Guidelines for radiation protection

Guidelines for radiation protection originate from numerous federal, state, and local agencies. Webster defines a guideline as a line by which one is guided, especially as an outline (as by a government) of policy or conduct. Guidelines in radiation protection can be either mandatory or advisory. Regulations by federal, state, and local governments for the use of radioactive materials define operating practices. Adherence to these regulations is required by law and there are penalties for noncompliance. Regulations generally constitute the minimum requirements for good practice and are usually supplemented by less formal recommendations from regulatory agencies and advisory groups. The regulatory guides published by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and by radiation control groups of agreement states are intended to assist the user of radioactive material in maintaining compliance with regulations. These guides recommend good practice but are not mandatory in that the user can propose alternatives to the regulatory agencies to meet the regulations. Many groups serve in an advisory capacity in formulating reports and recommendations for the safe use of radioactive material. The most prominent and influential among these are the National Council in Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Often the recommendations of these advisory groups evolve into either regulatory guidelines or regulations for the use of radioactive materials. At the present time, the backbone of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's regulations relating to the medical use of radionuclides, "Standards for Protection Against Radiation" (10CFR20) and "Human Use of Byproduct Material (10CFR35), are undergoing extensive review with major revisions anticipated within the very near future. These proposed changes could have a significant impact on the practice of nuclear medicine. The changes will have some influence on radiation safety practice as it relates to the radiation worker, the patient, and the environment.     

颈动脉狭窄介入治疗操作规范(专家共识)

目前脑血管病、心血管病、恶性肿瘤是引起患者死亡的三大主要原因,脑血管病也是致残率最高的疾病.根据20世纪80年代至本世纪初,中国世界卫生组织监测心血管疾病的趋势和决定因素研究(MONICA)前瞻性研究(调查人群涵盖我国16个省市约330万人)和1986年全军脑血管病流行病学协作组回顾性研究(研究人群涵盖我国的29个省市580万人),脑卒中病死人数占城市死亡人数的20%、占农村死亡人数的19%;全年龄组平均年龄标化发病率为116/10万,平均年龄标化患病率为3‰[1-2].     

Guidelines for rehabilitation of sports injuries

Rehabilitation involves a functional progression through a systematic program of physical reconditioning involving the re-establishment of intact articulations and muscles, pain-free joints and muscles, joint flexibility, muscular strength, muscular endurance, muscular speed, integrated and coordinated movement (skill patterns), and cardiovascular endurance. Specific demands must be imposed upon the body to bring about redevelopment of each phase. A proper diagnosis prior to beginning, and constant monitoring of the patient's progress during, rehabilitation are necessary so that the demands of the therapeutic regimen can be adjusted according to the patient's progress. The DAPRE technique objectifies isotonic and loaded isometric strength development and therefore stimulates greater strength gains during rehabilitation than other techniques do.