枸橼酸抗凝血液透析

研究解剖高危出血患者血液透析的抗凝方法－局部枸橼酸抗凝的临床应用和疗效。方法：采用１．６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的枸橼酸钠、空心纤维透析器和普通含钙碳酸氢盐透析，观察ＲＣＡ透析对患者出血、体外循环凝血、血游离钙、总钙、Ｋ＾＋，Ｎａ＾＋，ｐＨ，ＨＣＯ＾－３，Ｓｃｒ，ＢＵＮ及血清枸橼酸浓度的影响。     

无肝素及低分子肝素在有出血倾向的血液透析患者的应用研究

目的研究无肝素及低分子肝素在有出血倾向的血液透析患者的应用安全性和有效性。方法选择伴有中、高危出血倾向的维持性血液透析(MHD)患者24例,随机分为A组12例(无肝素透析),B组12例(低分子肝素透析),观察临床出血情况,透析前后部分凝血酶活化时间、凝血酶原时间、血小板、管道及透析器凝血情况。结果透析后两组无一例出血加重,A组7例发生凝血,B组无体外凝血发生。结论无肝素与低分子两种透析抗凝方法,低分子肝素透析明显优于无肝素。     

新型枸橼酸盐抗凝血液透析液溶质清除效果研究

目的　研究枸橼酸盐抗凝血液透析液在高危出血肾衰患者血液透析中的溶质清除效果。方法　西安交通大学第二医院2002-06~2003-12的42例肾衰患者随机分成两组:Ⅰ组行低分子肝素抗凝透析液血液透析,Ⅱ组行枸橼酸盐抗凝透析液血液透析。检测两组透析前后血尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)及Ⅱ组动、静脉端活化凝血时间(ACT)和离子钙(iCa2 ),计算尿素清除指数(Kt/V)及尿素下降率(URR)。结果　Ⅱ组静脉端ACT较动脉端显著延长(P<0 .01),静脉端iCa2 较动脉端显著降低(P<0 .01)。两组透析后血BUN、Cr均比透析前明显降低(P<0. 01),Ⅱ组透析的Kt/V及URR均略高于Ⅰ组,但差异无显著性(P>0. 05)。结论　枸橼酸盐抗凝血液透析液的溶质清除效果良好。     

局部枸橼酸钠抗凝在持续低效血液透析滤过抢救蜂蛰伤后多脏器功能障碍综合征患者中的应用

目的 评价局部枸橼酸钠抗凝（RCA）在持续低效血液透析滤过（SLEDF）抢救蜂蛰伤后多脏器功能障碍综合征（MODS）患者中的应用.方法 将40例蜂蛰伤后MODS并接受SLEDF治疗的患者随机分为无肝素组和枸橼酸钠组.比较两组患者治疗前和治疗第4天急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分（APACHE）Ⅱ、MODS评分及血小板数目.观察两组患者血管通路及滤器凝血情况,比较两组患者每次SLEDF治疗前后血钠、凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血酶时间（APTT）、pH值和剩余碱（BE）,枸橼酸钠组患者观察治疗前、治疗2、4、6小时和治疗后患者体内及管路游离钙离子（iCa^2＋）水平.结果 在治疗前以及治疗第4天,两组APACHEⅡ、MODS评分和血小板计数比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;枸橼酸钠组血管通路及滤器凝血程度均低于无肝素组（P＜0.05）.SLEDF治疗后两组患者血钠、PT和APTT与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,而pH和BE均较治疗前升高（P＜0.05）,但两组间比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.枸橼酸钠组患者治疗过程中体内及管路iCa^2＋浓度在不同时间点比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 在SLEDF抢救蜂蛰伤后MODS患者时应用RCA安全有效.     

局部枸橼酸钠抗凝在连续肾脏替代治疗老年高危出血患者中的疗效

目的探讨局部应用枸橼酸钠在连续肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)老年高危出血患者中的抗凝血疗效。方法选取该院重症医学科2012年7月至2014年7月收治的50例行CRRT的老年高危出血患者,按照随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组各25例,治疗组采用局部枸橼酸钠(RCA)抗凝,对照组采用等渗无肝素生理盐水定时快速冲洗管路。检测两组患者治疗前后血肌酐水平、动脉压、静脉压、跨膜压、滤器压及凝血功能指标〔凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)〕。结果治疗后两组血肌酐水平均明显下降,且治疗组下降更明显(P0.05);治疗组患者治疗后的动脉压、静脉压、跨膜压、滤器压均低于对照组(P0.05);两组患者治疗前后凝血功能均无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论 RCA对老年高危出血患者行CRRT中有不错的效果,值得临床推广。     

