老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭病人肺部真菌感染危险因素分析

目的探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性加重合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭病人肺部真菌感染的危险因素。方法以2014年10月至2016年7月我院收治的110例老年COPD急性加重合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭病人为研究对象,调查病人合并肺部真菌感染的发生率,依据病人是否合并肺部真菌感染将其分为感染组及未感染组,比较2组一般资料,采用多因素Logistic回归进一步探究影响病人肺部真菌感染的高危因素。结果 110例老年COPD急性加重合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭病人中有50例病人合并肺部真菌感染,肺部真菌感染率为45.45%;感染组COPD分级(3、4级)、合并糖尿病、使用糖皮质激素、长期使用抗菌药物、既往有机械通气、既往有侵入性操作百分比以及住院时间显著高于未感染组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素Logistic分析显示合并糖尿病、使用糖皮质激素、长期使用抗菌药物、既往有机械通气及侵入性操作是老年COPD急性加重合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭病人肺部真菌感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论老年COPD急性加重合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭病人合并肺部真菌感染发生率较高,而合并糖尿病、使用糖皮质激素、长期使用抗菌药物、既往有机械通气及侵入性操作为其独立危险因素,临床可据此为病人实施合理的防治措施。     

慢阻肺患者继发肺部真菌感染的危险因素及其痰培养结果分析

目的分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者继发肺部真菌感染的危险因素及其痰培养结果。方法回顾性分析41例COPD继发肺部真菌感染的患者(研究组)和60例未发生肺部真菌感染的COPD患者(对照组)的临床资料,比较研究组的病原菌构成及耐药情况;通过多因素Logistic回归分析COPD患者继发肺部真菌感染的危险因素。结果研究组检出324株真菌,以白色念珠菌较常见(占63.58%)。分离菌对两性霉素B的耐药率较低(1.46%),而白色念珠菌对氟康唑等其它4种抗真菌药物的耐药性为1.46%~3.88%。研究组患者的年龄,合并肺源性心脏病、糖尿病、呼吸衰竭及机械通气的比例,抗菌药物和激素使用时间、ICU住院时间及血清白蛋白水平与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示:高龄,合并肺源性心脏病、糖尿病、呼吸衰竭,机械通气,长期使用抗菌药物和激素及ICU住院时间长均是COPD患者继发肺部真菌感染的危险因素(P0.05),而血清白蛋白增高是COPD患者继发肺部真菌感染的保护性因素(P0.05)。结论 COPD患者继发肺部感染的真菌以白色念珠菌多见,两性霉素B治疗COPD继发肺部真菌感染的耐药率低。COPD患者发生继发肺部真菌感染的危险因素涉及高龄,合并肺源性心脏病、糖尿病、呼吸衰竭等多个方面。临床上应重视对上述危险因素的干预,提高真菌性肺炎的防治效果。     

COPD并发呼吸衰竭患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原学特点分析

目的分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)并发呼吸衰竭患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的病原学特点、危险因素及对策。 方法选择2018年2月至2020年2月我院收治的97例COPD并发呼吸衰竭患者,根据CAP发生情况分为感染组43例,非感染组54例。分析COPD并发呼吸衰竭患者CAP的病原菌分布,多因素Logistic回归分析COPD并发呼吸衰竭患者CAP发生的危险因素。 结果感染组43例送检标本,病原菌检出31株,其中G^- 19例(61.29%),真菌3例(9.68%),G⁺ 9例(29.03%);两组年龄、血清白蛋白、卧床、留置导管、APACHE Ⅱ评分、机械通气时间、再插管、肺部基础疾病、使用抗菌药物2种以上、并发糖尿病,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素非条件Logistic回归显示,年龄、血清白蛋白、卧床、留置导管、APACHE Ⅱ评分、机械通气时间、再插管、肺部基础疾病、使用抗菌药物2种以上、并发糖尿病均是COPD并发呼吸衰竭患者CAP发生的危险因素(P<0.05)。 结论COPD并发呼吸衰竭患者CAP是多种因素,病原菌以G^-为主。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者口腔真菌感染的影响因素

