Epidural Labor Analgesia: Continuous Infusion Versus Patient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia With Background Infusion Versus Without a Background Infusion

The purpose of this study was to compare the total epidural dose of 3 commonly used labor epidural modalities. After local institutional review board approval, 195 laboring parturients received an epidural catheter for labor analgesia. All patients received an initial bolus of 0.1% ropivacaine (10 mL) and fentanyl (100 microg). Maintenance of labor analgesia consisted of ropivacaine 0.1% with fentanyl 2 microg/mL. Patients were then randomly assigned into 3 groups: Group 1 (continuous epidural infusion [CEI]), continuous infusion at 10 mL/h; group 2 (CEI + patient-controlled epidural analgesia [PCEA]), CEI at 5 mL/h with a demand dose of 5 mL allowed every 20 minutes with a 20 mL/h maximum dose; group 3 (PCEA), demand doses only of 5 mL every 15 minutes with a 20 mL/h maximum dose. Measured variables included total epidural dose, total bolus requests and boluses delivered, number of staff interventions, pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS; 0-100), modified Bromage scores, stage I and II labor duration, delivery outcome, and maternal satisfaction after delivery. No differences were noted with respect to pain VAS, modified Bromage scores, stage I and II labor duration, number of staff interventions, delivery outcome, and maternal satisfaction score. Total infusion dose was lower in demand dose only PCEA compared with CEI and CEI + PCEA groups (P = < .01). Demand dose-only PCEA results in less total epidural dose compared with CEI and CEI + PCEA without affecting labor duration, motor block, pain VAS, maternal and neonatal outcomes, and maternal satisfaction. PERSPECTIVE: This article compares 3 commonly used labor epidural delivery modalities (traditional continuous epidural infusion, patient-controlled epidural analgesia with a background infusion, and demand dose-only patient-controlled epidural analgesia). Benefits in epidural dose reduction with demand dose only PCEA does not translate into improved maternal and neonatal outcome.     

Addition of ketamine to propofol–fentanyl anaesthesia can reduce post-operative pain and epidural analgesic consumption in upper abdominal surgery

The aim of this study was to confirm whether intravenous anaesthesia supplemented with the N-methyl- -aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine could reduce post-operative pain after elective open cholecystectomy. Fifty patients were randomised double-blind to one of the following two groups: PF Group received propofol and fentanyl supplemented with saline infusion; PFK Group received propofol and fentanyl supplemented with ketamine (total dose 2 mg/kg). During the first 48 post-operative hours, epidural analgesia was provided for all patients with patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) using 0.125% bupivacaine and morphine (0.05 mg/ml). Pain assessments at rest and movement, and cumulative PCEA volume consumed, were recorded at 5, 24 and 48 h post-operatively. The visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at rest were significantly less in the PFK Group than in the PF Group at 5, 24 and 48 h (P<0.001, P<0.001 and P=0.02, respectively). The VAS score at movement were also significantly (P<0.001) less throughout this study than in the PF Group. The difference in PCEA analgesic consumption at 0–5 and 5–24 h reached statistical significance (P<0.001 and P=0.008, respectively). Our results show that an intra-operative ketamine dose provides advantages for post-operative analgesia beyond its duration of action after an open cholecystectomy.     

Critique of the Dornier HM3 lithotripter as a clinical algesimeter

The power and nociceptive intensity of shock waves generated by the Dornier HM3 extracorporeal shock wave lithotripter (ESWL) are voltage dependent and suited to algesimetry in a controllable voltage range of 8–30 kV. Fidelity of the HM3 as an algesimeter was tested by:

1. (1) In vitro measurements of shock pressure at voltages between 14 and 30 kV were recorded by a force transducer at the point of clinical focus.

2. (2) Unanaesthetized volunteer (n = 5) assessment and VAS pain scores of shocks in the range of 10–24 kV, yielding highly significant correlations between blinded randomized shock voltage (r = 0.88), and VAS scores (r = 0.84).

3. (3) Voltage-tolerance curves generated from 33 ASA class 1 or 2 patients undergoing ESWL treatment under epidural analgesia with 0.125% bupivacaine, fortified with a bolus epidural dose of 100 μg fentanyl if pain arose during treatment. Voltage tolerance was increased by 50% after an epidural bolus of 100 μg fentanyl (P < 0.001). The respiratory consequences of epidural fentanyl were assessed by changes of respiratory rate and rhythm recorded from capnographic tracings of expired carbon dioxide.

