Psychometric properties of Spanish versions of the FACES II and Dyadic Adjustment Scale

Although Hispanic Americans are one of the fastest growing ethnic populations in the United States, use and psychometric testing of Spanish versions of two instruments commonly used to measure quality of the couple's relationship and family functioning, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) and the FACES II, have not been reported. The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the newly translated Spanish version of these two instruments. In this bilingual sample of 78 adults, internal consistencies were acceptable (.72 to .77 for the FACES II; .67 to .93 for the DAS) and test-retest correlations were high (.80 to .88 FACES II; .79 to .87 DAS). Correlations between the Spanish and English versions were also high (.87 to .94 FACES II; .91 to .99 DAS). Psychometric findings support the reliability and validity of the Spanish versions of these newly translated measures.     

Psychometric properties of the self-control schedule: Thai version

The psychometric properties of the Thai version of the Self-Control Schedule (SCS), a measure of learned resourcefulness, were examined. Data were collected from 77 pregnant women who were HIV positive and 103 pregnant women who were HIV negative. Back-translation was completed, and agreement between the two content experts as determined by the Content Validity Index was 86%. To assure the equivalence of the translated SCS, English and Thai versions were completed by 16 bilinguals, and the two versions were found to correlate highly (r=.95; p<.01). Internal consistency reliability for the Thai version of the SCS was.81. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to establish construct validity. The results suggest that the Thai version of the SCS has promise for use with pregnant Thai women; however, modification of some items would improve its understandability and cross-cultural applicability. Further psychometric testing in larger and more diverse samples is recommended.     

Measuring satisfaction with nursing care among hospitalized patients: refinement of a Spanish version

This study was designed to improve the psychometrics of English and Spanish measures of hospitalized patients' satisfaction with nursing care. One hundred Spanish-speaking participants in the northeastern and southwestern United States completed a new 20-item Spanish version; 64 of the same participants also completed the English version. Correlations between item pairs (p < .001, r = .56-.96) and total scores of both versions (r = .92, p < .01), and similar factor structures support equivalence of the two versions. Evidence for construct validity is also presented. Results surpass standards for new instruments and support the utility of this much needed, bilingual measure of inpatient satisfaction with nursing care.     

Danish version of 'The COPD self-efficacy scale': translation and psychometric properties

The aim of the study was to translate 'The COPD self-efficacy scale' (CSES) into Danish and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Danish version (CSES-DK). CSES enables assessment of self-efficacy in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The scale consists of 34 items, describing situations which may cause dyspnoea in patients with COPD. The CSES was translated into Danish using a standard forward-backward translation procedure. To estimate the reliability, measurements of internal consistency and repeatability were applied. The validity of the Danish version was evaluated by examining the associations between the CSES-DK score and socio-demographic variables (age, gender, education, disease severity and self-rated health). Factor analysis was conducted to compare the internal structure of the Danish version and the American source version. The study included 151 patients with COPD, recruited from three outpatient clinics. Estimates of reliability were in accordance with the original version of CSES (Cronbach's α = 0.97, test-retest r = 0.82, p < 0.001). Significant correlations were obtained between the CSES-DK total score and vocational training and education (r = 0.27, p = 0.001), disease severity (r = -0.27, p = 0.001) and self-rated health (r = -0.41, p < 0.001), indicating construct validity. Five factors were extracted from both versions of CSES. However, in the CSES-DK, only one factor concerns emotions, whereas two factors describing emotions were obtained for the original scale. Furthermore, important discrepancies exist with respect to the direction of the scoring of CSES. In some studies, a high score indicates high self-efficacy, whereas it indicates low self-efficacy in other studies, which complicates the comparison of studies. The Danish version of CSES showed acceptable measurements of reliability and validity. Potential limitations of the scale were identified, and discrepancies exist between the factor structure of the original and Danish version. Consequently, more studies of the factor structure should be conducted on both the original CSES and the translated versions of the instrument.     