目的 研究老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者口腔真菌感染的影响因素.方法 826例老年COPD患者临床资料,将其中62例发生口腔真菌感染纳入观察组,将764例未发生口腔真菌感染的患者纳入对照组,设计一般资料调查表,详细记录所有患者的性别、年龄、病程、表面激素吸入时间、抗菌药物使用种类、抗菌药物使用时间、静脉使用糖皮质激素时间、抗生素使用时间、侵入性操作、住院时间和糖尿病史等资料,经单因素和多因素分析老年COPD患者口腔真菌感染的影响因素.结果 62例发生口腔真菌感染的老年COPD患者中,13例感染曲霉菌,38例感染假丝酵母菌,11例感染毛霉菌;764例未见感染;经非条件多项Logistic回归分析证实,抗菌药物使用时间≥7 d、静脉使用糖皮质激素时间≥7 d、抗生素使用时间≥7 d、存在侵入性操作、住院时间≥15 d及糖尿病史可能是老年COPD患者口腔真菌感染的危险因素(均P<0.05).结论 抗菌药物使用时间≥7d、静脉使用糖皮质激素时间≥7d、抗生素使用时间≥7d、存在侵入性操作、住院时间≥15d及糖尿病史可能会增加老年COPD患者口腔真菌感染的发生风险,故临床应针对上述风险因素进行相应预防措施.     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病继发肺真菌病的危险因素研究

目的分析并探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者继发肺部真菌感染的危险因素,从而为更好地降低真菌感染率提供预防措施。方法选取2010年3月至2014年3月,我院接受治疗的老年COPD患者86例。根据患者是否继发肺真菌感染将其分为感染组与非感染组,分别为46例和40例,回顾性分析2组患者临床资料,分析并探讨2组患者间差异,利用单因素分析与多因素分析方法进一步探讨继发肺真菌感染的高危因素。结果感染组糖尿病人数占23.91%,机械通气人数占45.65%,呼吸衰竭人数占63.04%,激素使用人数占84.78%,营养不良人数占50.00%,各项指标均明显高于非感染组(P0.05)。感染组抗菌药物使用时间(18.32±3.78)d,明显高于非感染组(P0.05);感染组白蛋白含量(31.34±4.54)g/L,明显低于非感染组(P0.05)。COPD患者继发肺部真菌感染与低白蛋白血症、呼吸衰竭、机械通气相关。结论分析老年COPD患者继发肺部真菌感染的危险因素,对探讨有效的预防措施、降低感染率有重要意义。     

COPD患者并发真菌感染的临床特点、危险因素及治疗效果分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者并发真菌感染的临床特点、危险因素和治疗效果。方法临床确诊COPD患者438例,采集血液、尿液、痰液、粪便等标本进行真菌培养检查,分析真菌感染发生率,感染部位、感染真菌种类及构成情况;调查COPD患者的相关临床资料,通过多因素Logistic回归分析法分析并发真菌感染的危险因素。对真菌感染者进行相应抗真菌治疗,观察治疗效果。结果 COPD患者并发真菌感染率为4.34%, 52.63%为呼吸道真菌感染。共检出真菌29株,其中17株(占58.62%)为白色假丝酵母菌。多因素Logistic回归分析法分析显示,侵入性操作、抗生素使用时间≥2周、累计使用糖皮质激素500 mg为COPD并发真菌感染的危险因素(均P0.05)。感染真菌的COPD患者给予抗真菌治疗,总有效率为68.42%,不良反应发生率为21.05%。结论呼吸道是COPD患者并发真菌感染的主要部位,白色假丝酵母菌是常见致病性真菌,侵入性操作、长期使用抗生素及过量使用糖皮质激素等为COPD患者发生真菌感染的风险因素,应引起高度重视。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者肺部真菌感染的影响因素研究

