麦角菌在寄主植物上的接种栽培 Ⅱ.人工接种栽培过程中影响麦角碱含量的因素

将麦角菌Claviceps microcephala(Wallr.)Tul.的Ce5,Ce5-5-1,Ce5-29-1及Ce10—4等4个菌系在寄主植物上进行了接种栽培,并对接种栽培过程中,影响麦角碱含量的若干环境因素进行了较为系统的研究。     

麦角菌在寄主植物上的接种栽培 Ⅰ.麦角菌 Claviceps microcephala(Wallr.)Tul.及 C.purpurea(Fr.)Tul.不同菌系在麦类上的接种栽培

1957—1959年以麦角菌Claviceps microcephala (Walir.)Tul.的Ce5,Ce5-29-1及Ce5-35-1等3个优良菌系分別在大麦、小麦及黑麦等的23个品种上进行了接种栽培。Ce5菌系在不同麦类上有很强的寄生力,在三种麦类上的穗寄生率,黑麦类較大麦及小麦高,且感染力也强,在黑麦类中冬黑麦又比春黑麦易于感染,三种麦类所产麦角千粒重以黑麦类为高,大麦类及小麦类为低。其麦角千粒重分别为37—76克,25—44克及21—34克。Ce5菌系在不同麦类上所产麦角的含碱量为0.078—0.4%,其中以裸大麦麦角含碱量最高,达0.4%。Ce5-29-1及Ce5-35-3菌系,无論从寄生性或是产碱能力方面来看均不次于原菌系Ce5。白麦角变异菌系Ce5-W亦有較强的寄生性,并可产生一定量的麦角碱。經分析証实Ce5及Ce5-29-1 2个菌系在不同黑麦品种上所形成的麦角中含有极有价值的麦角新碱,其含量分別为0.029—0.036%及0.042%。黑麦麦角菌Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.的Sc-2-4,Sc-6-2及Sc9-5 3个菌系分別接种在张北等5种黑麦上,其穗寄生率达48—98%;其麦角碱含量最高者不超过0.015%或不含麦角碱。     

麦角菌在寄主植物上的接种栽培 Ⅰ.麦角菌 Claviceps microcephala(Wallr.)Tul.及 C.purpurea(Fr.)Tul.不同菌系在麦类上的接种栽培

1957—1959年以麦角菌Claviceps microcephala (Walir.)Tul.的Ce5,Ce5-29-1及Ce5-35-1等3个优良菌系分別在大麦、小麦及黑麦等的23个品种上进行了接种栽培。 Ce5菌系在不同麦类上有很强的寄生力,在三种麦类上的穗寄生率,黑麦类較大麦及小麦高,且感染力也强,在黑麦类中冬黑麦又比春黑麦易于感染,三种麦类所产麦角千粒重以黑麦类为高,大麦类及小麦类为低。其麦角千粒重分别为37—76克,25—44克及21—34克。 Ce5菌系在不同麦类上所产麦角的含碱量为0.078—0.4％,其中以裸大麦麦角含碱量最高,达0.4％。Ce5-29-1及Ce5-35-3菌系,无論从寄生性或是产碱能力方面来看均不次于原菌系Ce5。白麦角变异菌系Ce5-W亦有較强的寄生性,并可产生一定量的麦角碱。經分析証实Ce5及Ce5-29-1 2个菌系在不同黑麦品种上所形成的麦角中含有极有价值的麦角新碱,其含量分別为0.029—0.036％及0.042％。黑麦麦角菌Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.的Sc-2-4,Sc-6-2及Sc9-5 3个菌系分別接种在张北等5种黑麦上,其穗寄生率达48—98％;其麦角碱含量最高者不超过0.015％或不含麦角碱。     

麦角菌在黑麦品种上的接种栽培

1957年在北京及哈尔滨以各种野生麦角所分离的不同菌种在张北、佳木斯等9个不同的黑麦品种上进行了接种栽培。春黑麦较冬黑麦的感染力强,春黑麦中又以张北及佳木斯最易感病,对自拂子茅(Calamagnostis epigeios(L)Roth)、披碱草(Clinelymus dahuricus Nevski)、老芒麦(Clinelymus sibiricus(L)Nevski)、黑麦(Secale cereale L.)、高滨麦(Clinelymus excelsus Nevski),及Agropyrum sp.6个不同寄主所分离的菌种亦均感染;公主岭及平鲁黑麦感染性较差.不同菌种中以分离自拂子茅的菌种寄生性最强,侵染所有4个春黑麦品种及一个冬黑麦品种.分离自拂子茅的6个不同菌系中以B₅的寄生性最强,公主岭、张北及佳木斯3个品种对B₅的感染率均在70%以上;B₁次之,3个黑麦品种对B₁的感染率均在50%以上;B₇最差,公主岭及张北黑麦对B₇的感染率为5—10%, 不同接种方法以孢子液注射法效果最佳,侵渍法次之,喷雾法最差。每min³接种液中孢子数目在600—9600间浓度愈高致病力愈强。分离自拂子茅麦角(Claviceps microcephala)的不同菌系在各种黑麦品种上所生的菌核较原寄主上的菌核大34倍.B₁与B₅在不同黑麦品种上所生麦角的含硷量为0.22—0.40%,远较自然条件下所产黑麦麦角(C.purpurea Tul.)的含硷量(0.06%)为高,也超过我国药典所规定0.2%的标准。B₅的产硷能力高于B₁。不同品种中以佳木斯黑麦所产菌核的含硷量较高,公主岭及平鲁次之,张北黑麦的麦角含硷量最低。     

