不同途径早期营养支持对腹部手术后代谢反应的影响

１７例腹部手术病人随机分为肠内（ＥＮ）和肠外（ＰＮ）营养二组。自术后１ｄ起，给予等氮等热能的营养支持，连续８ｄ。监测营养支持过程中体温、血浆蛋白、体重、氮平衡和与应激相关的激素变化，结果显示：体温、血浆蛋白和体重变化两组间差异不明显，ＥＮ组术后２ｄ氮平衡明显优于ＰＮ组（３．２±２．６ｇｖｓ－１．０±３．１ｇ，Ｐ＜０．０５），ＥＮ组累积氮平衡虽亦优于ＰＮ组，但差异不显著。ＥＮ组术后３ｄ和９ｄ的胰高血糖素明显高于ＰＮ组（１８３±５９ｖｓ１０８±５０和１５８±７４ｎｇ／Ｌｖｓ１００±１７ｎｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ值均＜０．０５），但皮质醇和胰岛素水平在两组间无差异。说明早期肠内营养和肠外营养相比，并不能减轻腹部手术的应激反应和蛋白质分解代谢     

肠外营养支持在老年腹部手术病人围手术期的临床应用

目的：研究老年腹部手术病人围手术期肠外营养与普通输液的代谢效应。方法：３２例老年腹部外科病人分成两组，肠外营养组接受肠外营养，非蛋白热量总量１０４．５～１４６．４ｋＪ／（ｋｇ·ｄ），热氮比为４１８～６２７ｋＪ∶１ｑ，糖脂比为４∶６～５∶５。普遍输液组接受葡萄糖供能为主的治疗，术前２天和术后８天观察体重，血浆白蛋白、转铁蛋白、前白蛋白，总淋巴细胞计数，氮平衡等。结果：肠外营养组前白蛋白、氮平衡比术前增加，而普通输液组的体重、前白蛋白下降，治疗后两组比较差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：适当的肠外营养可使老年病人受益     

腹部大手术后不同方式营养支持比较研究

将经历腹部大手术需要营养支持的病人３６例，随机分成普通输液组（对照组），肠外营养（ＰＮ）组和肠内营养（ＥＮ）组各１２列。术后１ｄ开始给予不同方式的营养支持，连续７ｄ，每天监测２４ｈ尿中尿素氮（ＵＵＮ）并计算氮平衡（ＮＢ）；营养支持前、后体重对比。结果示ＥＮ组和ＰＮ组的ＮＢ明显优于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），对照组７ｄ平均体重下降４．５６±０．５０ｋｇ，ＰＮ组３．２５±０．９９ｋｇ，ＥＮ组２．９６±０．７２ｋｇ，有明显的组间差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。研究结果表明，术后早期ＥＮ是手术后营养支持的有效途径，ＥＮ的优点是操作简便，治疗安全，经济实惠。     

TPN加FDP对严重腹腔感染犬小肠粘膜上皮的保护作用

２０只严重腹腔内感染家犬随机分成三组，即对照组（输入５％ＧＮＳ４ｍｌ·ｋｇ－１／ｈ）、ＴＰＮ组（输入ＴＰＮ液，２９３ｋＪ·ｋｇ－１／ｄ，氮０．５６ｇ·ｋｇ－１／ｄ）及ＴＰＮ＋ＦＤＰ组（除接受ＴＰＮ液外，还接受１，６－二磷酸果糖即ＦＤＰ，１ｇ·ｋｇ－１／ｄ）。营养支持始于感染后６ｈ，止于７２ｈ。ＴＰＮ＋ＦＤＰ组在实验第７２ｈ肠上皮ＤＮＡ，ＲＮＡ含量高于另外两组，肠上皮细胞增殖率亦明显提高（２１％比１３％／ＴＰＮ组，Ｐ＜０．０１；比８％／对照组，Ｐ＜０．０１）。对照组（ｎ＝７）有５只犬于７２ｈ死于感染，ＴＰＮ组（ｎ＝６）３只死亡，而ＴＰＮ＋ＦＤＰ组（ｎ＝７）则仅有２只犬死亡。本研究结果提示，对严重感染犬常规ＴＰＮ加用ＦＤＰ有利于对肠道的保护。     

