糖肾方改善单侧输尿管梗阻小鼠肾间质纤维化的机制研究

目的:观察糖肾方对单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)小鼠肾间质纤维化的作用,并初步探讨其机制。方法:45只雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham)、UUO模型组(UUO)、糖肾方组(TSF);预先给药7 d,除Sham组外其余各组行UUO手术,术后7 d取肾组织进行HE染色及Masson染色观察肾组织病理改变,免疫组化染色检测α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)、Ⅰ型胶原(Collagen typeⅠ,ColⅠ)和Ⅲ型胶原(Collagen typeⅢ,ColⅢ)表达,Western Blot法检测转化生长因子-β_1(transforming growth factor-β_1,TGF-β_1)、E-钙连素(E-cadherin)和波形蛋白(vimentin)表达。结果:与Sham组比,UUO组小鼠肾小管间质损伤评分及纤维化面积百分比均显著升高;与UUO组比,TSF组肾小管间质损伤评分及纤维化面积百分比均显著降低。免疫组化与Western blot结果显示,与Sham组比,UUO组小鼠肾组织TGF-β_1及ColⅠ、ColⅢ表达水平显著升高;肾小管上皮细胞间质转分化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)标志性分子α-SMA和vimentin蛋白表达水平明显升高,E-cadherin蛋白表达水平明显降低,TSF可显著逆转UUO小鼠肾组织上述蛋白表达。结论:糖肾方可改善UUO小鼠肾间质纤维化,其机制与其抑制TGF-β_1,减少EMT发生有关。     

丹酚酸B对输尿管梗阻大鼠肾小管上皮细胞转分化的影响

目的:探讨丹酚酸B对输尿管梗阻大鼠肾小管上皮细胞转分化影响及作用机制.方法:雄性SD大鼠,建立单侧输尿管梗阻模型(UUO).设假手术组、模型组、治疗组(丹酚酸B 30 mg·kg-1·d-1)术后第9天处死各组大鼠.采用光镜观察肾间质纤维化、炎细胞浸润,免疫组化观察肾组织转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)和Vimentin蛋白表达的变化.结果:(1)治疗组大鼠肾间质纤维化程度较模型组明显减轻;(2)UUO模型第9天时大鼠肾组织TGF-β、α-SMA和Vimentin表达明显增强,炎细胞浸润明显增加.采用丹酚酸B治疗后,肾组织TGF-β1、α-SMA和Vimentin表达的异常增强能得到有效抑制,炎细胞浸润明显减少.结论:丹酚酸B具有减轻肾组织纤维化的作用,而这一作用与其能有效抑制炎细胞浸润和TGF-β1过度表达,进一步阻押肾小管上皮细胞转分化(EMT)有关.     

转化生长因子-β1 在梗阻性肾病大鼠肾小管间质纤维化中的作用

目的探讨转化生长因子 (TGF) -β1在梗阻性肾病(UUO)大鼠梗阻肾中致肾小管间质进行性纤维化的作用.方法成年SD大鼠制成UUO模型,在梗阻后3、7、10、14 d处死.免疫组织化学染色法对其肾内α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)沉积量及侵入肾内的单核巨噬细胞数进行分析;逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)对大鼠TGF-β1 mRNA、金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂(TIMP)-1 mRNA及IV型胶原(Col-IV) mRNA转录量进行分析.结果随梗阻时间延长,侵入梗阻肾内单核巨噬细胞数、α-SMA沉积、Col-IV mRNA及TIMP-1 mRNA含量增加;示肾小管间质存在进行性纤维化.同时TGF-β1 mRNA含量明显增加,差异统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 TGF-β1促使梗阻性肾病大鼠肾小管间质进行性纤维化.     

银杏叶对单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾间质纤维化的影响

目的：观察银杏叶对单侧输尿管梗阻（UUO）大鼠肾间质纤维化的影响并探讨其可能机制.方法：UUO大鼠分别给予银杏叶（300 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）、依那普利（10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）、银杏叶联合依那普利治疗,肾组织标本作常规病理检查,用免疫组化法检测肾组织α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）、转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）表达和胶原蛋白含量.对结果进行定量或半定量分析.结果：银杏叶和依那普利均可抑制肾间质的α-SMA、TGF-β1表达,减少胶原蛋白含量（P＜0.05）.结论：银杏叶和依那普利可通过抑制肾小管上皮细胞转分化,从而减轻UUO术后肾组织间质纤维化.     