This study indicates that the Dornier HM3 system provides a valuable opportunity to conduct precise, quantitative measurements of induced deep truncal pain, as well as the effectiveness and respiratory cost of analgesic interventions directly applicable to the safe management of acute pain.     

舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于开胸术后硬膜外镇痛的疗效

【目的】观察舒芬太尼或芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于开胸手术后硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）的临床镇痛效果和安全性。【方法】ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,全麻复合连续硬膜外阻滞麻醉行开胸手术病人70例,随机分为两组（n=35）,使用0．75μg／ml舒芬太尼（S组）或3μg／ml芬太尼（F组）复合0．125％罗哌卡因,术后行PCEA。镇痛泵设定持续背景剂量2mL／h、PCA每次0．5mL,锁定时间15min。观察病人术后镇痛效果,记录术后4h、8h、12h、24h、48h各时间点的疼痛评分（VAS）、镇静评分、PCA使用次数、不良反应和病人满意度。【结果】S组术后8h、24h和48hVAS评分明显低于F组（P〈0．05）;S组各时间点镇静评分均明显大于F组（P〈0．05）;S组PCA按压次数显著低于F组（P〈0．05）;S组病人对PCA的满意度明显高于F组（P〈0．05）。两组恶心、呕吐发生率低,呼吸抑制相比无明显差异。【结论】舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于开胸手术后PCEA,镇痛安全有效,镇痛镇静效果优于芬太尼,不良反应程度较轻。     

肋间神经冷冻术与自控镇痛对开胸术后早期镇痛效果的比较

  目的  比较开胸术后早期3种新镇痛方法的疗效, 探求最佳镇痛方案。  方法  81例开胸术后患者, 随机分为3组, 分别采用患者自控镇痛静脉给药(patient controlled intravenous analgesia, PCIA)、患者自控硬膜外给药(patient controlled epidural analgesia, PCEA)及肋间神经冷冻术(intercostal nerve cryoanalgesia, INC)镇痛, 根据视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scales, VAS)进行手术日及术后3日疼痛评分, 同时用量表对3种镇痛方法的不良反应进行评价。  结果  PCEA组与PCIA组比较, 所用镇痛药剂量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05), 但用药次数明显减少(P < 0.01);VAS评分示PCEA组镇痛效果明显优于PCIA和INC组(P < 0.01)。术后第2、3天PCEA组较INC组自行排痰能力显著提高(P < 0.01), PCIA组亦较INC组明显提高(P < 0.05)。PCIA组的不良反应显著高于PCEA和INC组(P < 0.01), INC组不良反应显著低于PCIA和PCEA组(P < 0.01)。综合评估指标显示PCEA组显著优于PCIA和INC组(P < 0.01)。  结论  开胸术后早期PCEA的镇痛效果最好, 不良反应较低, 患者排痰能力最强, 综合评价最高, 是3种镇痛方法中的最佳选择。     

病人自控硬膜外镇痛与静脉镇痛用于全髋置换术的比较

目的比较老年病人全髋置换术术后自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）与自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）的效果和不良反应。方法选择48例美国麻醉学会分级（ASA）I-Ⅲ级,择期硬膜外麻醉下行全髋置换术的老年病人,术后分别行PCEA（E组）和PCIA（I组）。PCEA药物用1.25mg／ml的罗哌卡因,镇痛泵参数设置为基础量3ml／h、自控给药量（PCA量）5ml、锁定时间30min。PCIA药物用10μg／ml的芬太尼,泵参数为基础量2ml／h、PCA量3ml、锁定时间15min。观察术后48h的镇痛效果和不良反应情况。结果两组术后视觉模拟评分法（VAS）均低于3,术毕初始12h内PCEA提供更低的VAS（P〈0.05）,24-48h两组VAS差异无显著性。术后PCEA病人的低血压、下肢麻木及硬膜外导管脱落的发生率显著高于I组（P〈0.05）。恶心、呕吐、谵妄、皮肤瘙瘁等发生率两组相似。结论老年病人全髋置换术术后病人自控硬膜外镇痛的效果优于自控静脉镇痛,但镇痛管理较为困难。     

术后芬太尼皮下镇痛及对胃肠功能影响的研究

目的 比较术后芬太尼皮下镇痛(PCSA)与硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)的临床效果,以及对胃肠功能的影响.方法 2009年1-6月间观察择期硬膜外麻醉下经腹子宫切除术患者120例,术后分别实施PCSA与PCEA,观察术后第4、8、12、24、48 h的镇痛、镇静情况,呼吸循环、恶心呕吐及其他不良事件,记录术后首次肛门排气时间,...     