Validation of the English and translated Chinese version of the Comprehensive Needs Assessment Tool for cancer caregivers (CNAT-C)

Abstract

The 41-item Comprehensive Needs Assessment Tool for Cancer Caregivers (CNAT-C) is an English language survey for needs assessment developed and validated in South Korean cancer caregivers. The objective of this study was to validate both the English and a translated Chinese version of the CNAT-C in cancer caregivers in Singapore.

This was a cross-sectional survey where cancer caregivers completed the CNAT-C and World Health Organisation Quality-of-life BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) in English or Chinese. Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure internal consistency. Convergent validity was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients between CNAT-C scores and WHOQOL-BREF domains. For known groups validity, independent samples t-test was used to compare CNAT-C scores based on Karnofsky performance status.

There were 161 cancer caregivers – 80 answered the English version and 81 answered the Chinese version. For the English version, 33.8% were male and the mean age was 46.9 years. For the Chinese version, 27.2% were male and the mean age was 52.6 years. The total CNAT-C score and most domain scores showed good internal consistency, low to moderate convergent validity with WHOQOL-BREF domains and good known groups validity with performance status in both the English and Chinese versions. Domain 1 (health and psychological problems) in the Chinese version did not show convergent validity although there was evidence of known groups validity. Domain 5 (religious/spiritual support) also did not show validity in our study sample.

In summary, there was low to moderate convergent validity with the WHOQOL-BREF for both the English and translated Chinese versions. However, both language versions of CNAT-C showed good internal consistency and good known groups validity according to performance status, and both language versions of the CNAT-C can be used to assess the level of unmet needs for cancer caregivers in the Singapore context.     

A Turkish language equivalence of the Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale

This article is about the pilot test of a Turkish version of the Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale (ESCA) using a randomized convenience sample of 119 bilingual Turkish adolescents. The instrument was translated into Turkish, back translated, and pilot tested to linguistic equivalence. Bilingual participants were randomly assigned to four groups. Each participant was administered both the English and the Turkish versions of the scale but in different order at 5-week intervals. The results show that the Turkish version of the ESCA was linguistically equal to the English form. Test-retest correlations were acceptably high (r = .80 to .90). Internal consistency of the total scale of the ESCA was adequate, with an alpha coefficient of .89 for the Turkish version and .88 for the English version. Further research in the development of this translated form would need to demonstrate its applicability and generalizability to monolingual Turkish adolescents.     

Israeli Norms for the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale,Form C

A Hebrew version of the 12-item Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C) was administered to 169 subjects in Israel. The authors compared the results with those obtained for the English original administered in the USA and with an additional group of 38 English-speaking subjects in Israel, as well as with versions translated into Spanish (2 versions, for Spain and for Mexico), Italian, German, and Dutch. Mean scores and pair-wise rank-order correlations between item pass rates were comparable across the different samples. Item reliability was somewhat lower in the Hebrew version; however, if testing was discontinued after failure to comply with 3 consecutive items, reliability was similar to that obtained for the other samples. We conclude that the Hebrew version of the SHSS:C can be used for the assessment of hypnotizability and recommend that the discontinuation criterion be applied.     

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Resilience Scale

The purpose of this study is to test the reliability and validity of a Spanish translation of the Resilience Scale (RS), which was originally created in English by Wagnild and Young (1993). A team of bilingual, bicultural translators participated in the translation process to enhance the linguistic accuracy and cultural appropriateness of the Spanish translation. As part of the convenience sample of 315 women of Mexican descent who participated in the larger study, data from 147 women who preferred to read and write in Spanish were used in this analysis. The English version of the RS consists of a 17-item "Personal Competence" subscale and an 8-item "Acceptance of Self and Life" subscale for a total of 25 items. However, two items had low item-total loadings and were removed to form a modified 23-item RS. The exploratory principal components factor analysis, varimax rotation, and subsequent goodness of fit indices were ambivalent on whether a one or two-factor solution was appropriate, but the chi-square difference test clearly demonstrated that the two-factor solution of the Spanish version was more useful in explaining variance than a one-factor solution. Internal consistency reliability was estimated with Cronbach's alpha (alpha = 0.93) which was acceptable for the 23-item RS as well as its subscales. Construct validity was demonstrated by a significant positive correlation between resilience and life satisfaction (r = 0.36; p < 0.001), and a significant negative correlation between resilience and depressive symptoms (r = -0.29; p < 0.01). This analysis ultimately supports the appropriateness of the modified 23-item Spanish translation of the RS and its subscales in a sample of urban, low-income women of Mexican descent in the U.S.     