骨形态发生蛋白-7在幼年大鼠肾小管间质损伤中的表达及意义

目的：探讨单侧输尿管梗阻（UUO）幼年大鼠肾间质纤维化形成过程中骨形态发生蛋白-7（BMP-7）的表达趋势及其与转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）的相关关系;观察血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）和血管紧张素受体拮抗剂（ARB）的干预作用。方法：采用单侧输尿管结扎制备UUO模型。3～4周龄幼年Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和干预组。于实验第3、7、14、28天取大鼠8只处死。HE及Masson染色观察肾组织的病理改变;免疫组化半定量检测各组大鼠肾组织BMP-7、TGF-β1及α-SMA蛋白表达。了解BMP-7与TGF-β1、α-SMA、肾间质纤维化程度的关系。结果：随梗阻时间延长,模型组BMP-7表达逐渐下降,TGF-β1、α-SMA表达进行性增高,干预组BMP-7表达较模型组显著增加（P〈0.05）;TGF-β1、α-SMA表达较模型组明显减少（P〈0.05）。模型组肾小管间质TGF-β1、α-SMA表达明显增高（P〈0.05）,BMP-7表达显著减少（P〈0.05）。与模型组相比,干预组肾小管间质TGF-β1、α-SMA表达显著减少（P〈0.05）,而BMP-7表达显著增多（P〈0.05）。BMP-7与TGF-β1、α-SMA、肾间质纤维化程度成负相关（r分别为-0.844、-0.787、-0.952,P均〈0.01）。结论：BMP-7表达减少伴随着肾小管上皮细胞转分化出现,提示BMP-7可能具有维持小管上皮细胞表型作用。苯那普利联合氯沙坦可能通过下调TGF-β1、α-SMA蛋白的异常高表达,上调BMP-7蛋白的异常低表达,直接或间接负性调控肾小管上皮细胞转分化,阻止肾间质纤维化进展。     

氯沙坦对肾间质纤维化的抑制作用

目的:肾小管间质纤维化(tubulointerstitial fibrosis,TIF)是慢性肾脏病进展为终末期肾病(end-stage renaldisease,ESRD)的重要共同通路。血管紧张素ⅡAT1受体阻断剂--氯沙坦对慢性肾脏病具有保护作用,但其能否抑制肾小管间质纤维化及其可能的机制尚不清楚。本实验通过在体内构建单侧输尿管梗阻(unilateral ureteral obstruction,UUO)大鼠模型,观察氯沙坦对肾小管间质纤维化的抑制作用及其可能机制。方法:50只SD大鼠分为3组:假手术组(n=10),UUO组(n=20),UUO氯沙坦治疗组(n=20)。术后氯沙坦治疗组予以氯沙坦灌胃,剂量20mg·kg-1·d-1。分别在术后第7天、第14天处死大鼠。冰冻组织行E-cadherin,Vimentin,α-SMA,β-catenin和ZEB1免疫荧光染色及Western blot分析。结果:UUO组大鼠第7天组织病理学改变为肾小管管腔扩大,小管萎缩,间质增宽及炎细胞浸润,部分小管间质纤维化;第14天间质纤维化表现更为严重。与对照组相比,UUO模型组大鼠第7天、第14天肾间质上皮标志物E-cadherin表达显著下降,而Vimentin,α-SMA,β-catenin和ZEB1表达增加。与UUO模型组比较,UUO氯沙坦治疗组大鼠肾小管间质纤维化改变明显减轻,肾组织E-cadherin表达增加,Vimentin,α-SMA,β-catenin和ZEB1的表达减少。结论:氯沙坦可抑制大鼠体内的肾小管间质纤维化,其机制可能与氯沙坦抑制小管上皮间充质转化相关因子β-catenin/ZEB1的表达有关。     