硬膜外恒速输注低浓度罗哌卡因、芬太尼复合液用于全髋关节等术后镇痛及对运动神经阻滞的影响

Thereweremanymedicinesandmethodswereusedinpain－controlledinepiduralcavityafteroperation，butthereweren＇tsameviewtorehabilitationafteroperation．Ropivacaineislowertoxicity，hasacharacterofsense－movementdivision．Lowerdensityropivacaineandfentanylwereusedinepiduralcavityafteropera－tion，theeffectsonpatients＇rehabilitationwereobserved．Nowre－portasfollow．１SubjectsandMethods１．１SubjectsTheselected４４patientsASAⅠ～Ⅱoperatedinlowerabdomenweresatisfiedanesthetized．Thepatientsweredi－…     

患者自控硬膜外分娩镇痛对母婴影响的临床观察

目的:比较产妇分娩时患者自控硬膜外镇痛(patient controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA)对母婴的影响。方法:自愿接受分娩镇痛足月、单胎、头位初产妇120例,宫口扩张3 cm时随机分为两组:舒芬太尼混合罗哌卡因PCEA组(S组),芬太尼混合罗哌卡因PCEA组(F组)。当产妇宫口开至3 cm时,S组硬膜外注射0.1%罗哌卡因和0.5μg/ml舒芬太尼混合液5 ml,随后以0.1%罗哌卡因和0.5μg/ml舒芬太尼混合液行PCEA。F组混合液中则以2μg/ml芬太尼替代0.5μg/ml舒芬太尼。另外未要求行任何镇痛处理的60例产妇为对照组(C组)。三组胎儿娩出后行血气分析,记录新生儿1和5 min Apgar评分和出生后1~5 d的新生儿神经行为(neonatal behavioral neurological assessments,NBNA)评分。结果:三组间血气分析的各项指标的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。S组与F组间PCEA用量、按压次数、总按压次数/有效按压次数的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。S和F组产妇使用催产素的构成比明显高于C组(P<0.01)。三组间器械助产、剖宫产率和新生儿1和5 min Apgar评分的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。新生儿出生后第1 d,F组的NBNA1显著低于S组和C组(P<0.05)。三组间NBNA2、NBNA3、NBNA4和NBNA5评分的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:产妇分娩时应用舒芬太尼0.5μg/ml或芬太尼2μg/ml复合0.1%罗哌卡因均能提供满意且安全的分娩镇痛,对母婴无明显不良影响。     

小儿尿道下裂修补术后硬膜外自控镇痛与静脉自控镇痛的效果观察

目的比较盐酸曲马多＋岁哌卡因硬膜外白控镇痛与盐酸曲马多＋芬太尼静脉白控镇痛用于小儿尿道下裂修补术后的效果及不良反应。方法60例ASAI～II级、年龄3～8岁的尿道下裂患儿,随机分为两组,每组30例。A组（n=30）：盐酸曲马多＋罗哌卡因硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）,术毕前30min硬膜外给予盐酸曲马多0．5mg／kg＋0．125％罗哌卡因3m1,术毕盐酸曲马多1rag／kg＋氟哌利多0．05mg／kg＋0．125％布比卡因,加生理盐水至100ml,持续泵入1ml／h,PCA 1ml／次,锁定时间为10min;B组（n=30）：盐酸曲马多＋芬太尼静脉白控镇痛（PCIA）,盐酸曲马多1mg／kg＋芬太尼0．001mg／kg＋氟哌利多0．05mg／kg,加生理盐水至100ml,术毕静脉泵入1ml／h,PCA 1ml／次,锁定时间10min。观察术后采用视觉模拟评分（VAS）分别记录两组术后1h、3h、6h、12h、24h、48h的镇痛效果,同时记录心率、血氧饱和度及不良反应的发生率。结果A、B组的VAS评分、心率无明显差异（P〉0．05）;B组在术后1h、3h血氧饱和度明显低于A组（P〈0．05）,在其他时间与A组无明显差异（P〉0．05）;B组有5例嗜睡,6例出现轻度恶心呕吐（P〈0．01）。结论小儿尿道下裂术后PCEA与PCIA的效果相当,但PCIA的副作用稍大,PCEA更合适。     

Urinary function during epidural analgesia with methadone and morphine in post-cesarean section patients