Translation and Testing of the Cardiac Diet Self-Efficacy Scale for Use With Taiwanese Older Adults

ABSTRACT Objectives: The purposes of this investigation were to translate the Cardiac Diet Self-Efficacy (CDSE) scale from English to Mandarin Chinese and to test the validity, reliability, and feasibility of the translated scale in a sample of Taiwanese older adults.
Design and Sample: This study used a methodological design to translate the CDSE based on the Brislin's model: (1) translation from source language (SL) of English to the target language (TL) of Chinese, (2) evaluation of Chinese version, (3) blind back translation from Chinese to English, (4) comparison of original and back-translated English versions, and (5) evaluation of the translated scale by a committee of bilingual Taiwanese experts. The translated CDSE scale was tested with 156 community-dwelling Taiwanese older adults, and any problems occurring during the administration of the scale were documented.
Results and Conclusions: The validity and reliability of the Chinese version of CDSE scale were acceptable. However, the validity of items may have been impacted by differences in culture, language, and educational levels between English-speaking and Chinese-speaking populations. These findings suggest the need for further methodological study to evaluate and refine translation tools to resolve differences in culture, language, and educational levels between SL and TL.     

Adaptación cultural y validación de contenido del resultado «Nivel del dolor» de la Clasificación de Resultados de Enfermería

AimsTo translate and culturally adapt the Pain Level outcome to the Spanish context to validate the contents of the Spanish version of the «Pain level» outcome.MethodThe original English version of the «Pain level» outcome was translated into Spanish (twice); then back-translated into English, and all the discrepancies were resolved after consulting with NOC authors. A panel consisting of 21 experts in pain care assessed this culturally adapted Spanish version, in order to score the content validity. In the first step, the experts scored the adequacy of each indicator to the concept «Pain level». In the second round, three new indicators were scored. The Statistical analysis included content validity index (CVI), probability of agreement by chance, and modified kappa statistic.ResultsA Spanish version was developed including label, definition, two groups of indicators, and two measurement scales. This version is fully adapted to the Spanish context and language. A set of 21 indicators (19 translated and two new) was selected, and 4 were deleted (three translated and one new). The CVI-average score was 0.83 and the CVI-universal agreement was 0.05.ConclusionThe Spanish-version of the outcome «Pain level» is semantically and culturally to adapted to a Spanish context and preserves equivalency with the original. Content validation has identified indicators useful for practice. The clinimetric properties (validity and reliability) of the adapted version could be tested in a clinical study with people suffering from acute pain.     

Validation of the Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire in a multilingual South African population

Assessment of pain intensity and its effect on quality of life is important for proper management of pain, but no validated pain assessment tools that assess pain intensity and the interference pain has on daily life are available in indigenous South African languages. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate translated versions of the Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire (WBPQ) in South African HIV-positive patients. The WBPQ was translated into three indigenous South African languages, Setswana, isiZulu, and Xitsonga. We interviewed 452 ambulatory HIV-positive patients (327 urban and 125 rural patients) between the ages of 20 and 76 years old. Factor analysis to assess construct validity identified a two-factor structure (pain intensity and pain interference) for the isiZulu (n=132), Xitsonga (n=125), and Setswana (n=66) versions of the WBPQ, whereas a three-factor structure (pain intensity, mood interference, and activity interference) was identified for the English (completed by English second-language speakers, n=129) version of the WBPQ. Cronbach alphas, calculated to assess the reliability of the pain intensity and pain interference scales, were greater than 0.70 for all scales in all four versions of the WBPQ, showing internal consistency within the dimensions. These results provide evidence of validity for an easily administered questionnaire, which assesses pain intensity and pain interference, in three indigenous South African languages, and for English second-language speakers, in a population of South African HIV-positive patients.     