脱氧胆酸钠对麦角菌 Claviceps purpurea 94002 (EKPN94002)产生α-麦角隐亭的刺激作用

The stimulation of sodium deoxycholate (SDC) on α-ergocryptine production of Claviceps purpurea strain 94002(EKP_N94002) was investigated. Preliminary results indicated that SDC, as a stimulator and at appropriate concentrations, could obviously increase the extracellular and the total production levels of the ergot alkaloid. Satisfied results were obtained when 6.0 mg·L^-1 of SDC was present in the seed and fermentation media. The possible mechanism was discussed.     

一株产生苝醌类化合物真菌的化学成分研究

目的研究菌寄生菌属真菌（Hypomyces (Fr.) Tul. sp.）菌丝体的化学成分。方法用硅胶柱色谱法进行分离纯化，根据理化性质和光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果从菌丝体中分得两个化合物，命名为hypomycin C（I）和hypomycin D（II)。结论I和II均为新化合物。     

花椒及其同类品的形态组织学研究

据文献记载和作者实际调查,我国各地花椒属(Zanthoxylum L.)植物果实作药用者计约18种。本文先报道其中8种果皮的形态组织学研究结果:花椒Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.青椒Z.schinifolium Sieb.et Zucc.,竹叶椒Z.armatum DC.,野花椒Z.simulans Hance,勒(木党)Z.avicennae(Lam.)DC.,椿叶花椒Z.ailanthoides Sieb.et Zucc.,朵椒Z.molle Rehd.及两面针Z.nitidum(Roxb.)DC.。本文附形态组织图并分别列有生药性状及显微特征检索表。     

中国毛茛科药用植物的研究 Ⅰ.中药黄连的原植物

作者对全国的中药黄连原植物进行研究后,确定味连的原植物为黄连Coptischinensis Franch.,峨眉家连的原植物为三角叶黄连C.deltoidea C.Y.Cheng et Hsiao,峨眉野连的原植物为峨眉野连C.omeiensis(Chen)C.Y.Cheng,云连的原植物主要为云南黄连C.teetoides C.Y.Cheng以及少量的五裂黄连C.quinquesecta W.T.Wang,而我国长江流域所产的黄连属土黄连则为短萼黄连C.chinensis var.brevisepala W.T.Wang et Hsiao.文中还对近年来植物和药学文献上的黄连学名问题作了讨论和订正,并作了各种黄连的分种检索表,最后还附有新种及新变种的拉丁文描述.     

十大功劳属部分植物茎中生物碱的高效毛细管电泳法测定

目的：对十大功劳属植物中3种生物碱的含量进行测定,为其内在质量的评价提供科学依据。方法：运用毛细管区带电泳(CZE)模式,以马钱子碱为内标化合物,测定了小檗碱、巴马亭和药根碱的含量。背景缓冲溶液为0.1 mol.L^-1磷酸缓冲液(pH 7.0)与甲醇(2∶1)的混合体系。线性范围：盐酸小檗碱为4.9～498.6 μg.mL^-1(γ=0.9990);盐酸巴马亭为5.0～504.9 μg.mL^-1(γ=0.9996);盐酸药根碱为5.1～505.8 μg.mL^-1(γ=0.9984)。回收率：盐酸小檗碱为96.00%～101.66%;盐酸巴马亭为100.15%～102.97%;盐酸药根碱为96.68%～102.44%。结果：不同品种、不同产地、不同采集时间的植物中的生物碱含量均有较大差别。结论：高效毛细管电泳法是中草药质量控制的一种简便、快速、有效的方法。十大功劳属多种植物生物碱含量较高,可作为新的药用资源。     