Urinary function was assessed in 120 women after cesarean section under epidural anesthesia. Postoperative analgesia was obtained by means of epidurally administered methadone (40 patients) or morphine (40 patients). In the remaining 40 women, no narcotic drugs were given and postoperative pain was treated with intramuscular or oral non-opiate analgesics and sedatives. Both methadone and morphine provided potent postoperative pain relief. Following epidural methadone, mean urine volumes of the first two postoperative voidings were increased (543 +/- 38 ml and 571 +/- 31 ml) as compared with those after epidural morphine (219 +/- 25 ml and 218 +/- 18 ml) and with those of patients receiving non-opiate analgesics (319 +/- 28 ml and 414 +/- 30 ml). The mean time interval between the end of surgery and first voiding following methadone analgesia was shorter (336 +/- 27 min) than after morphine (582 +/- 18 min) or after non-opiate (448 +/- 28 min) analgesic drugs. Difficulty in micturition and the need for bladder catheterization were also decreased in the group with epidural methadone (2.5%) in comparison with the groups receiving morphine (57.5%) or non-opiate analgesic medicaments (12.5%). The use of epidural methadone for postoperative pain relief is advocated, both in view of its analgesic potency and of the low incidence of urinary disturbances.     

Korreliert die Patientenzufriedenheit mit dem Schmerzniveau bei der Anwendung von patientenkontrollierter Epiduralanalgesie?

INTRODUCTION: The evaluation of patients' satisfaction and outcome after surgery is of increasing importance. An optimized postoperative pain management may contribute substantially to this important goal. METHODS: After approval of the local ethics committee and written informed consent, 150 adult patients receiving epidural catheters for postoperative pain management were evaluated over 1 week postoperatively with respect to their satisfaction with the pain therapy and incidence of side effects. All patients received a continuous epidural infusion with ropivacaine 0.2% plus sufentanil 0.5 microg/ml via a PCEA pump (basal rate 6-8 ml/h, bolus 2 ml, lockout time 5 min). For assessment of pain the VAS scale (0-100 mm) was used, and patients' satisfaction was evaluated using a numeric rating scale (1-6, 1=very good, 6=very dissatisfied). RESULTS: Of the patients, 95 were operated in general surgery, 32 in orthopedics, and 23 in gynecology. Time of treatment with epidural catheters (71% thoracic, 29% lumbar catheters) was 5.1 +/- 2.9 days. Of the patients, 87.8% evaluated the postoperative pain service as very good or good, and 89% of the patients would choose the same pain therapy again. Side effects mainly consisted in bladder dysfunction (19%) and intermittent motor blockade (18%) especially with lumbar catheters. Correlation between patient satisfaction and the remembered maximum pain levels was low ( r=0.266). CONCLUSION: Evaluation of patients' satisfaction with postoperative epidural pain therapy resulted in a high degree of satisfaction without correlation between patients' satisfaction and recalled maximum pain levels. These results, including side effects and special problems during pain therapy, provide motivation to further improve postoperative pain management.     

Ropivacaine/Fentanyl vs. Bupivacaine/Fentanyl for Pain Control in Children after Thoracic Surgery: A Randomized Study

BackgroundAlthough bupivacaine remains a standard local anesthetic for postoperative epidural infusions in pediatric patients, it is increasingly being replaced with ropivacaine by many anesthesiologists. Ropivacaine is associated with less risk for cardiac and central nervous system toxicity.AimsThe purpose of this study was to compare analgesic efficacy and adverse events of postoperative epidural analgesia with ropivacaine/fentanyl versus bupivacaine/fentanyl in children after the Ravitch procedure and thoracotomy.DesignThis was a prospective randomized controlled study.SettingsThis study was conducted at the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases in Rabka Zdroj, Poland.Participants/Subjects94 patients undergoing elective thoracic surgery.MethodsPatients aged 7-17 years were randomly allocated into a ropivacaine 0.2% (RF, n = 45) or bupivacaine 0.125% (BF, n = 45) group; 1 mL of each analgesic solution contained 5 μg fentanyl. All patients received acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Nurses assessed pain intensity and incidence of adverse events over 72 hours after surgery and modified analgesia if patient pain intensity was greater than 2 out of 10.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference in median pain scores and incidence of adverse events between the RF group and the BF group. The analgesia was excellent (median pain intensity scores at rest, during deep breathing, and when coughing was less than 1 out of 10 in all patients). Adverse events included incidents of desaturation (64/90), nausea (18/90), vomiting (31/90), pruritus (12/90), urinary retention (2/90), paresthesia (11/90), anisocoria (2/90), and Horner syndrome (2/90).ConclusionsThoracic epidural analgesia using an RF and BF solution resulted in similar pain relief and adverse event profiles.     