Psychometric evaluation of the Nursing Stress Scale (NSS) among Chinese nurses in Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to translate the Nursing Stress Scale (NSS) into Chinese and test its reliability and validity among Chinese nurses in Taiwan. Potential participants were asked to self-administer a Chinese version of the NSS. The agreement estimation was used to determine the equivalence of the meaning between the Chinese and original English versions and was rated by five bilingual nurses as 92% accurate for the 34 items. The test-retest reliability for the NSS at 2 weeks was .71 (p = .022, n=10). Internal consistency reliability and factor analysis were tested with 770 nurses from 65 inpatient units at a medical center in Taiwan. The internal consistency of the Chinese version of the NSS for an overall coefficient alpha is .91 for the total scale, and ranges from .67 to .79 for the subscales. The Chinese version of the NSS explains 53.77% of the variance in work stressors among Chinese nurses in Taiwan. Overall, the Chinese version of the NSS is internally consistent but may not be stable over 2 weeks. There was adequate evidence of the reliability and validity of the NSS-Chinese as an instrument appropriate to measure work stress among Chinese nurses. The translated NSS could be a useful tool for examining the frequency and major sources of stress experienced by Chinese nurses in hospital settings, and for the development of appropriate interventions for stress reduction.     

围手术期患者口渴不适量表的汉化及信效度检验

目的 汉化英文版围手术期患者口渴不适量表（Perioperative Thirst Discomfort Scale,PTDS）,并对其进行跨文化调试及信效度检验。方法 严格遵循量表引进原则,对量表进行翻译、回译和跨文化调试。便利选取在福建省4所三级甲等综合医院住院治疗的316例围手术期患者进行调查,验证中文版PTDS的信效度。结果 中文版PTDS的Cronbach’s α系数为0.813;量表水平的内容效度指数和条目水平的内容效度指数均为1,共提取2个公因子,即口腔干燥感和口腔异样感,累计方差贡献率为64.312%,量表总分与口渴强度数字评分呈正相关（r=0.681,P<0.001）。结论 中文版PTDS具有较好的信效度,可用于科学评估国内围手术期患者的口渴不适程度。     

Development and psychometric evaluation of the German version of the Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI-D)

Background Several factors contribute to the complexity of pharmacotherapeutic regimens, like the total number of medications to be taken, the number of dosage units to take at a time, dosage frequency, as well as specific directions concerning the administration. The Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI) is a validated instrument developed in English for the measurement of the complexity of a given pharmacotherapeutic regimen. Objectives Translation of the MRCI into German and evaluation of the translated instrument (MRCI‐D) in order to make it more easily accessible for use in German practice and research. Methods The process of validation included the translation of the English version to German, back‐translation into English, comparison of the back‐translated and the original versions, pre‐tests, and pilot‐testing of the German version by three raters using 20 medication regimens for inpatients. The subsequent psychometric evaluation included the calculation of inter‐rater and test–retest reliability, as well as the assessment of convergent validity. Results The number of medications correlated highly and statistically significantly with the MRCI‐D score (0.91, P < 0.001), indicating sufficient convergent validity of the instrument. Both inter‐rater and test–retest reliability were very high (intraclass correlation coefficients above 0.80 in all cases). Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the German version of the MRCI reflects the complexity of therapeutic regimens with similar validity and reliability as the established English version. Thus, it may be a valuable tool to analyse therapeutic regimens in both clinical practice and science.     

