甘草酸二铵微乳制备工艺研究

目的制备甘草酸二铵口服油包水型微乳。方法选用Volp-5为表面活性剂,短链醇类作助表面活性剂与不同的油相,采用伪三元相图法筛选微乳处方,研究表面活性剂、助表面活性剂及油相等因素对微乳区形成大小的影响,考察了甘草酸二铵微乳的稳定性。结果油包水型微乳的优化处方为Volp-5、异丙醇、油酸乙酯、水。实验结果表明甘草酸二铵微乳稳定性良好。结论油包水型微乳可作为水溶性药物甘草酸二铵新剂型载体,质量稳定,易于制备。     

胸腺五肽微乳的处方筛选及质量评价

目的对胸腺五肽反相微乳处方进行筛选并予以评价。方法采用Km值滴定法（Km=m乳化剂∶m助乳化剂）绘制反相微乳各体系的伪三元相图,考察亲水疏水平衡值（hydrophile-lipophile balance number,HLB）、Km值、表面活性剂、助表面活性剂、油相等对反相微乳形成区域及最大载水量的影响,最终确定处方。结果通过绘制伪三元相图,确定微乳的最终处方为油相∶大豆磷脂∶助表面活性剂∶水相=4∶1.67∶3.33∶1,该体系具有较大的W/O型微乳区域及载水量,可将胸腺五肽包裹于水相。结论 Km值、助表面活性剂、油相、表面活性剂对于反相微乳的形成均有影响,在制备过程中应考虑各因素的优化,制得的微乳质量评价符合要求。     

桦木酸微乳的组成研究

目的研究桦木酸微乳的配方组成，并评价其质量。方法通过滴定法绘制三元相图，筛选微乳配方组成；建立桦木酸的HPLC测定法；考察微乳对桦木酸的增溶作用，及室温、40℃、光照条件下放置10d的稳定性。结果Cremophor RH40和Tween80均可形成微乳，随着Km（表面活性剂／乙醇的重量比）的增大，微乳区也增大，油相十四酸异丙酯和十六酸异丙酯对微乳区的影响不大，微乳在室温、40℃和以及光照的条件下一直呈澄清透明状态，说明微乳在这些条件下稳定。结论优选的最佳配方组成为Tween80-乙醇-十四酸异丙酯一水的比例为5：5：3：8．6。     

优化积雪草苷非离子表面活性剂囊泡的处方和工艺

 目的 筛选积雪草苷非离子表面活性剂囊泡的最优处方和最佳制备工艺。方法 采用薄膜蒸发法制备积雪草苷囊泡,以包封率和载药量为指标对非离子型表面活性剂的种类和用量、投药量、胆固醇用量、孵化时间、孵化温度等处方因素和工艺条件进行单因素考察,正交设计筛选处方、优化制备工艺,并对积雪草苷囊泡的最优处方和工艺进行验证。结果 因素考察试验中,对积雪草苷囊泡包封率和载药量影响的顺序依次为:投药量>孵化温度>孵化时间。优化处方及工艺为:积雪草苷36 mg,孵化温度30 ℃,孵化时间30 min,其包封率和载药量分别为89.56%和25.26%,镜下观察成典型囊形。结论 采用薄膜蒸发法所制备的积雪草苷囊泡呈圆形,分散性好,囊泡的包封率和载药量均较高。     

表面活性剂类造影剂制备的实验研究

目的 :探索含氟碳气体的表面活性剂类声学造影剂的制备方法并观察血流增强情况。材料和方法 :造影剂制备 :将吐温80 和司班80 按不同比例配制后 ,溶于 6%右旋糖酐葡萄糖溶液中。以不同强度及时间对其进行声振处理 ,将所产微气泡置于光学显微镜下进行计数并测大小。动物实验 :5只新西兰大白兔 ,经耳静脉注射表面活性剂类造影剂 ,剂量 0 .1ml/kg ,观察肾实质彩色多普勒血流信号增强程度及持续时间。结果 :司班80 与吐温80 按 3 :1～ 10 :1配制 ,所产的气泡数目最多 ,小于 4.5 μm的微气泡比例最大。声振仪输出功率 9档、10档 ,声振时间 2 0～ 60s之间 ,产泡相差不显著。注射造影剂后兔肾脏彩色多普勒血流信号均明显增多、增强约 2min。结论 :含氟碳气体的表面活性剂类造影剂是浓度及直径均符合外周静脉注射用的声学造影剂 ,能显著增强血流信号 ,且制作简单 ,值得进一步研究。     

排除胆红素对碱性苦味酸动力学法测定肌酐干扰的研究

应用碱性苦味酸动力学法测定肌酐高胆红素可产生明显的负干扰。国外文献报道在显色剂中加入表面活性剂可以消弱干扰。我们选用非离子型表面活性剂Triton C-100对消除胆红素的干扰作用进行了实验观察。 1 材料和方法     

微乳口服给药系统的研究进展

微乳(microm mulsion,ME)的概念是由Hoar和Schul-man[1]在1943年引入的,是指乳滴直径介于0.05～0.1 μm的乳剂,是两种互不相溶的液体按一定比例,在表面活性剂存在下形成的光学上各向同性、无色透明或半透明的分散体系.     

肺表面活性物质相关蛋白A的酶联免疫吸附法测定

肺表面活性物质相关蛋白Ａ的酶联免疫吸附法测定６３００３８重庆第三军医大学西南医院谢尔凡，ＨａａｇｓｍａｎＨｐ，杨宗诚关键词肺表面活性剂；免疫酶技术中国图书资料分类号Ｒ４４６．６肺表面活性物质主要由脂质和蛋白质组成，特性的肺表面活性物质相关蛋白（ＳＰ）...     

微乳在药剂学上的应用

目的：综述近年来以微乳为载体的制剂在药剂学上的应用。方法：查阅近几年国内外有关的主要献资料分析评述。结果：根据药物的不同性质,分别制成水包油型和油包水型微乳,主要应用于注射、口服及透皮给药。结论：药物以微乳为载体,可以提高药物的溶解度,增加吸收,提高生物利用度。     

注射用长春西汀亚微乳冻干制剂的影响因素及加速稳定性考察

目的：考察注射用长春西汀亚微乳冻干制剂的影响因素及加速稳定性。方法：以外观性状、含量、有关物质以及复溶后的溶液pH、粒径为指标考察注射用长春西汀亚微乳冻干制剂在高温、强光影响因素以及加速试验条件下的稳定性。结果：长春西汀亚微乳冻干制剂在高温及强光条件下外观、含量及有关物质均有明显变化,加速条件下放置6个月后样品的各项检测指标无明显变化。结论：注射用长春西汀亚微乳冻干制剂对高温及强光照射较为敏感,但在加速条件下稳定性良好。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.