活性维生素D3抑制UUO模型大鼠肾间质纤维化作用的实验研究

目的:研究活性维生素D3[1,25(OH)2D3]在肾间质纤维化(RIF)中的保护作用,探讨1,25(OH)2D3的抗肾间质纤维化作用机制。方法:将40只SD大鼠随机分为UUO空白对照组、1,25(OH)2D3治疗组、贝那普利组、假手术组和假手术+1,25(OH)2D3组。采用单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)致大鼠RIF模型。于术后第9周处死动物,取血标本做血钙浓度和肾功能检测。取肾组织行苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察肾间质病理变化。免疫组化法检测HGF、TGF-β1和α-SMA蛋白表达,RT-PCR法检测肾组织HGF和TGF-β1mRNA的表达水平。结果:1,25(OH)2D3治疗组、贝那普利组血肌酐、尿素氮均较UUO空白对照组显著降低(P<0.05);各组间血钙浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。光镜下观察1,25(OH)2D3治疗组和贝那普利组RIF程度轻于UUO空白对照组。1,25(OH)2D3治疗组HGF和TGF-β1蛋白和mRNA表达水平与UUO空白对照组相比,分别显著上调(P<0.05)和下调(P<0.05)。结论:1,25(OH)2D3抑制RIF的作用与其抑制TGF-β1表达和肌成纤维细胞转分化,同时上调HGF表达有关。     

绞股蓝总皂苷防治单侧输尿管结扎大鼠肾间质纤维化的实验研究

目的探讨绞股蓝总皂苷(GPs)对单侧输尿管结扎(UUO)大鼠肾组织结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)表达及肾间质纤维化的影响。方法采用UUO大鼠模型,将大鼠随机分为3组假手术组、模型组、GPs组。假手术组和模型组仅给予标准饲料30g,GPs组于术前3d至术后9d每天给予GPs200mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃,第9d处死各组大鼠。免疫组化法检测各组肾组织CTGF、转换生长因子β1(TGF-β1)和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的表达;RT-PCR方法检测各组CTGFmRNA含量;Masson染色评定各组肾小管间质损害程度。结果模型组CTGF、TGF-β1、α-SMA的表达及肾小管间质损伤指数明显高于假手术组(P<0.01),而GPs组各项指标明显低于模型组(P<0.01)。各项指标作相关分析,CTGF与肾小管间质损伤指数(r=0.788,P<0.01)、TGF-β1(r=0.879,P<0.01)、α-SMA(r=0.940,P<0.01)为正相关关系。结论绞股蓝总皂苷可以抑制肾纤维化时结缔组织生长因子表达,从而遏制肾纤维化的进展。     

JAK-STAT通路在小鼠单侧输尿管梗阻模型肾间质纤维化中的作用

目的 探讨Janus蛋白酪氨酸激酶-信号转导子和转录激活子(JAK-STAT)通路在小鼠单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)模型.肾间质纤维化过程中的作用.方法 选用30只雄性Balb/c小鼠建立小鼠UUO模型(n=24)和假手术小鼠(n=6),术后第1、4、7和14天检测JAK-STAT磷酸化情况.另把18只雄性Balb/c小鼠随机分为假手术组、UUO模型组和治疗组,每组各6只.治疗组在建模前2 h开始给予选择性JAK2抑制剂AG490治疗,每天1次;模型组仅注射溶媒.术后第14天处死动物.组织学评估肾小管损伤和.肾间质纤维化程度;免疫组化检测肾脏巨噬细胞浸润和α-SMA表达;RT-PCR检测Ⅲ型胶原和单核细胞趋化蛋白(MCP)1 mRNA表达;Western印迹检测JAK2和STATl磷酸化.结果 JAK2-STAT1在UUO模型中被激活,其磷酸化水平与病情、肾小管组织学损害以及.肾间质纤维化相一致.AG490能显著抑制JAK2和STAT1的磷酸化(P＜0.01).AG490治疗显著减轻肾小管损害[(21.7±1.7)%比(49.4±1.0)%]和肾间质纤维化(1.0±0.1比2.3±0.2)、α-SMA表达(0.9±0.1比2.1±0.2)和巨噬细胞积聚[(13.3±1.6)细胞/HPF比(34.4±1.0)细胞/HPF](均P＜0.01).AG490治疗显著抑制Ⅲ型胶原和MCP-1 mRNA表达.结论 JAK-STAT信号通路在肾小管间质炎性反应和纤维化中发挥重要作用.     

