共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Isableu B Fourre B Vuillerme N Giraudet G Amorim MA 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2011,212(1):33-46
The present experiment was designed to assess the effect of active (deliberate) maintenance of a small forward (FL) or backward
body lean (BL) (about 2° ankle flexion) with respect to the spontaneous direction of balance (or neutral posture, N) on postural
balance. We questioned whether BL and FL stances, which impose a volitional proprioceptive control of the body-on-support
angle, could efficiently reduce mediolateral displacements of the centre of pressure (CoP) induced by the visual motion of
a room and darkness. Subjects (n = 15) were asked to stand upright quietly feet together while confronted to a large visual scene rolling to 10° on either
side in peripheral vision (and surrounding vertical visual references in central vision) at 0.05 Hz. CoP displacements were
recorded using a force platform. Analysis of medio-lateral CoP root-mean square showed that the effect of the moving room
depends on the subject’s postural stability performance in the eyes open N stance condition. Two significant postural behaviours
emerged. (1) The most stable subjects (G1) were not affected by the conditions of altered vision, but swayed more in BL stance
than in the N stance. (2) The unstable subjects (G2) exhibited (i) larger CoP displacements in altered visual conditions and
a greater coupling of the CoP with the motion of the visual scene, (ii) enhanced visual dependency with postural leaning,
and (iii) decreased CoP displacements when leaning forward in the eyes open motionless scene. Interestingly, the visual quotient
positively correlated with the proprioceptive quotient, indicating that the more the subjects relied heavily on the visual
frame of reference (FOR) the more they were influenced by body leaning. This result suggested hence a lesser ability to use
efficiently body-ground proprioceptive cues. On the whole, the present findings indicate that body leaning could provide a
useful mean to assess the subject’s ability to use body-ground proprioceptive cues not only to improve postural stability
during eyes opening (especially during forward leaning), but also as a mean to disclose subjects’ visual dependency and their
associated difficulties to shift from visual to proprioceptive-based FOR. 相似文献
2.
Differential performance over a wide range of possible postural coordination modes was investigated using 16 ankle-hip relative phase patterns from 0 degrees to 337.5 degrees. Participants were instructed to produce each coordination mode with and without real time visual feedback. Feedback consisted of a Lissajous figure indicating the discrepancy between actual and requested ankle-hip relative phase. The results showed: (1) the presence of a unique attractor around the anti-phase pattern (relative phase approximately 180 degrees); (2) performance was similar with and without visual feedback; (3) the absence of an attractor for the in-phase pattern (relative phase approximately 20 degrees). The third result is not consistent with previous research in which both in-phase and anti-phase patterns emerged when they were not imposed [B.G. Bardy, L. Martin, T.A. Stoffregen, R.J. Bootsma, Postural coordination modes considered as emergent phenomena, J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 25 (1999) 1284-1301; B.G. Bardy, O. Oullier, R.J. Bootsma, T.A. Stoffregen, Dynamics of human postural transitions, J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 28 (1999) 499-514]. This finding indicates the strong dependency to task variation and instructions of postural pattern formation. 相似文献
3.
Deborah J. Serrien Yong Li Maarten Steyvers Filiep Debaere Stephan P. Swinnen 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2001,140(4):411-419
The coordination of homolateral effectors (right arm/right leg) according to the in-phase or anti-phase mode was perturbed through passive movement of a third segment (left arm or left leg) imposed by the experimenter. The manipulated parameters of the passive segment were frequency and amplitude along with their degree of scaling. Results showed that passive movement degraded anti-phase patterns more than in-phase patterns. Furthermore, the anti-phase mode deteriorated profoundly during frequency manipulation, but scaling did not induce additional effects, whereas a linear association was observed between anti-phase deterioration and amplitude manipulation. Together, these data indicate that passive movement disturbed the coordination dynamics of an actively performed task. The fact that interference depended on the manipulated parameter suggests a distinction in the degree of intrusiveness of the irrelevant afferent information induced by the passive limb. It is concluded that sensory discrimination between irrelevant and relevant input is critical in performing a coordinated task adequately under perturbed conditions. 相似文献
4.