不同糖脂比PN支持对梗阻性黄疸引流术后肝脏代谢的影响

本研究选择恶性梗阻性黄疸病人１３例，随机分为两组，平均年龄６３．５±３岁，择期行Ｔ管外引流／胆管－空肠内引流术，术后第１～１０天给予不同糖脂比ＰＮ支持，提供热能１１７．２～１２５．５ｋＪ·ｋｇ－１／ｄ，Ｎ：０．２ｇ·ｋｇ－１／ｄ。结果显示，两组术后直接胆红素进行性下降，营养支持前后及与术前相比差异显著；肝脏各酶于术后明显下降，累积氮平衡测定，两组比较差异不显著。结果表明：进一步降低葡萄糖（３．０±ｇ·ｋｇ－１／ｄ）及适量应用脂肪乳剂（１～１．５ｇ·ｋｇ－１／ｄ），将有益于减轻梗阻性黄疸病人围手术期ＰＮ支持时肝脏的负荷及改善营养状态     

^99mTc—DTPA测定肠道通透性的方法及应用

目的：建立９９ｍ锝┐乙三胺五乙酸（９９ｍＴｃ┐ＤＴＰＡ）测定肠道通透性的方法并观察其在临床和动物实验研究中的应用效果。方法：口服９９ｍＴｃ┐ＤＴＰＡ３７～７４ＭＢｑ，收集２４ｈ尿液，γ计数器测定尿液中ＤＴＰＡ排泄量。采用此方法观察了９例健康人和２５例胃肠道手术病人手术前及术后７天肠道通透性，３组病人术后７天分别给予谷氨酰胺０ｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）（Ａ组，ｎ＝８），０．３ｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）（Ｂ组，ｎ＝８）和０．６ｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）（Ｃ组，ｎ＝９）；１０头杂交猪自体小肠移植后分别给予标准全肠外营养（ＳＴＰＮ组，ｎ＝５）和强化３％甘氨酰谷氨酰胺的全肠外营养（ＧＴＰＮ组，ｎ＝５）２８天观察移植小肠的通透性。结果：９例健康人２４ｈ尿液ＤＴＰＡ排泄率为４．８６±１．８６％，术后７天Ａ、Ｂ二组病人ＤＴＰＡ排泄率较术前明显增加（６．６４±３．９５％ｖｓ１３．７１±４．８５％；８．８８±３．９５％ｖｓ１０．７６±２．８８％，Ｐ＜０．０５），Ｃ组手术前后肠道通透性无变化（６．８０±２．１２％ｖｓ３．５５±１．２９％，Ｐ＞０．０５）。术后２８天ＳＴＰＮ组ＤＴＰＡ排泄率明显高于ＧＴＰＮ组（２４．０１±７．４４％ｖｓ７．７７±３．０４％，Ｐ＜     

TPN加重组人生长激素对手术创伤病人治疗作用的研究

目的：了解人生长激素对手术创伤病人的治疗作用。方法：采用ＴＰＮ加重组人生长激素（ｒｈＧＨ组）治疗２３例中重度创伤病人,并与同期仅用ＴＰＮ治疗病人作对照。结果：①ｒｈＧＨ组感染率下降,平均住院日（１２．９±４．１天）与对照组比（１６．１±６．１天）有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）;②ｒｈＧＨ组术后７天血浆白蛋白浓度明显回升（３４．２７±３．２６）ｇ／Ｌ,而对照组仅升至（３１．９２±３．０１）ｇ／Ｌ,两组比较差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）;③术后３天和７天ｒｈＧＨ组均获得较好正氮平衡,与对照组比较差异显著;④ｒｈＧＨ组对疲劳的主观感觉普遍较对照组好,术后下床早、活动增加。结论：ｒｈＧＨ能有效改善病人负氮平衡,提高血浆白蛋白浓度,合理调节脂肪和糖的利用,加速病人康复     