舒芬太尼及芬太尼与吗啡用于子宫切除术后硬膜外镇痛的比较

目的：比较舒芬太尼、芬太尼与吗啡用于子宫切除术后持续硬膜外镇痛的临床镇痛效果和不良反应。方法：选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,在连续硬膜外麻醉下行子宫切除术,术后行硬膜外镇痛的患者120例,随机分为4组,S1组（舒芬太尼0．5μg／mL复合甲磺酸罗哌卡因0．237mg／mL）、S2组（舒芬太尼0．75μg／mL复合甲磺酸罗哌卡因0．237mg／mL）、F组（芬太尼5μg／mL复合甲磺酸罗哌卡因0．237mg／mL）、M组（吗啡0．06mg／mL复合甲磺酸罗哌卡因0．237mg／mL）;负荷剂量5mL,速度2mL／h,单次给药0．5mL,锁定时间15min。观察患者术后疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、不良反应以及Ramsay评分。结果：4组患者术后4hVAS评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,S2,M组术后8h,16h评分低于S1组（P〈0．05）,S2,M组镇痛满意率更高（P〈0．05）。M组恶心、呕吐、瘙痒发生率高（P〈0．05）。结论：舒芬太尼0．75μg／mL复合甲磺酸罗哌卡因0．237mg／kg用于子宫切除术后镇痛效果满意,不良反应发生率低。     

Antiemetic effects of midazolam added to fentanyl-ropivacaine patient-controlled epidural analgesia after subtotal gastrectomy: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

Background: Nausea and vomiting are frequent adverse effects of patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) with opioids.Objective: This study was designed to assess the antiemetic effect of midazolam added to fentanyl—ropivacaine PCEA.Methods: In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, smoking patients with gastric cancer undergoing elective subtotal gastrectomy were evenly allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups to manage postoperative pain: 0.2% ropivacaine mixed with fentanyl 4 μg/mL and midazolam 0.2 mg/mL (test group) or 0.2% ropivacaine mixed with fentanyl 4 μg/mL (control group). The PCEA infusion was set to deliver 4 μL/h of the study solution, with a bolus of 2 mL per demand and a 15-minute lockout time. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), pain intensity, sedation score, usage of rescue analgesia and rescue antiemetic, respiratory depression, urinary retention, and pruritus were recorded at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery. Total infused volume of PCEA at 72 hours after surgery was measured.Results: A total of 60 patients were approached and randomized to treatment. No patients were excluded by exclusion criteria and all enrolled patients completed this study. Incidence of nausea (7% vs 33%; P = 0.02) in the test group was significantly lower than in the control group. The overall frequency of PONV in the test group was significantly less than that of the control group (7% vs 40%; P = 0.006). In addition, the mean (SD) infused volume of PCEA in the test group was significantly lower than that in the control group (392.3 [68.9] vs 351.2 [49.8] mL; P = 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in pain intensity, usage of rescue antiemetics and rescue analgesics, and mild pruritus between groups. No patient reported moderate or severe sedation, respiratory depression, or hypoxemia. In addition, there were no severe adverse events.Conclusions: Midazolam added to fentanyl-ropivacaine PCEA was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of PONV compared with fentanyl-ropivacaine alone, and a significant decrease in the amount of PCEA administered without a significant increase in adverse events in these patients who underwent subtotal gastrectomy.     

Opioids for cancer breakthrough pain: a pilot study reporting patient assessment of time to meaningful pain relief

Breakthrough pain is a common and distinct component of cancer pain that is usually managed with normal release opioids (also known as rescue medication) either before or soon after its onset. A prospective survey of hospice inpatients with breakthrough pain was undertaken to characterize their pain and then compare the time to onset of pain relief of their rescue medication. Patients presented with, on average, 1.7 different types of breakthrough pains (range, 1–4). The average number of breakthrough pains was four per day (range, 1–8), and the average duration of breakthrough pain was 35 minutes (range, 15–60); most occurred suddenly and unpredictably. Patients used morphine, oxycodone, hydromorphone, methadone, or oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate as rescue medication and the average time to meaningful pain relief following their administration was 31 minutes (range, 5–75). No difference was found between morphine, oxycodone, and hydromorphone. Methadone appeared to work faster than morphine (P < 0.01) but no faster than oxycodone or hydromorphone, whereas oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate worked faster than morphine, oxycodone, hydromorphone, and methadone (P < 0.001).     