目的分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者肺部真菌感染的影响因素。方法选取2011年5月—2013年7月新疆医科大学第六附属医院收治的AECOPD继发肺部真菌感染患者73例作为试验组,另选择同期收治的AECOPD未继发肺部真菌感染患者80例作为对照组。比较两组患者临床资料,AECOPD患者肺部真菌感染的影响因素分析采用多因素Logistic回归分析。结果本组73例继发肺部真菌感染患者共培养出真菌115株,其中白假丝酵母菌63株,占54.78%;其他假丝酵母菌31株,占26.96%;曲霉菌21株,占18.26%。两组患者性别和肾功能不全发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);试验组患者年龄大于对照组,肺源性心脏病、糖尿病、呼吸衰竭发生率及行机械通气者所占比例高于对照组,抗生素使用时间、激素使用时间及入住ICU时间长于对照组,清蛋白水平低于对照组(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄[OR=1.036,95%CI(1.021,1.050)]、肺源性心脏病[OR=1.096,95%CI(1.079,1.114)]、糖尿病[OR=3.177,95%CI(2.340,6.437)]、呼吸衰竭[OR=1.070,95%CI(1.040,1.102)]、抗生素使用时间[OR=4.059,95%CI(2.273,7.250)]、激素使用时间[OR=3.725,95%CI(2.061,6.733)]、入住ICU时间[OR=1.040,95%CI(1.020,1.059)]及机械通气[OR=3.380,95%CI(1.878,6.086)]是AECOPD患者肺部真菌感染的危险因素,清蛋白水平[OR=0.903,95%CI(0.868,0.939)]是AECOPD患者肺部真菌感染的保护因素(P0.05)。结论 AECOPD患者肺部真菌感染的主要致病菌是白假丝酵母菌,且年龄、肺源性心脏病、糖尿病、呼吸衰竭、抗生素使用时间、激素使用时间、入住ICU时间、机械通气及清蛋白水平是AECOPD患者继发肺部真菌感染的影响因素,应引起临床重视。     

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目的分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者院内肺部真菌感染的危险因素。方法采用病例对照研究方法,收集2000-01～2003-06在重庆医科大学附属第一医院肺科住院期间院内肺部真菌感染的COPD患者44例,并随机选择同期住院的无肺部真菌感染COPD患者44例作为对照,采用单因素(t检验,χ2检验)及多因素Logistic回归进行分析。结果对44例COPD患者院内肺部真菌感染单因素分析发现,下列因素与COPD患者院内肺部真菌感染有关长期使用广谱抗生素,长期使用糖皮质激素,低蛋白血症,机械通气,合并糖尿病,合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭。但多因素Logistic回归分析确定了4项独立危险因素长期使用广谱抗生素,低蛋白血症,机械通气,合并糖尿病。结论长期使用广谱抗生素,低蛋白血症,机械通气,合并糖尿病是COPD患者院内肺部真菌感染的危险因素。     

COPD患者并发真菌感染的临床特点、危险因素及治疗效果分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者并发真菌感染的临床特点、危险因素和治疗效果。方法临床确诊COPD患者438例,采集血液、尿液、痰液、粪便等标本进行真菌培养检查,分析真菌感染发生率,感染部位、感染真菌种类及构成情况;调查COPD患者的相关临床资料,通过多因素Logistic回归分析法分析并发真菌感染的危险因素。对真菌感染者进行相应抗真菌治疗,观察治疗效果。结果 COPD患者并发真菌感染率为4.34%, 52.63%为呼吸道真菌感染。共检出真菌29株,其中17株(占58.62%)为白色假丝酵母菌。多因素Logistic回归分析法分析显示,侵入性操作、抗生素使用时间≥2周、累计使用糖皮质激素>500 mg为COPD并发真菌感染的危险因素(均P<0.05)。感染真菌的COPD患者给予抗真菌治疗,总有效率为68.42%,不良反应发生率为21.05%。结论呼吸道是COPD患者并发真菌感染的主要部位,白色假丝酵母菌是常见致病性真菌,侵入性操作、长期使用抗生素及过量使用糖皮质激素等为COPD患者发生真菌感染的风险因素,应引起高度重视。     