恶性梗阻性黄疸免疫功能改变及PN对其的影响

１３列恶性梗阻性黄疸病人随机分组２组（Ａ＝７，Ｂ＝６），另选７例正常人作为术前对照组。胆道引流术后１～１０ｄ，接受ＰＮ支持，能量供给１１７．２～１２５．５ＫＪ／（ｋｇ．ｄ），氮０．２ｇ／（ｋｇ．ｄ）。ＮＰＣ：Ｎ为６０６．７ｋＪ：１ｇ糖脂比Ａ组为６：４，Ｂ组为４：６。术前及ＰＮ第６，１１天测定免疫球蛋白及Ｔ细胞亚群，结果表明，恶性梗阻性黄疸病人术前血清ＩｇＡ水平与黄疸程度成正比（ｒ＝０．６０，Ｐ〈０     

术后早期输注含10．36％复合氨基酸（18－F）营养液的效果观察

本文报告１６例胆道术后早期１～４ｄ应用含１０．３６％复合氨基酸（１８－Ｆ）“全合一”营养混合液效果及其血清氨基酸谱动态变化的观察。本组病例胆道手术前后均伴有不同程度营养不良，肝肾功能正常，应用结果表明，７例术后第２天获总氮平衡，第４天达正氮平衡，其余...     

高支链氨基酸在肝移植术后病人肠外营养中的应用

目的:评价肝移植术后病人以高支链氨基酸为氮源的静脉营养支持效果.方法:选择肝移植术后进行1周肠外营养支持(PN)的病人20例,随机分为高支链氨基酸组和平衡氨基酸组,每组各10例.两组营养支持均等热量、等氮量,分别于术后第1、8天检测营养状态指标.营养支持期间,每天测定氮,并计算累计氮平衡.结果:①两组病人体重、总蛋白、丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素、结合胆红素等肝功能指标均恢复较好.②术后第8天高支链氨基酸组血清清蛋白水平显著高于平衡氨基酸组(P＜0.05).③术后第3天起,高支链氨基酸组氮平衡明显优于平衡氨基酸组(P＜0.05).术后7d累计氮平衡高支链氨基酸组明显优于平衡氨基酸组(P＜0.01).结论:①肝移植术后采用高支链氨基酸作为氮源的静脉营养支持安全、有效.②高支链氨基酸的节氮效果优于平衡氨基酸.     

High-Branched Chain Amino Acid Solutions: Relationship of Composition to Efficacy

A prospective clinical trial was undertaken to determine the nitrogen-sparing efficacy of three amino acid solutions with different concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in 25 postoperative patients. The patients were a homogenous male population with stage I bladder cancer who underwent radical cystectomy. Administration rates of the intravenous solutions were designed to provide 30 kcal/kg/day and 1.5 g protein per kg per day during the 7-day study period. A control group (n = 4) received 5% dextrose in water (150 g/ day). Nitrogen balance was determined daily and the whole body protein turnover was measured using a primed-constant infusion of 15N glycine on postoperative days 3 and 4. The group receiving the 45% BCAA enriched (low leucine) amino acid solution exhibited a significant decrease in cumulative (7 day) nitrogen balance (7.6 ± 2.6 g) compared to the groups receiving either the standard 25% BCAA (19.9 ± 2.1 g) or the 45% BCAA enriched (high leucine) (21.6 ± 7.0 g) amino acid solution. The group receiving the 45% BCAA enriched (low leucine) amino acid solution exhibited a higher rate of mean whole body protein catabolism compared to the other groups. For patients undergoing major elective operations, the amount of leucine necessary for optimal daily nitrogen balance was 0.13 g/kg/day. These results demonstrate that the ratio of individual BCAA and the amount of leucine were more critical to nitrogen-sparing efficacy than the percentage total BCAA infused. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 8:622–627, 1984)     