国产乌头类生药雪上一支蒿类的形态组织学研究

本文报道产于我国西南地区的民间药雪上一支蒿,包括7种乌头属植物即:短柄乌头Aconitum brachypodum Diels.,宣威乌头A.nagarum var.lasiandrum W.T.Wang,铁棒锤A.pendulum Busch,伏毛铁棒锤A.flavum Hand.-Mazz.,多裂乌头A.polyschisrum Hand.-Mazz.,凉山乌头A.liangshanicum W.T.Wang及小白撑A.nagarum var.heterotrichum Fletcher et Laucner根部的生药形态组织学研究。结果表明,这7种乌头根部可以根据生药外形及显微特征进行鉴别。     

野生麦角调查研究

1957年作者等在华北盛产野生麦角的地区张北及沽源进行了生态因子的调查,并在东北搜集了不同寄主上野生麦角的样本作含硷量的此较分析.张北及沽源禾本科植物对麦角病感染程度由重至轻的顺序为碱草、赖草、大麦草、紫穗大麦草、黑麦、偏穗冰草及披碱草,其平均感染百分数分别为68.48、60.97、60.00、50.00、42.00、14.00及6.59.此外拂子茅亦有轻度感染.大麦、小麦、燕麦及无芒雀麦均未发现感染.野生寄主植物中以赖草和碱草分布最广,其大片单独群落的密度每平方米平均分别为61茎和79茎,披碱草亦有大片羣落,平均密度每平方米为38茎,其他禾草的分布极为零星.估计张北及沽源麦角的年产量至少有12万市斤。张北及沽源盛产野生麦角的生态因子为:(1)有大量的感染寄主,(2)每年积累大量菌源,(3)长期寒冷的冬季,及6、7、8月阴雨气候.麦角形成最盛期为7月下旬至8月上旬,采收最合宜的时期为8月中旬.华北及东北地区各种寄主植物所产麦角含硷量差别很大,由高至低的顺序为:拂子茅(麦角总硷计0.577%),老芒麦(0.44%),披碱草(0.30-0.34%),赖草(0.13-0.15%),碱草(0.115%),黑麦(0.061-0.065%);同一寄主植物在不同地区所产麦角的含硷量差异很少.含硷量的高低与菌核的大小,颜色等关系亦不大.寄生于赖草、碱草、披碱草、老芒麦及黑麦的麦角菌经鉴定均为Clavicepspurpurea,寄生于拂子茅的麦角菌为C.microcephala。     

Evolution of the Ergot Alkaloid Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Results in Divergent Mycotoxin Profiles in Claviceps purpurea Sclerotia

Research into ergot alkaloid production in major cereal cash crops is crucial for furthering our understanding of the potential toxicological impacts of Claviceps purpurea upon Canadian agriculture and to ensure consumer safety. An untargeted metabolomics approach profiling extracts of C. purpurea sclerotia from four different grain crops separated the C. purpurea strains into two distinct metabolomic classes based on ergot alkaloid content. Variances in C. purpurea alkaloid profiles were correlated to genetic differences within the lpsA gene of the ergot alkaloid biosynthetic gene cluster from previously published genomes and from newly sequenced, long-read genome assemblies of Canadian strains. Based on gene cluster composition and unique polymorphisms, we hypothesize that the alkaloid content of C. purpurea sclerotia is currently undergoing adaptation. The patterns of lpsA gene diversity described in this small subset of Canadian strains provides a remarkable framework for understanding accelerated evolution of ergot alkaloid production in Claviceps purpurea.     

Ergot Alkaloids in Feed for Pekin Ducks: Toxic Effects,Metabolism and Carry Over into Edible Tissues

Hardened sclerotia (ergots) of Claviceps purpurea contaminate cereal grains and contain toxic ergot alkaloids (EA). Information on EA toxicity in ducks is scarce. Therefore, the aim of the growth experiment (Day 0–49, n = 54/group) was to titrate the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for total ergot alkaloids (TEA). A control diet was prepared without ergots, and the diets designated Ergot 1 to 4 contained 1, 10, 15 and 20 g ergot per kg diet, respectively, corresponding to TEA contents of 0.0, 0.6, 7.0, 11.4 and 16.4 mg/kg. Sensitivity of ducks to EA was most pronounced at the beginning of the experiment when feed intake decreased significantly by 9%, 28%, 41% and 47% in groups Ergot 1 to 4, respectively, compared to the control group. The experiment was terminated after two weeks for ducks exposed to Ergot 3 and 4 due to significant growth retardation. Ergot alkaloid residues in edible tissues were lower than 5 ng/g. Bile was tested positive for ergonovine (=ergometrine = ergobasine) with a mean concentration of 40 ng/g. Overall, the LOAEL amounted to 0.6 mg TA/kg diet suggesting that ducks are not protected by current European Union legislation (1 g ergot/kg unground cereal grains).     

