocytosis). It is also an essential approach when clinical, biochemical and other diagnostic data are not consistent. Finally, it is a useful method to understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms of drugs. The bone sample is taken at the level of iliac crest under local anesthesia. It is then put into methyl-metacrilate resin where the sections are prepared for the microscopic analysis of the various histomorphometric parameters.     

Metabolic bone markers and bone cell biology

Various metabolic bone markers have been developed in order to analyze each process of bone resorption and bone formation. By evaluating the two processes using bone markers, an imbalance between bone resorption and formation can be estimated. Metabolic bone markers have already been in clinical use for the early diagnosis and the assessment of treatment efficacy in osteoporotic patients and for the diagnosis of cancer-induced bone diseases. Further elucidation of the mechanisms of formation and secretion, metabolic clearance, diurnal rhythm as well as their changes in various disorders should enable us to evaluate bone turnover at a real-time scale and to utilize for the diagnosis of a variety of metabolic bone diseases.