急性充血性心力衰竭患儿血浆脑利钠肽变化的意义

目的通过测定急性充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患儿血浆脑利钠肽(BNP)水平的变化,进一步确定其临床应用价值。方法BNP测定采用酶标法;选择住院CHF患儿48例,其中肺炎心衰36例,先天性心脏病心衰12例。正常对照组40例。分别进行CHF组不同时期BNP水平与正常对照组比较,探讨CHF患儿心功能参数变化并与BNP水平作相关分析。根据NYHA小儿CHF分级,进行不同心功能级别CHF患儿BNP比较。结果CHF患儿心衰期及恢复期BNP水平显著高于正常对照组(t=14.30,20.38 P均<0.01);CHF患儿心衰期CI、LVEF值与正常对照组比较有显著差异(t=8.85,12.62 P均<0.01),恢复期CI及LEVF值与正常对照组比较差异无显著(t=1.62,1.64 P均>0.05),提示心衰时心功能有明显的改变。同时心衰患儿BNP与CI、LVEF数值均呈负相关(r=-0.61,-0.79 P均>0.05);心功能分级不同,BNP水平明显不同,心衰程度越重,BNP水平愈高,差异有显著性(P均<0.01)。结论心衰时BNP水平明显增高,确定BNP在CHF诊断中价值。并与动态心功能变化密切相关;心衰程度越重,血BNP水平越高。BNP可作为评价心功能程度及预后,指导临床治疗的指标。     

重症肺炎合并心力衰竭患儿血清肌酸激酶同工酶、脑利钠肽及神经肽Y水平变化

目的探讨重症肺炎合并心力衰竭患儿血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、脑利钠肽(BNP)和神经肽Y(NPY)水平的变化。方法入选2010年12月至2014年12月住院普通肺炎患儿32例(普通组),重症肺炎患儿20例(重症组),重症肺炎合并心力衰竭患儿36例(心衰组),以及健康体检儿童26例(对照组),采用酶速率法在ADVIA1650全自动生化分析上测定CK-MB,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法检测BNP及NPY的水平,其中18例重症肺炎合并心力衰竭患儿在恢复期再次检测。结果四组间血清CK-MB、BNP和NPY水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(F=25.19~277.94,P均0.01)。心衰组患儿血清CK-MB、BNP和NPY浓度均高于重症组、普通组和对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);重症组血清CK-MB浓度高于普通组和对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);普通组与对照组CK-MB浓度比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);重症组、普通组和对照组三组间血清BNP和NPY浓度比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。心衰组18例患儿治疗后的血清CK-MB、BNP和NPY水平均低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P均0.001)。心衰组血清BNP水平与CKMB、NPY水平均呈显著正相关(r=0.681、0.525,P均0.01);NPY与CK-MB水平亦呈显著正相关(r=0.545,P0.01)。结论血清CK-MB、BNP及NPY浓度检测有助于诊断儿童重症肺炎合并心衰,其中BNP更为敏感。     

急性心力衰竭患儿血浆脑钠素及心钠素水平的变化

目的探讨急性心力衰竭患儿血浆脑钠素(BNP)及心钠素(ANP)水平变化及其意义。方法选择不同病因的充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患儿46例及肺炎患儿40例、先天性心脏病患儿31例、健康儿童40例,应用酶联免疫吸附法分别检测血浆BNP及ANP水平,用多普勒超声心动图测量心力衰竭患儿心衰期及恢复期心脏指数(CI)及左室射血分数(LVEF)。结果CHF患儿心衰前期BNP即开始升高,心衰时达高峰(P<0.001),恢复期BNP水平渐下降,但仍高于正常值(P<0.001);心衰时心脏CI、LVEF均明显下降(P<0.01);CHF患儿心衰时升高的BNP水平与CI、LVEF均呈明显负相关(r=-0.61,0.79P均<0.05);同时测定的ANP动态变化趋势与BNP类似;CHF患儿心衰时的BNP/ANP比值远远高于正常对照;心衰时BNP与ANP异常率比较有显著差异(P<0.05);心衰时BNP水平与LVEF、CI值相关性优于ANP。结论CHF患儿血清BNP及ANP水平明显升高.且与心衰程度关系密切,BNP反映心脏功能改变较ANP更敏感,更具有特异性。     

脑钠肽对儿童毛细支气管炎并发心力衰竭的诊断价值

目的 探讨呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染致儿童毛细支气管炎并发充血性心力衰竭(心衰)时血浆脑钠钛(BNP)浓度的变化与急性心衰发生的相关性.方法 选择我院2008年1月至2010年12月收治的7 d～26个月RSV感染致毛细支气管炎并发心衰患儿18例(A组),RSV感染致毛细支气管炎未并发心衰患儿20例(B组),健康儿童20例(C组),检测血浆BNP水平,同时测定其左心室射血分数(LVEF)及左室内径缩短率(FS).结果 A组患儿BNP水平为(727±153)pg/ml,明显高于B组[(37±13)pg/ml]及C组[(21±17)pg/ml](P＜0.05),LVEF及FS值明显低于B组及C组(P＜0.05).B组和C组BNP水平比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 BNP可作为早期诊断RSV感染所致毛细支气管炎并发心衰的指标.     