青藤碱对UUO小鼠肾组织间质纤维化与炎症因子表达的干预作用

目的：通过抗风湿药青藤碱对UUO小鼠肾组织α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA）、炎症介质细胞间黏附分子（intercellular adhesion molecule1,ICAM-1）、单核细胞趋化因子（monocyte chemoattractant protein1,MCP-1）表达的影响,探讨其防治肾间质纤维化作用及其机制。方法：实验采用小鼠单侧输尿管结扎（UUO）模型,用不同剂量青藤碱进行干预,用血管紧张素受体抑制剂蒙诺作为对照。肾脏病理用HE和Masson染色;肾组织α-SMA表达采用免疫组化;ICAM-1蛋白质表达采用Western-blotting方法检测;MCP-1基因表达采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）方法。结果：UUO模型组小鼠肾间质纤维化程度以及肾组织α-SMA的表达较假手术组显著增高,肾小管间质中炎细胞浸润亦较假手术组显著增强;青藤碱各治疗组肾间质纤维化程度、α-SMA和ICAM-1蛋白、MCP-1基因表达均显著低于模型组;蒙诺治疗亦可显著降低肾间质纤维化程度和肾组织α-SMA的表达,但对于炎细胞浸润和炎症因子抑制作用显著较青藤碱弱。而且未见其具有抑制ICAM-1表达的作用。结论：抗风湿药青藤碱可显著抑制肾间质纤维化和肌成纤维细胞的积聚,可能与其显著抑制肾组织炎症因子的表达及炎细胞浸润有关。     

单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾脏转化生长因子β受体亚型表达的变化

目的 探讨转化生长因子β（TGF-β）Ⅰ型受体（RⅠ）、Ⅱ型（RⅡ）受体以及下游Smad蛋白在单侧输尿管梗阻（UUO）大鼠模型肾脏中表达及意义。 方法 90只雌性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组（CON组）、假手术组（SOR组）和单侧输尿管梗阻组（UUO组）,分别于术后1、3、7、14、21 d处死,检测各组大鼠肾功能;PAS与Masson染色观察大鼠肾间质病理形态改变;实时定量PCR基因芯片分析正常大鼠和肾间质纤维化大鼠肾组织TGF-βⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型受体及Smad蛋白家族表达。筛选出差异表达的受体亚型,进一步应用实时荧光定量PCR、蛋白免疫印迹法、免疫荧光法检测和验证筛选出的差异受体亚型在不同分期肾间质纤维化大鼠肾组织的分布和表达。 结果 与CON组相比,UUO组大鼠的Scr及BUN于术后3 d开始升高（P < 0.05）,第21天达峰值（P < 0.01）;UUO组术后3 d肾间质可见明显炎性细胞浸润;14 d后出现明显肾小管萎缩;21 d可见明显肾间质纤维化。UUO组肾组织TGF-βⅠ型受体ALK-5、ALK-7和TGF-βRⅡ的mRNA表达于术后3 d上升并随梗阻时间延长逐渐增加（P < 0.05）,于14 d达到峰值（均P < 0.01）;ALK-6的mRNA表达于术后3 d下降（P < 0.05）并随梗阻时间延长逐渐减少,于14 d达谷值（P < 0.01）。ALK-5、ALK-6、ALK-7和TGF-βRⅡ蛋白表达与基因表达一致。Smad2/3及磷酸化（p）-Smad2/3的蛋白表达于术后3 d上升（均P < 0.05）并随梗阻时间延长逐渐增加,于14 d达到峰值（均P < 0.01）。 结论 在肾间质纤维化进展中不同TGF-β受体亚型存在不同的变化规律并与肾间质纤维化进展密切关联。     