全胃切除术后早期管饲效果研究

目的评价全胃切除术后早期管饲的安全性，比较术后短期管饲与标准肠外营养支持的疗效。方法对我院1998年1月～2000年1月20例全胃切除术后病人随机分为管饲营养组和肠外营养组，试验周期为术后7天。全部病人均为全胃切除空肠p型代胃，食管空肠吻合口距远端空肠吻合口为40cm，鼻肠管放置于远端空肠吻合口以下。管饲营养组术后第2天开始管饲，第1次滴入生理盐水500ml，4小时后滴入安素250ml(250kcal)，再4小时后滴入安素250ml(250kcal)，速度均为40～50ml/h。以后每日分为三次，间隔3～4小时。术后第3天，滴入安素750～1000ml(750～1000kcal)，速度为60～80ml/h。第4～7天，滴入安素1500～1750ml(1500～1750kcal)，速度为100～120ml/h。肠外营养组能量25～30kcal*kg-1*d-1供给。检测体重、机体测量指标、水电解质变化(包括出入量、尿比重、尿糖、尿丙酮、血清电解质、血糖)、血红蛋白、血清总蛋白、白蛋白、血清尿素氮、肌酐、血清总胆固醇、血清甘油三脂和外周血淋巴细胞。结果本组病例均未发生吻合口瘘，管饲营养组和肠外营养组在体重、机体测量指标、血浆蛋白浓度、氮平衡指标、外周血淋巴细胞均无显著差异。讨论全胃切除术后早期管饲营养的方法安全有效，管饲营养与肠外营养效果基本相近。管饲营养密切观察护理，及时调节滴入速度，不会引起误吸、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、低蛋白血症和电解质紊乱的症状发生。费用低，适合于基层医院开展。     

The Importance of a Source of Sufficient Protein in Postoperative Hypocaloric Partial Parenteral Nutrition Support

A comparison of postoperative metabolic and nutritional responses to different hypocaloric parenteral nutrition supports was performed in 42 patients with various gastric lesions. Sixteen patients (group A) received 3000 mL of a 5% glucose in water or glucose in saline infusion per day after surgery (approximately 10 kcal/kg per day). Another 14 patients (group B) received 2000 mL of 5% glucose in water or saline plus 1000 mL of 5% amino acid solution per day (approximately 10 kcal/kg per day and 1 g of protein per kilogram per day). The other 12 patients (group C) received 2000 mL of 5% glucose in water or saline plus 500 mL of 5% amino acid solution and 500 mL of 10% fat emulsion (approximately 20 kcal/kg per day and 0.5 g of protein per kilogram per day). After 7 days of study, all three groups were found to have a decrease in body weight, mid-arm circumference, triceps skin-fold, and serum albumin level, and the differences among them were not significant. Groups B and C had significantly less negative mean nitrogen balance than group A (—5.54 ± 0.63 g/ d and -6.07 ± 0.49 g/d vs -9.20 ± 0.68 g/d). Group B also had a significantly greater increase of transferrin (from 175.5 ± 9.9 mg/dL to 185.4 ± 9.3 mg/dL) than group A and a significantly greater increase in total lymphocyte count (from 956 ± 113 cells/mm³ to 1196 ± 176 cells/mm³) than groups A and C. We concluded that postoperative hypocaloric nutrition support with a sufficient protein source, at least 1 g/kg per day, achieved better nitrogen balance, improved short half-life of visceral protein levels, and higher total lymphocyte count. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 17: 254–256, 1993)     

Investigation of protein metabolism with respect to amino acid administration

A comparative study of the protein metabolism of two groups of patients having suffered major trauma (group I, n = 26, and group II, n = 16) and of two groups having undergone major surgery (group III, n = 10, and group IV, n = 9) was performed from the 2nd to the 11th day of treatment. All of the patients received approximately 35 kcal/kg body weight/day. In addition the patients in groups I and III received a 10% amino acid solution containing 0.24 g N/kg body weight/day whereas groups II and IV were administered a 5% solution containing only essential and semiessential amino acids amounting to 0, 12 g N/kg body weight/day. The 24-hr nitrogen output in urine, the serum free amino acid concentration as well as the serum protein fractions of transferrin and the C3c and C4 complements were contrasted. Significant differences between traumatised patients and those having had major surgery with respect to nitrogen balance and serum free amino acid concentrations were observed regardless of the pattern of nutrition. However, only slight differences in the concentrations of serum protein fractions of the two groups of patients were noted. Following amino acid solution the polytraumatized patients exhibited an average N balance of -11.9 g N/day, which is indicative of a severely catabolic metabolism. The average nitrogen loss observed in the postsurgical patients amounted to only half this amount. Following administration of the semiessential amino acid solution an appreciable difference in the nitrogen balance between comparable groups was not observed. However, the blood urea nitrogen was lower.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