罗哌卡因或布比卡因复合芬太尼分娩镇痛的临床研究

目的:对比罗哌卡因与布比卡因用于硬膜外分娩镇痛的效果。方法:60例单胎初产妇随机分为0.l％罗哌卡因-芬太尼组和0.1％布比卡因-芬太尼组。采用双盲法进行视觉模拟镇痛评分（VAS）和下肢运动神经阻滞评分（MBS）。记录产程时间、生产方式、感觉阻滞平面、新生儿A评分。结果:两组产妇分娩镇痛良好,负荷量5分钟后,罗哌卡因组镇痛效果明显优于布比卡因组（P<0.01）,此后两者镇痛效果相近。罗哌卡因组的平面上升速度比布比卡因组快。罗哌卡因对运动神经的影响明显弱于布比卡因（P<0.01）,布比卡因组的器械助产率达23％。结论:罗哌卡因复合芬太尼分娩镇痛优于布比卡因。     

Rediscovery of Methadone to Improve Outcomes in Pain Management

Clinically, methadone is most known for its use in the treatment of opioid maintenance therapy. However, methadone's pharmacological profile makes it an excellent analgesic that can enhance acute and chronic pain management. It is a potent μ-receptor agonist with a longer elimination half-life than most clinically used opioids. In addition, methadone inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine uptake, and it is an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist. These distinct analgesic pathways mediate hyperalgesic, allodynic, and neuropathic pain. Its unique analgesic properties provide several essential benefits in perioperative use, neuropathic pain, cancer, and noncancer pain. Despite these proven clinical utilities, methadone has not been used widely to treat acute and chronic pain in opioid naïve patients. This article describes the unique pharmacology of methadone and provides emerging evidence to support its application in acute and chronic pain management. Pain management options and guidelines for surgical patients on methadone are discussed as well.     

胸段硬膜外注射新斯的明用于肝部分切除术后镇痛的效果

目的:研究胸段硬膜外单次注射新斯的明用于肝部分切除术后镇痛的有效性。方法:将75例18~65岁、ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级、限期于硬膜外阻滞复合全麻下行开腹肝部分切除术的患者随机分为3组,每组25例,诱导前分别通过硬膜外导管给予0.9%氯化钠液稀释的新斯的明100μg(终体积5 mL,N组)、0.9%氯化钠液稀释的吗啡2 mg(终体积5 mL,M组)或0.9%氯化钠液5 mL(S组)。手术结束后,3组患者均接受同种模式的患者自控硬膜外镇痛。记录术中芬太尼用量、术后第1次按压镇痛泵的时间、术后24 h和48 h的视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分、术后镇痛用药总量、有效按压次数、总按压次数,恶心呕吐和皮肤瘙痒发生情况以及第1次肛门排气时间。结果:3组术中芬太尼的用量差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。S组第1次按压镇痛泵的时间显著短于N组和M组(P0.05),N组显著短于M组(P0.05)。术后24 h和48 h时3组的VAS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但S组镇痛药的用量显著多于N组和M组(P0.05);在术后24 h,S组有效按压次数与总按压次数比值显著低于N组和M组(P0.05)。3组恶心呕吐和肛门第1次排气时间差异无统计学意义,而M组术后24 h皮肤瘙痒发生率显著高于N组和S组(P0.05)。结论:胸段硬膜外单次给予新斯的明100μg能显著减少肝部分切除术后镇痛药物的用量,但不增加恶心呕吐的发生率,不影响术后第1次肛门排气时间。与硬膜外注射吗啡相比,硬膜外注射新斯的明后患者的皮肤瘙痒的发生率较低。     

镇痛泵用于晚期癌症患者疼痛治疗的临床观察

目的　观察 10 0例顽固性晚期癌痛患者行连续硬膜外自控镇痛 (PCEA)消除或减轻癌性疼痛的疗效。方法　 10 0例晚期癌症患者以疼痛部位为中心 ,选择相应棘突间隙行硬膜外穿刺 ,成功后接镇痛泵 ,连续注入镇痛液。结果　低浓度布比卡因复合吗啡等镇痛液连续硬膜外自控镇痛 (PCEA)有效率达 98% ,镇痛效果确切 ,可靠 ,值得推广。结论　连续硬膜外自控镇痛是控制晚期癌症患者顽固性疼痛的有效、安全方法。