麦角生物硷的层离研究 Ⅰ.我国野生麦角的成分鉴定及麦角新硷的定量

近年来国内发现几种野生麦角,本院药用植物系进行了调查研究,从分怖地区及麦角外部形态方面作了初步报导,为进一步了解和探讨其中生物硷成分及麦角新硷含量,我们用纸屑离法进行研究。一般化学测定法只能测定麦角总硷含量及水溶性生物硷含量,对于个别生物硷无法测定,自1949年Foster应用纸屑离法后,就大大方便了从事研究麦角复杂成分的方法。 Foster用正丁醇、醋酸、及水的混合液作扩展溶剂,把水溶性及水不溶性生物硷在     

Links between Genetic Groups,Indole Alkaloid Profiles and Ecology within the Grass-Parasitic Claviceps purpurea Species Complex

The grass parasitic fungus Claviceps purpurea sensu lato produces sclerotia with toxic indole alkaloids. It constitutes several genetic groups with divergent habitat preferences that recently were delimited into separate proposed species. We aimed to 1) analyze genetic variation of C. purpurea sensu lato in Norway, 2) characterize the associated indole alkaloid profiles, and 3) explore relationships between genetics, alkaloid chemistry and ecology. Approximately 600 sclerotia from 14 different grass species were subjected to various analyses including DNA sequencing and HPLC-MS. Molecular results, supported by chemical and ecological data, revealed one new genetic group (G4) in addition to two of the three known; G1 (C. purpurea sensu stricto) and G2 (C. humidiphila). G3 (C. spartinae) was not found. G4, which was apparently con-specific with the recently described C. arundinis sp. nov, was predominantly found in very wet habitats on Molinia caerulea and infrequently in saline habitats on Leymus arenarius. Its indole-diterpene profile resembled G2, while its ergot alkaloid profile differed from G2 in high amounts of ergosedmam. In contrast to G1, indole-diterpenes were consistently present in G2 and G4. Our study supports and complements the newly proposed species delimitation of the C. purpurea complex, but challenges some species characteristics including host spectrum, habitat preferences and sclerotial floating ability.     

Biology,Genetics, and Management of Ergot (Claviceps spp.) in Rye,Sorghum, and Pearl Millet

Ergot is a disease of cereals and grasses caused by fungi in the genus Claviceps. Of particular concern are Claviceps purpurea in temperate regions, C. africana in sorghum (worldwide), and C. fusiformis in pearl millet (Africa, Asia). The fungi infect young, usually unfertilized ovaries, replacing the seeds by dark mycelial masses known as sclerotia. The percentage of sclerotia in marketable grain is strictly regulated in many countries. In winter rye, ergot has been known in Europe since the early Middle Ages. The alkaloids produced by the fungus severely affect the health of humans and warm-blooded animals. In sorghum and pearl millet, ergot became a problem when growers adopted hybrid technology, which increased host susceptibility. Plant traits reducing ergot infection include immediate pollination of receptive stigmas, closed flowering (cleistogamy), and physiological resistance. Genetic, nonpollen-mediated variation in ergot susceptibility could be demonstrated in all three affected cereals. Fungicides have limited efficacy and application is weather dependent. Sorting out the sclerotia from the harvest by photocells is expensive and time consuming. In conclusion, molecular-based hybrid rye breeding could improve pollen fertility by introgressing effective restorer genes thus bringing down the ergot infection level to that of conventional population cultivars. A further reduction might be feasible in the future by selecting more resistant germplasm.     

Alkaloids in ergot found on different Gramineae in The Netherlands

The alkaloid content and the composition of the alkaloid complex of thirteen samples of ergot sclerotia from different gramineous host species collected in The Netherlands were investigated. Two samples collected in France were also examined. Ergot ofGlyceria fluitans (L.) R.Br. did not contain alkaloids. The total alkaloid content of ergot found on the other wild grasses was more than 0.2%. The ratio between the contents of water soluble and water insoluble alkaloids of the investigated ergot sclerotia varies between 1∶10 and 1∶20. The composition of the alkaloid complex in the sclerotia was studied by quantitative thin-layer chromatography. The sclerotia could be grouped into three main categories:

sclerotia ofLolium perenne L.,Festuca arundinacea Schreb. andArrhenatherum elatius (L.) P.B. ex J. et C. Presl, containing predominantly ergocornine, α- and β-ergokryptine and ergosine;

sclerotia ofDactylis glomerata L.,Phalaris arundinacea L.,Alopecurus geniculatus L. andHolcus mollis L., containing predominantly ergosine, ergocristine and ergotamine;

sclerotia ofMolinia caerulea (L.) Moench, containing predominantly ergocristine, ergosine and ergqmetrine.

A great similarity was found between the composition of the alkaloid complex in ergot ofLolium perenne L. from different locations and also in ergot ofMolinia caerulea (L.) Moench from different locations. This similarity was less in ergot ofDactylis glomerata L. collected from different locations.