支链氨基酸对创伤后代谢影响的研究

目的:观察应用支链氨基酸对手术创伤病人机体代谢的影响. 方法:采用前瞻、随机、单盲、平行、对照、多中心试验设计,选择行腹部外科手术后成年病人120例,随机分为两组:对照组(n=60)应用10.4% 18种复方氨基酸注射液,研究组(n=60)应用10.3%支链氨基酸注射液.采用全营养混合液方式行周围或中心静脉输注,等氮等热量.从术后第2天开始,应用6天.在手术前1天和术后第7天,对所有病人收集空腹血标本检测,同时进行24 h尿液收集作氮平衡分析. 结果:研究组与对照组之间在研究前、后累积氮平衡无明显差异,但在营养液输注第5天,研究组氮平衡显著高于对照组(P<0.01).两组之间研究前、后血清总蛋白、前清蛋白、纤维连接蛋白、转铁蛋白和体重变化无显著差异.两组研究前、后血清清蛋白浓度均降低,但对照组下降更为明显(P<0.05).研究组应用氨基酸后,缬氨酸浓度升高明显,与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05).缬氨酸、丙氨酸和支链氨基酸浓度较输注前明显升高(P<0.05). 结论:对手术创伤应激病人的肠外营养支持中,应用含较高支链氨基酸的营养液较平衡氨基酸注射液可能更为有效.     

肝移植术后早期的营养支持

目的:探讨肝移植术后早期的营养支持.方法:将44例肝移植术后病人随机分为相对高能量组(A组)和相对低能量组(B组),每组各22例.观察其术后3周内氮平衡、体质量、血清清蛋白及血红蛋白、血脂、肾功能、肝功能的变化情况.结果:两组的体质量、血清清蛋白及血红蛋白、肝功能指标等差异无显著性意义;A组的氮平衡明显优于B组,肾功能明显差于B组.结论:肝移植术后早期营养供给量应适当控制.     

外科营养对消化道肿瘤病人术后营养状况的影响

目的比较肠内营养与肠外营养对消化道肿瘤病人术后营养状况的影响。方法将40例消化道肿瘤病人随机分为肠内营养(EN)组和肠外营养(PN)组,每组20例,试验周期为7天。术后第1天开始给予等热量、等氮量的营养支持一周(术后第1天和第2天分别提供热卡19.33～19.97Kcal/kg,氮量0.14～0.15g/kg;术后第3天至第7天每日提供热卡26.9～28.55kcal/kg,氮量0.2～0.21g/kg)。检测术前和术后第8天病人的体重、肱三头肌皮褶厚度、上臂肌围、血浆白蛋白、转铁蛋白、血清氨基酸谱和累计氮平衡等营养指标。结果两组病人均无严重并发症发生。两组病人术后第8天的体重均明显下降(P<0.001),组间无差异。两组病人术后第8天的肱三头肌皮褶厚度和上臂肌围较术前明显减小(P<0.05),而两组间无显著性差异。两组病人血浆白蛋白水平在术后第8天明显下降,而EN组较PN组下降幅度小(P<0.05)。两组病人的血浆转铁蛋白水平在术后与术前相比无明显变化。累计7天氮平衡EN组为(-26.1±15.3)g,而PN组为(-23.4±10.3)g,两组间无明显差异。EN组能明显升高血清天门冬氨酸(ASP)、丝氨酸(SER)、谷氨酸(GLU)、半胱氨酸(CYS)、异亮氨酸(ILE)及苯丙氨酸(PHE)的水平,对于其它氨基酸无明显影响。而PN组经过营养支持后,血清蛋氨酸(MET)浓度升高,组氨酸(HIS)浓度下降,其它氨基酸变化不明显。结论消化道肿瘤病人术后可出现明显的负氮平衡和低蛋白血症。术后早期应激状态下,肠内营养或肠外营养均不能避免机体分解代谢状态。术后早期进行肠内营养是安全、可行、有效的。肠内营养可以达到与肠外营养一样的维持体重和氮平衡的临床疗效。肠内营养较肠外营养能更好地维持血浆白蛋白水平和血清氨基酸水平。     