Protective effect of emodin on renal interstitial fibrosis in mice of unilateral ureteral obstruction via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of emodin (EM) in renal interstitial fibrosis of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, including sham operation group (n=8), UUO operation group (n=8), UUO operation+losartan (LST) group (n=8) and UUO operation+EM group (n=8). The mice in each group were ingested the suspensions by gavage for 14 days after surgery. Mice in UUO+LST and UUO+EM groups were given 10 mg?kg-1?d-1 LST and 20 mg?kg-1?d-1 EM, respectively. LST and EM were mixed with 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Mice in sham group and UUO group were given 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. The mice were sacrificed at the 14th day. Interstitial fibrosis was observed by HE, Masson and PAS stain. Real-time PCR was used to detect LC3, Beclin-1 and mTOR mRNA. Protein expressions of TGF-β1, α-SMA, E-cadherin, LC3, Beclin-1, PI3K, p-Akt and mTOR were detected by Western blotting. The autophagy was observed with transmission electron microscopy in the renal tissue. Results Compared with sham mice, UUO mice at the 14th day displayed obvious renal fibrosis. Meanwhile, UUO mice had increased expressions of TGF-β1 and α-SMA (all P＜0.01), and decreased expressions of E-cadherin (P＜0.01). Their renal expressions of PI3K, p-Akt and mTOR were also raised (all P＜0.01). Compared with those in UUO group, in UUO+LST group and UUO+EM group, expressions of autophagy protein LC3 and Beclin-1 were increased (all P＜0.01), and the number of autophagic was increased. Additionally, expressions of TGF-β1 and α-SMA were reduced in UUO+LST group and UUO+EM group (all P＜0.01), while the expression of E-cadherin was increased by emodin treatment (P＜0.05). And expressions of PI3K, p-Akt and mTOR were decreased in UUO+LST group and UUO+EM group (all P＜0.05), meanwhile renal tissue fibrosis significantly reduced. Conclusions Emodin can promote autophagy, ameliorate renal interstitial fibrosis and protect renal function through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.     

Oxymatrine inhibits renal fibrosis of obstructive nephropathy by downregulating the TGF-β1-Smad3 pathway

This study investigated whether oxymatrine (OMT) treatment can ameliorate renal interstitial fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice model. Moreover, the potential mechanisms of such treatment were analyzed. Twenty-four C57/BL6 mice were randomly divided into three groups, namely sham group, vehicle plus unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-treated group, and 100?mg/kg/d OMT plus UUO-treated group. All mice were euthanized seven days after surgery, and their kidneys were harvested. Renal injury, fibrosis, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and the transforming growth factor-β1/Smads (TGF-β/Smads) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-signaling pathways were assessed. The results showed OMT significantly prevented kidney injury and fibrosis, as evidenced by decreased expression of collagen-1 and fibronectin. Furthermore, OMT administration inhibited the release of inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor-α, (TNF-α) interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as phosphorylated NF-κB p65. In addition, OMT blocked the activation of myofibroblasts by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad3-signaling pathway. The findings indicate that OMT-attenuated renal fibrosis and inflammation, and this renoprotective effect may be ascribed to the inactivation of the TGF-β/Smad3 and NF-κB p65 pathways.     

染料木黄酮在减轻肾间质纤维化中的作用

目的 探讨染料木黄酮(Genistein)在减轻单侧输尿管结扎模型(UUO)诱导肾间质纤维化中的作用及可能机制.方法 将30只SD大鼠随机分为5组,A组:假手术+DMSO 1 ml/d×14 d;B组:假手术+Genistein每日20 mg/ks体重×14 d;C组:UUO+DMSO 1 ml/d×14 d;D组:UUO+Genistein 5mg/kg体重每日×14d;E组:UUO+Genistein 20mg/kg体重每日×14d.术后14d比较各组大鼠左/右肾重量和长度的比值;酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)法检测血清INF-y和TGFa1表达;病理观察肾小管扩张和肾间质增生的程度,免疫组织化学观察肾脏á-SMA和ED-1表达.结果 C、D、E组左/右肾重量及长度比值均明显高于A、B组,但E组左/右肾重量及长度比值、血清TGF-a1及INF-y浓度、肾小管扩张分数和肾小管容量分数、á-SMA和ED-1的表达均低于C组.结论 染料木黄酮可明显降低由单侧输尿管结扎模型所导致的肾间质纤维化的病理改变,其可能机制是染料木黄酮抑制TGF-a1及INF-y的表达,从而抑制肾小管上皮细胞向成纤维细胞转化.     

Valproic acid attenuates renal fibrosis through the induction of autophagy

Background

Renal fibrosis is a common pathological feature of the progression of chronic kidney disease. Although valproic acid (VPA) has been recently shown to induce autophagy, the effect of VPA-induced autophagy on renal fibrosis remains unknown. We, therefore, investigated whether VPA-induced autophagy suppresses renal fibrosis in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO).

Methods

Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into five groups (n = 8 per group): (1) sham group; (2) vehicle group; (3) VPA-treated group; (4) 3-methyladenine (3-MA; autophagy inhibitor)-treated group; and (5) VPA plus 3-MA-treated group. Mice underwent UUO and the kidneys were studied after 5 days. We also investigated the effect of VPA-induced autophagy on α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-stimulated rat kidney fibroblasts and epithelial cells.