How a plantar pressure-based,tongue-placed tactile biofeedback modifies postural control mechanisms during quiet standing 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Vuillerme N Pinsault N Chenu O Boisgontier M Demongeot J Payan Y 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2007,181(4):547-554
The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of a plantar pressure-based, tongue-placed tactile biofeedback
on postural control mechanisms during quiet standing. To this aim, 16 young healthy adults were asked to stand as immobile
as possible with their eyes closed in two conditions of No-biofeedback and Biofeedback. Centre of foot pressure (CoP) displacements,
recorded using a force platform, were used to compute the horizontal displacements of the vertical projection of the centre
of gravity (CoG
v
) and those of the difference between the CoP and the vertical projection of the CoG (CoP-CoG
v
). Analysis of the CoP-CoG
v
displacements showed larger root mean square (RMS) and mean power frequencies (MPF) in the Biofeedback than in the No-biofeedback
condition. Stabilogram-diffusion analysis further showed a concomitant increased spatial and reduced temporal transition point
co-ordinates at which the corrective processes were initiated and an increased persistent behaviour of the CoP-CoG
v
displacements over the short-term region. Analysis of the CoG
v
displacements showed decreased RMS and increased MPF in the Biofeedback relative to the No-biofeedback condition. Stabilogram-diffusion
analysis further indicated that these effects mainly stem from reduced spatio-temporal transition point co-ordinates at which
the corrective process involving CoG
v
displacements is initiated and an increased anti-persistent behaviour of the CoG
v
displacements over the long-term region. Altogether, the present findings suggest that the main way the plantar pressure-based,
tongue-placed tactile biofeedback improves postural control during quiet standing is via both a reduction of the correction
thresholds and an increased efficiency of the corrective mechanism involving the CoG
v
displacements. 相似文献
5.
The present experiment investigated the control of bipedal posture following localised muscle fatigue of the plantar-flexors
and finger-flexors. Twelve young healthy adults voluntarily participated in this study. They were asked to stand upright as
still as possible with their eyes closed in two randomly ordered experimental sessions. Each session consisted of pre- and
post-fatigue bipedal static postural control measurements immediately before and after a designated fatiguing protocol for
plantar-flexor and finger-flexor muscles. Centre of foot pressure (CoP) displacements were recorded using a force platform.
The results showed that the postural effects of localised muscle fatigue differed between the muscles targeted by the fatiguing
procedures. Indeed, localised muscle fatigue of the plantar-flexors yielded increased CoP displacements, whereas localised
muscle fatigue of the finger-flexors had no significant effect on the CoP displacements. In other words, fatigue localised
to muscles which are involved in the performance of the postural task (plantar-flexors) degraded postural control, whereas
fatigue localised to muscles which are not involved in the performance of the postural task did not. Taken together, the present
findings support the recent conclusions that the effects of localised muscle fatigue on upright postural control is joint-
and/or muscle-specific, and suggest that localised muscles fatigue of the plantar-flexors could mainly affect bipedal postural
control via sensorimotor rather than cognitive processes. 相似文献
6.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of a modification of an intrinsic capacity (plantar flexor strength) on the implementation of in-phase and anti-phase mode of coordination. Analysis of hip and ankle relative phases during fore-aft tracking task was done before and after an electromyostimulation fatigue protocol on the soleus muscles. Results showed participants used exclusively in-phase and anti-phase modes of coordination, with a sudden switch from one to the other with target frequency increase. Regarding tracking tasks, fatigue induces a decrease of performance for lower frequencies, and a significant decrease of switch frequency (−0.08 Hz) for each subject. In conclusion, changes in mode of coordination implementation suggest that the in-phase mode implementation is highly linked to the strength production capacity at the ankle joint. 相似文献
7.