不同抗凝剂及透析膜对维持性血稼患者止凝血状态的影响

目的：观察不同抗凝剂及透析膜透析对维持性血液透析（MHD）患者止凝血状态的影响。方法：10例MHD患者自身对照,先后给予普通肝素（UFH）、低分子量肝素（LMWH）抗凝以及醋酸膜（CA）聚砜膜（PS）进行140及APTT、血清BUN水平。结果：透析前各组血浆D－二聚体、GMP－140水平及APTT间差异均不显著。透析后,各组血浆D－二聚体及GMP－140显著升高（P＜0．05）,其中GMP－140升高度UFH－CA组显著于其他三组（P＜0．05）,UFH抗凝组较LMWH抗凝组APTT明显延长（P＜0．05）。透析器复用三次后,KT／V均明显下降（P＜0．01）,UFH抗凝组较LMWH抗凝组下降明显（P＜0．05）。结论PS膜血小板的活化作用弱于CA膜／与UFH相比,LMWH抗凝对纤溶系统、血小板及APTT的影响较小,有助于改善透析膜生物相容性和减少出血倾向。     

不同血液净化方式对维持性血液透析患者同型半胱氨酸及炎症因子的影响

目的观察低通量血液透析（LFHD）、高通量血液透析（HFHD）和血液透析滤过（HDF）对维持性血液透析（MHD）患者同型半胱氨酸（Hey）及炎症因子的影响。方法选取维持性血液透析患者36例,随机分为LFHD组12例、HFHD组12例和HDF组12例,观察治疗前后Hcy、C反应蛋白（CRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α及白蛋白（ALB）的变化,20例健康体检者作为对照组。结果维持性血液透析患者透析前Hcy、CRP、IL-6及TNF一仪均高于对照组（P〈0．01）,ALB低于对照组（P〈0．01）。LFHD组单次和透析6个月后均不能降低Hcy、CRP、IL-6、TN-α（P〉0．05）;HFHD组单次透析后Hcy下降（P〈0．05）,CRP、IL-6及TNF-α下降不明显（P〉0．05）,透析6个月后,Hcy、CRP、IL-6及TNF-α下降（P〈0．05）,ALB上升（P〈0．05）;HDF组单次和透析6个月后Hcy、CRP、IL-6、TN-α下降（P〈0．05）,透析6个月后ALB上升（P〈0．05）;透析6个月后,HDF组Hcy、CRP、IL-6、TNF-α均低于HFHD组同期水平（P〈0．05）。结论维持性血液透析患者存在高Hcy血症和微炎症状态。HDF和HFHD可以降低维持性血液透析患者Hcy水平和改善微炎症状态。     

125例次无肝素透析患者的临床观察与护理

目的探讨无肝素透析在血液透析过程中的安全性、有效性、实用性及护理经验。方法对125例次有高危出血倾向患者采用无肝素周期生理盐水冲洗法透析治疗。结果125例次无肝素透析过程中有8例次发生静脉压骤然升高,〉500mmHg,经过紧急处理后均能顺利完成透析,17例次发生透析器凝血（＋～＋＋＋）,仍能顺利完成透析。其余患者平稳过渡到使用低分子肝素透析。结论无肝素透析治疗（HFHD）对有高危出血倾向的肾衰竭患者是一种安全、有效的维持性治疗方法,可提高患者生存质量。     

普通含钙透析液分段枸橼酸抗凝与无肝素透析在高危出血透析患者中的应用

目的 ：观察应用普通含钙透析液分段局部枸橼酸抗凝（regional citrate anticoagulation,RCA）的安全性、有效性。与无肝素透析比较在高危出血患者中凝血情况、治疗时间的差异。方法：选取大连市中心医院2019年1月至2021年12月有高危出血风险的维持性血液透析患者35例,其中男性19例,女性16例。分别予以无肝素透析和4%枸橼酸钠局部抗凝治疗,枸橼酸应用输液泵分别自管路动脉端和静脉壶处持续泵入。比较RCA应用前后患者血离子情况、血压变化和出凝血时间影响。比较2种方法凝血情况、透析时间的差异。结果：枸橼酸组患者通过在线调整透析机参数,透析后血钠可以维持平稳（P>0.05）。应用含钙透析液（1.5 mmol/L）,无低钙血症发生,透析后血钙较透析前升高（P<0.05）。枸橼酸组患者透析前后血压、心率平稳,无明显变化（P>0.05）,随着透析时间延长,静脉压、跨膜压有所升高（P<0.05）。RCA治疗后患者活化部分凝血活酶时间（activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT）较透析前延长（P<0.0...     