Postpartum depression screening scale: Spanish version

BACKGROUND: Postpartum depression is a global phenomenon. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate the Spanish version of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS). METHODS: Eight translators representing the predominant Hispanic groups in the United States translated the PDSS into a Spanish version. A total of 377 Hispanic mothers completed the PDSS-Spanish Version within 12 weeks postpartum at two sites: Connecticut and Texas. Confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory analysis were conducted to assess construct validity. RESULTS: For the total sample of 377 Hispanic women, the alpha reliability for the total PDSS was.95; dimension-level alphas ranged from.76 to.90. The total PDSS alphas by group were as follows: .94 (Mexican), .96 (Puerto Rican), and .93 (Other). Confirmatory factor analysis provided empirical support for the existence of the hypothesized constructs assessed by the PDSS. Item response theory analysis supported the adequacy of the construct definitions and confirmed that the response options for the Likert categories were an "ordered" attitude continuum in which higher responses corresponded to higher levels of "agreement" with the depressive symptomatology items. CONCLUSIONS: When compared to the original English PDSS, the reliability and validity psychometrics for the Spanish version were slightly lower, but still within the acceptable range.     

Validation of the Spanish Life Support Preference Questionnaire (LSPQ)

Purpose: To translate and validate the Life Support Preference Questionnaire (LSPQ) for use with Spanish-speaking adults, and to further validate the English version of the LSPQ.
Methods: Two samples were included: community-dwelling Hispanic and non-Hispanic adults who were monolingual or bilingual Spanish speakers, and an English-speaking sample, all living in south-central United States. Validation included calculation of internal consistency, stability, and alternate forms reliability estimates for two language versions of the LSPQ. Factorial validity was studied for both language versions and regression and t test analyses were done to explore ethnic differences in selection of the life support choices in the scale.
Findings: Both language versions of the LSPQ showed strongly supportive measurement properties. Differences were found between ethnic groups on four of the item choices, indicating that Hispanics in this sample preferred interventions to actively support life more than did the non-Hispanic adults.
Conclusions: Both the English and Spanish versions of the LSPQ have been validated for use in research and practice. Additional validation will be necessary in other samples.     

Psychometric evaluation of the Spiritual Coping Strategies scale in English,Maltese, back-translation and bilingual versions

BACKGROUND: The little research that has been done on the topic considers spiritual coping as consisting mainly of religious coping strategies. This limits spiritual coping solely to believers. However, it is argued that spiritual coping should address both believers and non-believers. The development of the new Spiritual Coping Strategies (SCS) scale, which consists of both religious and non-religious coping strategies attempts to fill this research gap. Aim. The aim of this article is to discuss the psychometric assessment of the SCS scale designed in four versions, namely English, Maltese, back-translation and bilingual. METHODS: The Likert-type SCS scale comprises 20 items, each represented by the frequency and helpfulness of both religious and non-religious coping strategies. Test-retest of the four versions was conducted between October 1999 and January 2000, with 55 final year nursing students, mean age of 24.5 years, recruited from the same class to facilitate supervision and prevent contamination of results. Test-retest reliability of the scale was investigated by cross-tabulations, Kappa (kappa) measures and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Internal consistency was tested by Cronbach's alpha. The correlation structure was examined by the multivariate techniques of R-type cluster analysis and direct oblimin factor analysis. RESULTS: Cross-tabulations between tests and retests gave highly significant values of chi-squared (P < or = 0.0001) for most items in all versions of the scale. These cross-tabulations also yielded reasonably good values for kappa. Additionally, satisfactory values for Spearman's coefficient of correlation resulted between tests and retests. Twelve frequency variables and 13 helpfulness variables had test-retest correlations in the range 0.5 < or = rs < or = 0.79 in at least three of the versions. Optimum values of Cronbach's alpha were observed for the helpfulness variable in retests namely, 0.81 for the English version, 0.73 for the Maltese version, 0.79 for the back-translation, and 0.82 for the bilingual version. These values were all above the acceptable minimum value of 0.7. The correlation structure identified two factors, namely religious and non-religious coping strategies. Although the two factors together explained only between 33% and 40% of the variance in the different versions, the religious factor had good reliability, with 0.77 < or = alpha < or = 0.82 for the four versions, whilst the non-religious factor also had alpha > or = 0.71 for all versions except the Maltese one, for which alpha = 0.59. CONCLUSION: Therefore, psychometric assessment suggests that the SCS scale, in any of the four versions, is a reliable tool which can be used in future studies on SCS in Maltese patients.     