Rougier P 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2005,165(2):193-202
Fourteen healthy adults were tested to assess the potential influence on stance maintenance of two parts of the visual feedback technique (display scale and time delay). The task consisted in their keeping a spot on the screen representing their center of pressure, CoP (i.e. successive points of application of the ground reaction forces detected by the force platform on which they were standing) to a minimum size. The analysis focused on elementary motions computed from the complex CoP trajectories, that is the horizontal motion of the center of gravity (CoGh) and the difference between the CoP and the vertical projection of the center of gravity (CoP–CoGv). The former is recognized as the main variable in postural control, and several interesting features can be extracted from the latter. The results indicate that setting a delay and increasing the display scale induce substantial reductions in CoP–CoGv and CoGh displacements, respectively. Interestingly, when the two effects are combined, these single effects cohabit quite happily. Fractional Brownian motion modeling of these trajectories revealed clearly that, in each case, these effects originate principally from poor or improved control, respectively. This feature confirms that these elementary motions are involved differently in the postural system and that study of the complex CoP might not be of great interest. By generating opposing but complementary trends, the visual feedback technique should thus be perceived as a promising tool for inducing particular postural behavior in healthy and disabled individuals. 相似文献
8.
The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of cervical muscular fatigue on postural control during quiet standing under different conditions of reliability and/or availability of somatosensory inputs from the plantar soles and the ankles and visual information. To this aim, 14 young healthy adults were asked to sway as little as possible in three sensory conditions (No vision, No vision-Foam support and Vision) executed in two conditions of No fatigue and Fatigue of the scapula elevator muscles. Centre of foot pressure (CoP) displacements were recorded using a force platform. Results showed that (1) the cervical muscular fatigue yielded increased CoP displacements in the absence of vision, (2) this effect was more accentuated when somatosensation was degraded by standing on a foam surface and (3) the availability of vision allowed the individuals to suppress this destabilising effect. On the whole, these findings not only stress the importance of intact cervical neuromuscular function on postural control during quiet standing, but also suggest a reweigthing of sensory cues in balance control following cervical muscular fatigue by increasing the reliance on the somatosensory inputs from the plantar soles and the ankles and visual information. 相似文献
9.
Buchanan JJ Horak FB 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2001,139(4):482-494
In this study, we examined flexibility in postural coordination by inducing transitions between postural patterns. Previous
work demonstrated that the postural control system produces two task-specific postural patterns as a function of the frequency
of support surface translation. For slow translation frequencies (<0.5 Hz), subjects ride on the platform reminiscent of upright stance (ride pattern), and for fast frequencies (≥0.75 Hz) subjects actively fixed the head and trunk in space (head fixed pattern) during anterior-posterior platform motion. To study the adaptation of the postural control system, we had subjects
stand on a support surface undergoing increases (from 0.2 to 1.0 Hz in 0.1-Hz steps) and decreases (from 1.0 to 0.2 Hz in
0.1-Hz steps) in translation frequency with the eyes open and closed. Kinematic measures of sagittal plane body motion revealed
a gradual transition between these two postural patterns as a function of frequency scaling. In both the increasing and decreasing
frequency conditions with visual input, center of mass displacements gradually decreased and increased, respectively, whereas
upper-trunk (and head) displacement decreased gradually within the ride pattern until a head fixed pattern was observed without
any significant changes in displacement for translation frequencies at and above 0.6 Hz. Without visual input, the scaling
of the ride pattern was similar except the transition to the head fixed pattern never emerged with increasing frequency; instead,
a less stable pattern exhibiting slow drift in head-trunk anterior-posterior motion (drift pattern) was observed at and above 0.5 Hz oscillations. The stability of the head fixed pattern at fast frequencies was clearly
dependent on visual input suggesting that vision was more critical for trunk and head control in space at high than low translation
frequencies. Head velocity was kept constant, and lower with vision, as translation frequency (and velocity) changed suggesting
a head velocity threshold constraint across postural patterns. The gradual transition from the ride to the head fixed pattern
was made possible by the recruitment of available degrees of freedom in the form of ankle, then knee, and then hip joint motion.
In turn, the transition from the head fixed or drift pattern was made possible by the gradual suppression of available degrees
of freedom in the form of reducing hip, then knee, and then ankle motion. The gradual change in postural kinematics without
instabilities and hysteresis suggests that the ability to recruit and suppress biomechanical degrees of freedom allows the
postural control system to gradually change postural strategies without suffering a loss of stability. The results are discussed
in light of possible self-organizing mechanisms in the multisensory control of posture.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
10.