枸橼酸钠用于心脏术后连续性血液净化治疗的效果及安全性

目的探索在心脏大血管手术危重患者血液滤过中使用枸橼酸钠抗凝治疗的有效性及安全性。方法心胸外科行心脏大血管术后需持续静脉血液滤过患者100例,随机分为局部枸橼酸钠抗凝(RCA)组50例和低分子肝素组50例,分别给予枸橼酸钠和低分子肝素钙抗凝治疗,比较两组滤器使用时间,治疗前后血清Na~+、Ca~(2+)、实际HCO_3~-、血液pH值的变化及不良反应的发生次数。结果 RCA组滤器使用时间[(65.65±9.39)h]明显长于低分子肝素组[(59.31±9.28)h](P=0.018)。两组治疗前后血清Na~+、Ca~(2+)、实际HCO_3~-、血液pH值均无明显差异;RCA组未见不良反应。低分子肝素组出现伤口渗血1例,轻度血小板减少2例,轻微牙龈出血2例;但两组差异不显著(P>0.05)。结论在连续性血液净化中RCA较传统低分子肝素抗凝能保证有效抗凝的同时延长滤器使用时间,减少患者费用,减少出血等不良事件发生。     

高龄、高危心脏瓣膜病人瓣膜置换28例治疗观察

目的 总结高龄和高危心脏瓣膜病人行瓣膜置换术的疗效,探讨影响手术疗效因素及手术适应证.方法 2000年3月～2005年10月,共行高龄（年龄超过65岁）和高危心脏瓣膜置换术28例：单纯二尖瓣置换17例;主动脉瓣置换3例;二尖瓣及主动脉瓣置换6例;行二尖瓣置换及冠状动脉旁路移植术2例.同期行三尖瓣成形术21例.结果 术后早期并发症18例;晚期死亡1例,死因为肺出血.术后2周、3个月复查超声心动图示各心腔内径较术前明显缩小.随防出院者时间3～36个月,术后心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级27例,Ⅲ级1例.结论 提高高龄和高危心脏病人手术疗效的关键是选择合适手术时机,妥善处理围术期和术后高危因素.     

Combining high biodiversity with high yields in tropical agroforests

Local and landscape-scale agricultural intensification is a major driver of global biodiversity loss. Controversially discussed solutions include wildlife-friendly farming or combining high-intensity farming with land-sparing for nature. Here, we integrate biodiversity and crop productivity data for smallholder cacao in Indonesia to exemplify for tropical agroforests that there is little relationship between yield and biodiversity under current management, opening substantial opportunities for wildlife-friendly management. Species richness of trees, fungi, invertebrates, and vertebrates did not decrease with yield. Moderate shade, adequate labor, and input level can be combined with a complex habitat structure to provide high biodiversity as well as high yields. Although livelihood impacts are held up as a major obstacle for wildlife-friendly farming in the tropics, our results suggest that in some situations, agroforests can be designed to optimize both biodiversity and crop production benefits without adding pressure to convert natural habitat to farmland.     

Impact of high fat/high salt diet on myocardial oxidative stress

Background: High fat high salt diet contributes to oxidative stress and cardiac diseases. Aims: To determine the impact of moderately high fat diet (HFD), high salt (HS) or their combination on blood pressure (Bp) and myocardial oxidants/antioxidants. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were assigned into four groups; conventional diet (control, 5% fat, 0.5% NaCl), HFD (25% fat, 0.5% NaCl), HS (5% fat, 8% NaCl), or combined diet (HFD+HS) for 10 weeks. Bp and cardiac oxidants and antioxidants were measured. Result: HFD, HS, and their combination didn’t cause obesity or dyslipidemia. Both HS and combined diets resulted in an increase in the heart/body weight ratio accompanied by an increase in Bp. No changes were observed in levels of the glutathione (GSH) system or superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. However, a significant decrease in TBARS levels was observed in the HFD and the combined diet with a parallel increase in catalase activity in all groups. Relative to HFD, the combined diet was associated with increases in GSH reductase/peroxidase and SOD activities. Conclusions: The lack of changes in the GSH system, the decrease in TBARS, and the increase in catalase activity suggest that normal hearts adapt compensatory mechanisms to prevent oxidative damage in response to HFD/and or HS.     