Results

VPA attenuated renal fibrosis and induced autophagy in UUO mice, while 3-MA increased renal fibrosis and suppressed autophagy. In addition, the anti-fibrotic effect of VPA was diminished by 3-MA in UUO mice. In rat kidney fibroblasts and epithelial cells, VPA suppressed TGF-β1-stimulated α-SMA expression and induced autophagy. In contrast, 3-MA enhanced α-SMA expression while inhibiting autophagy. Furthermore, the combined use of VPA and 3-MA treatments increased the expression of α-SMA compared with VPA treatment alone in TGF-β1-stimulated rat kidney fibroblasts and epithelial cells, which was accompanied by the inhibition of autophagy.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that VPA may be a candidate drug for the treatment of renal fibrosis through the induction of autophagy.

     

Genetic or pharmacologic blockade of EGFR inhibits renal fibrosis

Although enhanced activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR) associates with the development and progression of renal fibrosis, the mechanisms linking these observations are not completely understood. Here, after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), wild-type mice exhibited sustained EGFR phosphorylation in the kidney and developed renal fibrosis that was more severe than the renal fibrosis observed in waved-2 mice, which have reduced EGFR tyrosine kinase activity. Waved-2 mice also showed fewer renal tubular cells arrested at G2/M, reduced expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), downregulation of multiple genes encoding profibrogenic cytokines, including TGF-β1, and dephosphorylation of Smad3, STAT3, and ERK1/2. Administration of the specific EGFR inhibitor gefitinib recapitulated this phenotype in wild-type mice after UUO. Furthermore, inactivation of either EGFR or STAT3 reduced UUO-induced expression of lipocalin-2, a molecule associated with the pathogenesis of CKD. In cultured renal interstitial fibroblasts, inhibition of EGFR also abrogated TGF-β1- or serum-induced phosphorylation of EGFR, STAT3, ERK1/2, and Smad3 as well as expression of α-SMA and extracelluar matrix proteins. Taken together, these data suggest that EGFR may mediate renal fibrogenesis by promoting transition of renal epithelial cells to a profibrotic phenotype, increased production of inflammatory factors, and activation of renal interstitial fibroblasts. Inhibition of EGFR may have therapeutic potential for fibrotic kidney disease.     

银杏叶提取物对单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾脏的TGF-β_1表达影响

目的：观察银杏叶提取物（EGB）对单侧输尿管梗阻（UUO）大鼠肾组织转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）参与的肾间质纤维化的影响。方法：建立UUO大鼠模型,分组：UUO组、治疗组（UUO＋EGB）、对照组（假手术组）。治疗组给予EGB200mg·kg^-1.d^-1灌胃,用免疫组化方法检测术后7d、10d、14d的肾组织TGF-β1表达量并观察肾脏病理改变及测定肾功能、血TGF-β1等指标。结果：治疗组与UUO组相比,治疗组的肾组织TGF-β1表达及血TGF-β1水平均明显降低（P〈0.01）,肾间质炎性细胞浸润、肾小管扩张、萎缩及肾间质纤维化均较UUO组减轻,并且血TGF-β变化与病理轻重相平行。结论：银杏叶提取物可通过下调肾组织TGF-β1减轻UUO术后肾组织间质纤维化。     

梗阻性肾病大鼠肾组织periostin的表达及意义

目的 研究梗阻性肾病大鼠肾组织periostin表达的变化及其与肾间质纤维化的相关性.方法 18只SD雄性大鼠按随机数字法分成3组:假手术组、模型组和贝那普利组,每组6只.用单侧输尿管结扎法建立梗阻性肾病大鼠模型.RT-PCR检测各组大鼠肾组织periostin和转化生长因子(TGF) β1的mRNA表达;ELISA检测各组大鼠肾组织periostin、血管紧张素Ⅱ( AngⅡ)、TGF- β1的蛋白水平;HE及Masson染色观察肾间质变化;免疫组化检测肾组织Ⅰ型胶原蛋白.结果 与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠肾组织periostin、TGF-β1、AngⅡ蛋白表达显著升高(均P＜0.05).与模型组比较,贝那普利组上述蛋白表达显著降低,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠肾组织periostin和TGF- β1的mRNA表达显著上调,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05),而贝那普利组periostin和TGF- β1的mRNA表达则显著下调(均P＜0.05).肾组织periostin蛋白表达与AngⅡ、TGF-β1和Ⅰ型胶原的蛋白表达以及肾间质纤维化积分均呈正相关(r值分别为0.652、0.781、0.776和0.825,均P＜0.05).结论 梗阻性肾病大鼠肾组织periostin呈高表达,其可能参与了梗阻性肾病肾间质纤维化进程.     