Psychometric properties of the Arabic version of Quality of Life Index

AIM: This paper reports a study to translate the English language version of the Quality of Life Index into Arabic and estimate its reliability and content validity. BACKGROUND: Quality of life has become an important concern in health care and social policy. It is a difficult construct to define and measure, as it is determined by cultural, ethical, personal and religious values. The generic Ferrans and Powers Quality of Life Index was developed to measure quality of life of healthy individuals. Specific versions of the index were developed for particular diseases, such as diabetes, cancer and end-stage kidney disease. The instruments were initially developed for English-speaking clients and were later translated into several languages and used within a variety of cultures. However, there were no Arabic versions of the tool available to measure the quality of life of general populations or of people with particular diseases. METHOD: The Quality of Life Index was translated into Arabic using two of the techniques suggested in the literature for translation - back translation and bilingual technique. The same process was followed in the translation of the original scale and various disease-specific versions of the instrument. The work took place between 1995 and 2004. FINDINGS: The translated Arabic Quality of Life Index demonstrated a high degree of accuracy of translation and estimates of content validity. Subsequent to the translation of the original scale into Arabic, 13 disease-related versions of the instrument were translated and are ready for use with clients who speak Arabic. Four of the versions have been used to collect data from clients. The results revealed high estimates of reliability for the generic, diabetes, cancer and dialysis versions. CONCLUSION: The Arabic version of the Quality of Life Index is highly reliable and has sufficient content validity for measuring quality of life of Arabic-speaking clients.     

中文版 GUSS 吞咽功能评估量表的信效度研究

目的：探讨中文版吞咽功能评估量表（ GUSS ）应用于脑卒中患者吞咽困难筛选中的信效度。方法将英文版GUSS经言语治疗师、神经内科医生和护理专家的翻译、回译和与原作者的讨论翻译成中文版本,对中文版本的评定者间效度、效标效度和区分效度进行检验。结果两名卒中护士之间评分的相关系数r＝0．926（P＜0．01）。 GUSS与神经科医生的标准吞咽功能评估（SSA）的评估结果呈显著相关（r＝0．72,P＜0．01）。综合评定指标显示,不同评价结局的患者其GUSS得分差异有统计学意义（F＝143．02,P＜0．01）。结论中文版本的GUSS信度和效度良好,适合在中国对脑卒中患者进行床旁吞咽困难筛选。     

中文版上肢技巧质量测试量表信度和效度的初步研究

目的：探讨中文版上肢技巧质量测试量表（QUEST）的信度和效度,为其在国内临床应用提供理论依据.方法：经原著者允许并授权后,将英文版QUEST量表翻译成中文.研究对象为70例在康复中心就诊的痉挛型脑瘫儿童,随机选取30例检测重测信度（间隔2周）,随机选取30例检测评分者间信度.50例同时接受Peabody精细运动发育量表（PDMS-FM）与中文版QUEST量表测试,分析PDMS-FM原始分与中文版QUEST量表各分测试原始分之间的相关性,确定两者之间的平行效度.结果：中文版QUEST量表的各分测试原始分具有良好的重测信度及评估者间信度（ICC值＞0.90）,中文版QUEST量表与PDMS-FM测试的各项分测试原始分测试具有良好的平行效度（Pearson相关系数为0.717～0.921）.结论：本次研究确立了中文版QUEST量表具有良好的信度和效度,是一种可以有效评估痉挛型脑瘫患儿上肢技巧质量的工具.