Isableu B Vuillerme N 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2006,174(4):763-768
The purpose of the present experiment was to identify whether non-visual sensory cues involved in the maintenance of balance control could be weighted differently from one subject to another in condition during which kinaesthetic signals, stemming from the ankle proprioceptors and plantar pressure somatosensory sensors, were altered. A large population of blindfolded healthy young university students (n = 140) were asked to sway as little as possible on: (1) a firm support (Firm condition) and (2) an unstable support used to impair the exploitation of the kinematic ankle proprioceptive and plantar pressure somatosensation (Foam condition). Centre of foot pressure (CoP) displacements were recorded using a force platform. Analyses of the surface area, range, and mean velocity of the CoP displacements showed significant negative correlations between the postural sway observed in the Firm condition and the increase in postural sway observed in the Foam condition. In other words, the alteration of ankle proprioception had a greater destabilising effect in subjects exhibiting the smallest CoP displacements when standing in a normal proprioception condition. The present findings suggest that the exploitation of the kinaesthetic relationships to postural control varied from one subject to another, hence evidencing the need to introduce differential approach to assess the general impact of preferential modes of spatial referencing in postural control. 相似文献
11.
A. J. Matthews F. H. Martin M. Garry J. J. Summers 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2009,198(4):477-487
The difficulty of a visual three stimulus and a bimanual coordination task was manipulated by varying discrimination difficulty
(easy, hard) and coordination mode (in-phase, anti-phase) respectively. Electroencephalographic activity was recorded from
32 sites whilst participants (n = 16) completed four dual-task conditions in counterbalanced order. Longer reaction time and lower accuracy were found for
the hard relative to the easy visual task and, for the hard visual task, accuracy was lower under anti-phase relative to in-phase
conditions. Amplitude and latency of event-related potential components P3a and P3b were recorded and measured. There was
a reduction in P3b amplitude and increase in P3a amplitude for the hard visual task overall and a further reduction in frontal
P3b amplitude under the more demanding anti-phase condition. For the easy visual task, however, P3b and P3a amplitude were
greater under the anti-phase relative to in-phase coordination condition at left hemisphere frontal sites. These findings
suggest that the attentional cost of stabilising anti-phase bimanual coordination is largely associated with top-down automatic
processes subserved by the frontal attentional network. 相似文献
12.
Agathe Legrand Emmanuel Bui Quoc Sylvette Wiener VacherJérôme Ribot Nicolas LebasChantal Milleret Maria Pia Bucci 《Neuroscience letters》2011,501(2):96-101
The purpose of this study was to examine the postural control in children with strabismus before and after eye surgery. Control of posture is a complex multi-sensorial process relying on visual, vestibular and proprioceptive systems. Reduced influence of one of such systems leads to postural adaptation due to a compensation of one of the other systems [3]. Nine children with strabismus (4-8 years old) participated in the study. Ophthalmologic, orthoptic, vestibular and postural tests were done before and twice (2 and 8 weeks) after eye surgery. Postural stability was measured by a platform (TechnoConcept): two components of the optic flux were used for stimulation (contraction and expansion) and two conditions were tested eyes open and eyes closed. The surface area of the center of pressure (CoP), the variance of speed of the CoP and the frequency spectrum of the platform oscillations by fast Fourier transformation were analysed. Before surgery, similar to typically developing children, postural stability was better in the eyes open condition. The frequency analysis revealed that for the low frequency band more energy was spent in the antero-posterior direction compared to the medio-lateral one while the opposite occurred for the middle and the high frequency bands. After surgery, the eye deviation was reduced in all children and their postural stability also improved. However, the energy of the high frequency band in the medio-lateral direction increased significantly. These findings suggest that eye surgery influences somatosensory properties of extra-ocular muscles leading to improvement of postural control and that binocular visual perception could influence the whole body. 相似文献
13.