心力衰竭患儿血浆脑钠肽变化及临床意义

目的 探讨心力衰竭患儿血浆脑钠肽(BNP)变化及其与心功能的关系.方法 研究对象为2005年4月至2007年1月在宜宾市第二人民医院住院的心力衰竭患儿43例,应用ELISA方法测定患儿血浆BNP浓度,M型超声心动图测量左室射血分数(LVEF)、短轴缩短率(FS),并比较BNP与LVEF、FS的相关性.结果与正常对照组比较,心力衰竭患儿血浆BNP水平明显升高,心功能参数LVEF、FS显著降低(t值分别为8.092、3.780、3.864.P值分别<0.001、<0.01、<0.01).心衰程度越重.血浆BNP水平升高越明显(F=4.26,P<0.01).心功能Ⅰ级组患儿血浆BNP水平已明显升高(t=4.708,P<0.01),心功能参数LVEF、FS降低不明显.不同原发病心力衰竭患儿血浆BNP无差别.血浆BNP水平与LVEF和FS存在负相关关系(r分别为-0.568,-0.325,P值分别<0.05,<0.001).结论 心衰惠儿血浆BNP水平显著升高,随着患儿心衰程度加重,血浆BNP水平增高越显著.血浆BNP水平是心衰患儿心脏功能更敏感的生化指标.     

脑钠肽和氨基末端脑钠肽在小儿先天性心脏病心功能评估中的价值

目的：探讨脑钠肽（BNP）和氨基末端脑钠肽（NT-proBNP）在小儿先天性心脏病心功能评估中的价值。方法：71例先天性心脏病患儿分为无心力衰竭组和心衰组;35例正常儿童作为对照组。应用微粒子酶免疫分析法和电化学发光法分别测定血浆BNP和NT-proBNP浓度。同时测定左室舒张末期内径指数（LVEDDI）、左室射血分数（LVEF）。结果：心衰组血浆BNP和NT-proBNP水平明显高于无心衰组(均P<0.01);无心衰组血浆BNP和NT-proBNP水平明显高于对照组(均P<0.01) 。心衰组血浆LogBNP和LogNT-proBNP水平与LVEF均呈负相关(r=-0.64,-0.67,均P<0.01);二者水平与LVEDDI均呈正相关（r=0.58,0.76,均P<0.01）。无心衰组血浆LogBNP和LogNT-proBNP水平与LVEF均无明显相关性;血浆LogNT-proBNP水平与LVEDDI呈正相关（r=0.35,P<0.05）。分别以BNP≥149.8 pg/mL,NT-proBNP≥820.1 pg/mL作为充血性心力衰竭的诊断阈值,二者的敏感度分别为87.0％,91.3％,特异度分别为91.7％,97.9％,ROC曲线下面积分别为0.935,0.987。结论：BNP和NT-proBNP均可用于先天性心脏病患儿心功能的评估,并可用于该类患儿充血性心力衰竭的诊断;与BNP比较,NT-proBNP诊断心衰的价值更高。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（6）：429-432］     

N末端B型钠尿肽原和肌酸激酶同工酶MB对肺炎患儿心力衰竭的诊断价值

目的评价N末端B型钠尿肽原(NT-pro BNP)和肌酸激酶同工酶MB(CK-MB)诊断肺炎患儿心力衰竭的价值。方法检测132例肺炎合并心力衰竭、138例肺炎未合并心力衰竭患儿和61例健康儿童的血清NT-pro BNP和CK-MB水平。以受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析法和logistic回归分析评价NT-pro BNP和CK-MB对诊断肺炎患儿心力衰竭的价值。结果三组间血清NT-pro BNP和CK-MB水平差异有统计学意义(P0.01);肺炎合并心力衰竭患儿最高,其次为肺炎未合并心力衰竭患儿,三组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01)。血清NT-pro BNP和CK-MB在肺炎患儿中诊断心力衰竭的曲线下面积分别为0.85和0.72,两者联合诊断的曲线下面积为0.87。结论在肺炎患儿中,血清NT-pro BNP和CK-MB可以作为辅助诊断心力衰竭的指标。     