甘草酸二胺对输尿管梗阻大鼠肾间质纤维化的治疗作用及机制

目的：探讨甘草酸二胺对肾间质纤维化的作用及其机制。方法：以Wistar大鼠单侧输尿管梗阻（UUO）为模型，在不同的时间点（7d、14d、28d）观察梗阻侧肾间质纤维化指数；致纤维化的转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）的表达情况；肾皮质中与肾脏纤维化相关的Smurf2、Smad7信号蛋白等的mRNA及蛋白表达。结果：（1）随着梗阻时间的延长，肾间质纤维化程度逐渐加重，Smurf2基因和蛋白质明显上调，呈时间依赖性（P〈0．01）；Smad7蛋白呈时间依赖性下调（P〈0．01），Smad7基因在各个时间点无明显变化；TGF-β1基因在UUO后第7d达高峰，此后逐渐下降，但仍然高于假手术组（P〈0．01）。（2）甘草酸能改善UUO所致的肾间质纤维化程度（P〈0．01），下调肾脏组织TGF-β1基因的表达（尸〈0．01）；减少Smurf2基因和蛋白质的表达，同时上调TGF-β1信号传导中抑制性因子Smad7的表达（P〈0．01）。结论：甘草酸二胺能保护UUO所致的肾间质纤维化损伤。其可能的作用机制为减少Smurf2核酸和蛋白质的表达，增加抗纤维化作用的Smad7蛋白表达；减少TGF-β1表达，阻止TGF-β1信号传导，从而阻断肾间质的纤维化。     

Effect and mechanism of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor in renal fibrosis mice model

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (sEHI) for NF-κB pathway and cell circle arrest of tubular epithelial cell in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice model. Methods Thirty-two healthy C57BL/6 male mice performed UUO surgery to induce renal interstitial fibrosis. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham group (n=8), sEHI (1 mg?kg-1?d-1) group (n=8), UUO group (n=8) and UUO+sEHI (1 mg?kg-1?d-1) group (n=8). Daily sEHI [1-(1-methylsulfonyl-piperidin-4-yl)-3-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-urea, TUPS] or 2% DMSO was applied to mice by oral gavage from day 1 to day 14 after surgery. All mice were sacrificed at day 14 and kidneys were harvested for further analysis. The changes of renal tissue morphology and pathology were observed by Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and sirius red staining. The expressions of sEH, nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65) and IκB were measured by Western blotting. The expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-6, TGF-β, CTGF, collagen-IV and α-SMA were analyzed by real-time PCR. Immunofluorescence staining of phospho-histone H3 (p-HH3) and Ki67 was performed to determine the stage of cell cycle G2/M arrest. Results The expression and activity of sEH increased in UUO group (P﹤0.05). Administration of sEHI inhibited activity of sEH and infiltration of inflammatory cell in tubular interstitial, as well as attenuated tubular damage and tubular interstitial fibrosis. Western blotting analysis revealed administration of sEHI inhibited up-regulated NF-κB p65 and down-regulated IκB in UUO group (P﹤0.05). Real-time PCR demonstrated that administration of sEHI obviously decreased the mRNA expression of cytokines and fibrosis markers, including of TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-6, TGF-β, CTGF, Collagen-IV, α-SMA (P﹤0.05). Immunofluorescence staining showed that there were much more p-HH3 and Ki67 double positive nuclear tubular epithelial cells and interstitial cells in UUO group, compared with Sham group (P﹤0.05). Administration of sEHI reduced the number of double positive nuclear cell only in tubular epithelial cells (P﹤0.05), but not in interstitial cells. Conclusions In UUO tubular interstitial fibrosis model, sEHI inhibits the activation of NF-κB pathway by down-regulating p65 and up-regulating IκB and ameliorates the infiltration of inflammatory cells. In addition, sEHI plays anti-fibrosis effect by moderating cell cycle G2/M arrest and reducing the excrete of pro-fibrosis factors of tubular epithelial cells.