Metabolic effects of branched chain amino acids in patients with severe pancreatitis

Twenty-four patients with acute severe pancreatitis were randomised to receive total parenteral nutrition for 7 days with one of two isocaloric (35 kcal/kg/day) and isonitrogenous (0.16 g/kg/day) programmes containing either a low (15.5% w/w (control group)) or a high (57%) content of branched chain amino acids (BCAA (BCAA group)). During treatment, the nitrogen balance was similar in both groups. The concentrations of serum protein, albumin, prealbumin and retinol-binding protein did not differ between the groups. The plasma concentrations of BCAA measured 2 h after discontinuation of amino acid infusions rose in the BCAA group. In urine, only the concentrations of valine increased as compared with those of control patients. Serum glucose levels were higher in the BCAA group than in the control group, although the BCAA group received slightly more insulin than the control group in order to keep the blood glucose concentration below 10 mmol/l. The results suggest that BCAA-enriched solutions may stimulate gluconeogenesis without affecting catabolism.     

Studies of nitrogen balance in male highlanders in Papua New Guinea

Nitrogen metabolism in Papua New Guinea highlanders was studied by examining their nitrogen balance when they ate their usual diet (experiment 1) or an experimental diet (experiment 2). Studies were made on 39 male highlanders between October and December in 1980 and 1982. In experiment 1, the average protein and energy intakes (mean +/- SD) for three consecutive days of usual diets were 116.2 +/- 31.2 mg N/kg body weight and 46.9 +/- 8.9 kcal/kg body weight in 1980 and 143.5 +/- 54.8 mg N/kg body weight and 47.3 +/- 10.5 kcal/kg body weight in 1982, and thus the nitrogen balances were 27.7 +/- 28.3 and 18.4 +/- 24.2 mg N/kg body weight, respectively. Most dietary protein and energy was derived from sweet potatoes and other vegetable foods, but between 1980 and 1982 the diet changed slightly with increased consumption of imported foods such as rice and canned fish. In the second experiment, when 10 highlanders were given adequate protein diet (about 200 mg N/kg body weight and about 44 kcal total energy/kg body weight for 13 d, much of the dietary nitrogen was retained in their bodies (45.1 +/- 19.3 mg N/kg body weight). When another group of men were fed a sweet-potato diet (81.1 mg N/kg body weight for 8 d followed by a low protein sweet-potato diet containing only 42 mg N/kg body weight with 50 kcal/kg body weight for 14 d, nitrogen true digestibility and net protein utilization increased and their nitrogen balance showed no significant change (-11.0 +/- 5.6 mg N/kg body weight).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

谷氨酰胺强化的全肠外营养在大肠肿瘤患者术后的应用研究

目的探讨谷氨酰胺(Gln)强化的全肠外营养(TPN)对大肠肿瘤患者术后的作用。方法将40例大肠癌患者随机分为Gln-TPN组和常规TPN组。检测体重、肝肾功能、氮平衡(NB)、血浆白蛋白水平(Alb)、术后疲劳评分等各项指标的变化。结果两组病人术后体重、肝肾功能比较无统计学意义。术后Gln-TPN组白蛋白水平高于常规TPN组(P<0.01);氮平衡明显改善,与常规TPN组相比差异显著(P<0.01);主观感觉好于常规TPN组(P<0.05)。结论Gln-TPN组比常规TPN组有利于术后负氮平衡的改善及血浆白蛋白的恢复,减少术后并发症,并能显著改善术后疲劳。