两所中学高中生结核菌素反应性特点

目的了解当地高中生结核菌素反应性状况。方法选医院驻地县两所中学2146名高一年级学生进行标准化PPD试验调查,并对学生性别、年龄及结核病流行特点进行调查分析。结果74.8%的学生集中在16～17岁组,性别女多于男,来源于农村的学生占63.6%。≥5mm总阳性率28.6%,≥15mm为9.0%。930名无卡痕学生PPD反应在≥5mm、≥10mm、≥15mm和≥20mm分别为20.3%、12.0%、6.6%和2.9%,有卡痕有结核接触史和既往史学生的结素反应均明显高于无卡痕无结核接触史和既往史者。结论把高中新入学学生作为当地结素试验对象,可将≥15mm结素反应者列为预防性治疗对象,以减少结核发病。     

Asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly: high prevalence and high turnover of strains

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) was followed in repeated prevalence surveys in a cohort of non-institutionalized residents (n=330), aged>/=80 y. Urine samples were collected at baseline, and at 6, and at 18 months. Phenotyping (PhenePlate) was performed on isolates of Escherichia coli to evaluate strain relatedness. ASB occurred in 19.0, 19.4, and 19.9% in women, and in 9.4, 9.6 and 7.9% in men, at baseline and at the 6- and 18-months follow-up, respectively, and ASB was found at least once in 37% of women and in 20% of men. Of those with ASB at baseline, 60% also had ASB in the 2 subsequent surveys. Among those with persisting E. coli bacteriuria, 76% and 40%, respectively, carried the same strain at the 6- and 18-months follow-ups. In women, we found that the risk of developing a symptomatic urinary tract infection within 24 months was higher among those with ASB at baseline than in those without bacteriuria (p=0.019). ASB is common and often persistent, but we found a high turnover of strains, indicating a high rate of recolonization.     

Effects of high cholesterol high fat diet on plasma lipoproteins in familial hypercholesterolemia

Heterozygous individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia possess about half of the normal numbers of functioning receptors on their cells. This is thought to be responsible for their hypercholesterolemia. In normals, dietary cholesterol increases LDL production and decreases LDL receptor-related LDL clearance, resulting in elevations in LDL cholesterol levels of ～30 mg/dL. To assess the effects of high fat and high cholesterol diets on the lipoproteins of individuals with diminished LDL receptors, three kinds of diets, including ones high in cholesterol, were fed to four patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, in the expectation that diet effects on apoB- or apoE-containing lipoproteins would be exaggerated. The basal diet consisted of 15% protein, 30% fat, 55% carbohydrate, 300 mg/d cholesterol, $\text{P}\text{S}$ ratio 0.4; the high fat diet was identical except that fat calories were 55% and carbohydrate 30%; the high fat-high cholesterol diet was identical with the high fat diet except ～750 or ～1,500 mg/d of cholesterol were added. Each diet was eaten for five weeks at home and for the sixth week at the general Clinical Research Center. Fasting (12–14 hours) plasmas were collected every two weeks for lipoprotein-lipid and apoprotein quantitation. At the end of each period, fasting and 4-hour postprandial samples were analyzed also by zonal ultracentrifugation and gel permeation chromatography. The significant results were as follows: (1) on analysis of fasting samples on the fat + Chol diet, measures of the levels of VLDL (ie, VLDL lipids, VLDL protein on zonal ultracentrifugation, VLDL-associated lipids, and apoE on chromatography) fell; measures of LDL were not consistently changed; and measures of HDL₂ and HDL_c rose. Compositions of VLDL were altered, ie, mass % of triglycerides fell and cholesterol rose. Zonal effluent profiles of VLDL, LDL, HDL₂, and HDL₃ were not altered, nor were gel chromatographic elution patterns of cholesterol, triglycerides, apoB, apoA-I, and apoE, suggesting that the sizes and/or densities of lipoproteins were not altered. Therefore, the numbers of VLDL particles must have fallen and the numbers of HDL₂ and HDL_c must have risen. The nature and magnitude of the changes fell within the range of changes previously observed in normolipidemic subjects. The data indicate that having diminished numbers of LDL receptors did not affect the abilities of these patients to resist diet-induced qualitative or quantitative alterations of their plasma lipoproteins. Clearly other adaptive mechanisms can compensate for the diminished numbers of LDL receptors.