The aim of this work is to determine whether postural sway can be well described by nonlinear deterministic modelling. Since
the results of nonlinear analysis depend on experimental data processing, emphasis was given to the assessment of a proper
methodology to process posturographic data. Centre of Pressure (CoP) anterior-posterior (AP) displacements (stabilogram) were
obtained by static posturography tests performed on control subjects. A nonlinear determinism test was applied to investigate
the nature of data. A nonlinear filtering method allowed us to estimate properly the parameters of the nonlinear model without
altering signal dynamics. The largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE) was estimated to quantify the chaotic behaviour of postural
sway. LLE values were found to be positive although close to zero. This suggests that postural sway derives from a process
exhibiting weakly chaotic dynamics. 相似文献
14.
Vuillerme N Chenu O Pinsault N Boisgontier M Demongeot J Payan Y 《Neuroscience letters》2007,421(2):173-177
The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate whether the sensory weighting of a plantar pressure-based, tongue-placed tactile biofeedback for controlling posture could be subject to inter-individual variability. To achieve this goal, 60 young healthy adults were asked to stand as immobile as possible with their eyes closed in two conditions of No-biofeedback and Biofeedback. Centre of foot pressure (CoP) displacements were recorded using a force platform. Overall, results showed reduced CoP displacements in the Biofeedback relative to the No-biofeedback condition, evidencing the ability of the central nervous system to efficiently integrate an artificial plantar-based, tongue-placed tactile biofeedback for controlling posture during quiet standing. Results further showed a significant positive correlation between the CoP displacements measured in the No-biofeedback condition and the decrease in the CoP displacements induced by the use of the biofeedback. In other words, the degree of postural stabilization appeared to depend on each subject's balance control capabilities, the biofeedback yielding a greater stabilizing effect in subjects exhibiting the largest CoP displacements when standing in the No-biofeedback condition. On the whole, by evidencing a significant inter-individual variability in sensory weighting of an additional tactile information related to foot sole pressure distribution for controlling posture, the present findings underscore the need and the necessity to address the issue of inter-individual variability in the field of neuroscience. 相似文献
15.
Centre of foot pressure (CoP) measures, computed from a force platform, are commonly used to assess individual's postural control during unperturbed stance. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the number of trial recordings on the test-retest reliability of CoP measures and to determine the optimum number of trial recordings required to maximise their test-retest reliability. Ten young healthy adults were asked to stand upright, eyes closed, as still as possible on a force platform allowing measuring the CoP displacements. Two sessions of ten 30s trials were performed with 1h rest in between. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95% confidence interval and Bland and Altman analysis were used as statistical method for assessing test-retest reliability of CoP measures. These analyses were conducted on both (1) non-normalized CoP measures and (2) CoP measures normalized relative to the subjects' anthropometric properties (height, weight and body mass index). Results show that ICCs generally increase as the number of trials used to compute CoP measures increases. Interestingly, three 30s trial recordings are sufficient to ensure excellent test-retest reliability of 12 CoP measures widely employed in clinical practice, namely two-dimensional CoP parameters (surface area, range, mean and maximal velocities of the CoP displacements) and one-dimensional mediolateral and anteroposterior CoP parameters (variance, range, mean and maximal velocities). The present findings could have implications in clinical and rehabilitative areas. 相似文献
16.
Vuillerme N Isableu B Nougier V 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2006,169(2):232-236
The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate whether and how using a light fingertip touch for postural control during quiet standing requires additional attentional demands. Nine young healthy university students were asked to respond as rapidly as possible to an unpredictable auditory stimulus while maintaining stable seated and upright postures in three sensory conditions: vision, no-vision and no-vision/touch. Touch condition involved a gentle light touch with the right index finger on a nearby surface at waist height. Center of foot pressure (CoP) displacements were recorded using a force platform. Reaction times (RTs) values were used as an index of the attentional demand necessary for calibrating the postural system. Results showed decreased CoP displacements in both the vision and no-vision/touch conditions relative to the no-vision condition. More interestingly, a longer RT in the no-vision/touch than in the vision and no-vision conditions was observed. The present findings suggest that the ability to use a light fingertip touch as a source of sensory information to improve postural control during quiet standing is attention demanding. 相似文献
17.