充血性心力衰竭与重症肺炎患儿血清脑钠素浓度变化的研究

目的：B型利钠肽即脑钠素(B-typeorbrainnatriureticpeptide,BNP)在成人充血性心力衰竭(con-gestiveheartfailure,CHF)时血浆浓度显著升高,对成人CHF有重要诊断价值,对成人急性呼吸困难有重要的鉴别诊断价值。在小儿有关BNP的研究不多,该实验旨在研究小儿CHF及肺炎时血清BNP浓度变化,探讨BNP对小儿急性呼吸困难的鉴别诊断价值;进一步探讨小儿重症肺炎是否会合并心衰,为肺炎合并心衰的诊断寻找客观指标。方法：将65例有呼吸困难症状的患儿分为3组CHF组(即心源性呼吸困难组)24例;肺炎组(即肺源性呼吸困难组)23例;临床诊断肺炎心衰组18例。对10例肺炎合并心衰患儿在病情平稳2~3d后再次收集血清。正常对照组15例。用ELISA法测血清BNP浓度。结果：CHF组血清BNP浓度显著高于临床诊断肺炎心衰组、肺炎组及正常组(P<0.01);临床诊断肺炎心衰组显著高于肺炎组(P<0.01)及正常组(P<0.01),肺炎组与正常组比较差异无显著性。BNP对心源性呼吸困难鉴别诊断的受试者作业特征曲线(receiveoperatorcharacteristic,ROCcurve)下面积是0.978(P<0.01);BNP以49pg/mL为诊断界值,对呼吸困难由CHF引起的诊断敏感度是87.5%,特异度是95.8%;临床诊断肺炎心衰的18例患儿中,BNP浓度>49pg/mL的11例,其BNP浓度为172.08±56.47pg/mL,显著高于肺炎组(P<0.01),与CHF组相比无差异;这11例中有10例治疗后复查血清BNP,其浓度为26.12±15.71pg/mL,低于治疗前(P<0.01)。另7例血清BNP浓度为20.46±11.78pg/mL,与肺炎组及正常组相比差异无显著性(均P>0.05)。结论：BNP浓度检测对小儿呼吸困难是否由CHF引起有鉴别诊断价值;小儿重症肺炎时可以合并心力衰竭;BNP检测可鉴别小儿重症肺炎是否合并心力衰竭。     

慢性心力衰竭患儿血清半乳糖凝集素-3变化及临床意义

目的探讨慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患儿血清半乳糖凝集素-3(galectin-3)变化及其与左心室重构的相关性。方法选取CHF患儿45例,按心衰严重程度分为心功能Ⅱ级组、Ⅲ级组和Ⅳ级组;按原发疾病分为心内膜弹力纤维增生症(EFE)组和扩张型心肌病(DCM)组;30例健康体检儿童为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清galectin-3水平,放射免疫分析法测定NT-pro BNP,超声心动图测定左心室重构指标。分析血清galectin-3与左心室重构和NT-pro BNP的相关性。结果 45例CHF患儿中,男19例、女26例,年龄(3.42±1.89)岁。心功能Ⅱ级组10例,Ⅲ级组18例和Ⅳ级组17例;EFE组21例,DCM组24例。心功能Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级组患儿的血清galectin-3及NT-pro BNP水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05),不同心功能分级组两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P?0.05)。EFE和DCM两组间血清galectin-3水平差异无统计学意义(P?0.05)。Spearman秩相关分析结果显示,CHF患儿的血清galectin-3水平与左心室舒张末径、左心质量、左心质量分数及血清NT-pro BNP水平呈正相关(P均0.05),与左室射血分数、左室短轴缩短率均呈负相关(P均0.05)。结论血清galectin-3有助于对儿童CHF的临床诊断和病情评估。     

脑钠素与肌钙蛋白I在小儿心力衰竭诊断、预后评估中的意义

目的 探讨血浆脑钠素(BNP)、肌钙蛋白I(CTnI)水平变化在小儿心力衰竭(CHF)患儿诊断、预后评估中的意义.方法 选择心力衰竭患儿41例,根据ROSS心功能分期将CHF患儿分为心衰早期、心衰期、恢复期.41例健康体检者作为对照组.分别采用放射免疫分析法和化学发光免疫分析法检测各组血浆BNP及CTnI水平;同时观察血浆BNP水平与CHF患儿预后的关系.结果 心衰早期患儿血浆BNP、CTnI即开始升高,心衰期达高峰,恢复期逐渐下降,但仍显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01).心衰早期、恢复期患儿血浆BNP阳性率(92.7%,90.2%)较CTnI阳性率(63.4%,58.5%)有显著性差异(P＜0.01);BNP持续＞500 ng/L的心脏事件发生率(66.7%)明显高于BNP＜500 ng/L的心脏事件发生率(21.4%)(P＜0.01).结论 BNP、CTnI可反映心肌损伤程度;血浆BNP在心衰早期诊断方面其敏感性及特异性均优于CTnI,血浆BNP可作为诊断和判定小儿心衰预后的重要参考依据之一.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.