Manijeh Soleimanifar Mahyar Salavati Behnam Akhbari Mojgan Moghadam 《European journal of applied physiology》2012,112(10):3495-3502
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of unilateral muscle fatigue induced on the hip flexors/extensors or the ankle plantar/dorsiflexors on unipedal postural stability under different visual conditions. Twenty-four healthy young women completed 2 testing sessions 1?week apart with a randomized order assigned according to the muscles tested. During each session, one set of muscle groups was fatigued using isokinetic contractions: ankle plantar/dorsi flexors or hip flexor/extensors. Postural stability was assessed during trials of unilateral stance on a force plate before and after the fatigue protocol. 10?s into the trial, subjects were asked to close their eyes. Mean velocity, the area of the 95% confidence ellipse, and standard deviation of velocity in anteroposterior and mediolateral directions of center of pressure displacements were calculated for two periods of 5?s, immediately before and 1?s after the eyes closure. The results of the repeated measures ANOVAs showed a significant fatigue-by-fatigue segment by visual condition interaction for the CoP parameters. When the vision was removed, the interaction between fatigue and fatigue segment was significant for the CoP parameters. In conclusion, fatigue in both proximal and distal musculature of the lower extremity yielded decreased postural stability during unipedal quiet standing in healthy young women. This effect was more accentuated when visual information was eliminated. Withdrawing vision following fatigue to the proximal musculature, led to a significantly greater impairment of postural stability compared to the fatigue of more distal muscles. 相似文献
18.
Ji-Hyun Ko John H. Challis Karl M. Newell 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2013,226(2):183-191
This study investigated the organization of postural coordination patterns as a function of the rhythmical dynamics of the surface of support. We examined how the number and nature of the dynamical degrees of freedom in the movement coordination patterns changed as a function of the amplitude and frequency of support surface motion. Young adult subjects stood on a moving platform that was translated sinusoidally in anterior-posterior (AP) direction with the task goal to maintain upright bipedal postural balance. A force platform measured the kinetics at the surface of support and a 3D motion analysis system recorded torso and joint kinematics. Principal components analysis (PCA) identified four components overall, but increasing the average velocity of the support surface reduced the modal number of components of the postural coordination pattern from three to two. The analysis of joint motion loadings on the components revealed that organizational properties of the postural pattern also changed as a function of platform dynamics. PC1 (61.6–73.2 %) was accounted for by ankle, knee, and hip motion at the lowest velocity conditions, but as the velocity increased, ankle and hip variance dominated. In PC2 (24.2–20.2 %), the contribution of knee motion significantly increased while that of ankle motion decreased. In PC3 (9.7–5.1 %) neck motion contributed significantly at the highest velocity condition. Collectively, the findings show that the amplitude and frequency of the motion of the surface of support maps redundantly though preferentially to a small set of postural coordination patterns. The higher platform average velocities led to a reduction in the number of dynamical degrees of freedom of the coordination mode and different weightings of joint motion contributions to each component. 相似文献
19.
Hay L Redon C 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2001,139(2):224-232
We studied the development of the coordination between posture and movement by analyzing the shifts of the center of pressure
(CoP) associated with arm raising. Three groups of children aged 3–5 years, 6–8 years, and 9–10 years and an adult group were
tested. The subjects were required to raise their arms to the horizontal position while standing still, with their hands free
or loaded (5% of the body weight). The arm movements were recorded by a TV-image processor, and the changes in position of
the CoP were measured by a force platform and analyzed before, during, and after the arm movement. The data show that the
CoP moved forward during arm raising, that additional load induced a greater shift in all age groups, and that the relative
amplitude of the shift decreased with age. The greatest changes occurred between ages 3–5 years and 6–8 years. The pre- and
postmovement CoP shift suggests qualitative changes in the postural adaptation to movement between these two age groups: the
anticipatory postural adjustments moved from a supporting function to a compensatory function, yielding an increasing functional
convergence between the feedforward and the feedback modes of postural control, and an increasing rapidness in recovering
postural stability after arm movement. The postural behavior shown by the 9- to 10-year-old children and by the adults in
the arms-free condition suggests an increased tolerance to unbalance when postural oscillations do not jeopardize static equilibrium.
Electronic Publication 相似文献