COPD继发肺部真菌感染的易患因素分析

目的探讨COPD患者继发肺部真菌感染的易感因素。方法分析COPD继发肺部真菌感染患者(真菌感染组,n=80例)和COPD未继发肺部真菌感染患者(对照组,n=80例)的病例资料,对比分析两组患者一般情况。结果 COPD患者继发肺部真菌感染与长期使用抗生素和糖皮质激素、机械通气、低蛋白血症、并发糖尿病并发症和Ⅱ型呼衰有明显的相关性(P<0.05);长期使用抗生素、机械通气、合并糖尿病并发症和低蛋白血症均为COPD继发肺部真菌感染的独立危险因素。结论合理使用抗生素和激素,减少不必要的侵入性操作,加强全身营养支持,积极治疗糖尿病并发症,可有效降低COPD继发肺部真菌感染的发生率。     

肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术后再灌注肺水肿的进展

肺血栓栓塞症是一种常见、多发且病死率和致残率高的疾病。大多数急性肺动脉血栓栓塞经及时的溶栓抗凝等治疗和 (或 )自身的纤溶系统能将血栓不同程度地溶解 ,另有0 1%～ 0 2 %的患者因血栓在急性期未能溶解或栓塞反复发生进而发展成慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压。慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压溶栓无效 ,抗凝、扩血管治疗效果不佳 ,其病理过程多呈进行性加重或稳定一段时间后再次加重 ,自然预后差。肺动脉平均压 >3 0ｍｍＨｇ(1ｍｍＨｇ =0 13 3ｋＰａ)的慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压患者 5年生存率为 3 0 % ,肺动脉平均压 >5 0ｍｍＨｇ者仅为 10 %。肺动脉血…     

Chronic pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension

Incomplete resolution of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is frequently observed after acute PE and may rarely result in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). The underlying pathophysiological mechanism is largely unknown. Evidence underlines the concept of a dual pulmonary vascular compartment model consisting of increased pulmonary vascular resistance by both large vessel obstruction and distal small vessel obliteration, the latter initiated by pathological vascular remodeling. Up to 40% of patients with established CTEPH have no prior history of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. CTEPH is associated with a poor prognosis if left untreated. Therefore, the diagnostic approach of CTEPH aims at assessing the location and extent of the embolic obstruction, establishing the operability and prognosis of the patients and ruling out other variations of pulmonary hypertension with distinct indicated treatment. Heart catheterization for invasive pressure measurements and pulmonary catheter angiography is obligatory for the final diagnosis. Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy is the treatment of choice. In certain patients with persistent or recurrent pulmonary hypertension after surgery or with inoperable disease, pharmacotherapy might be beneficial.     

Retrograde pulmonary perfusion improves results in pulmonary embolectomy for massive pulmonary embolism

Mortality rates for pulmonary embolectomy in patients with acute massive pulmonary embolism have decreased in recent years. However, they still range from 30% to 45% when the surgery is performed on critically ill patients, and the rates reach 60% in patients who have experienced cardiac arrest before the procedure. The causes of death in these patients are generally attributed to right heart failure due to persistent pulmonary hypertension, intractable pulmonary edema, and massive parenchymal and intrabronchial hemorrhage. Clinical and experimental findings indicate that venous air embolism causes severe or even lethal damage to the pulmonary microvasculature and the lung parenchyma consequent to the release of endothelium-derived cytokines. These findings are similar to those observed when severely compromised patients undergo pulmonary embolectomy-air entrapped in the pulmonary artery during embolectomy can lead to fatal outcomes.Besides enabling the removal of residual thrombotic material from the peripheral branches of the pulmonary artery, retrograde pulmonary perfusion fills the pulmonary artery with blood and prevents pulmonary air embolism. In this retrospective study, we analyzed a series of 21 consecutive critically ill patients in whom we applied retrograde pulmonary perfusion while performing standard pulmonary embolectomy. No patient died or experienced major postoperative complications. We believe that the use of retrograde pulmonary perfusion decreases morbidity and mortality rates associated with pulmonary embolectomy in critically ill patients.     

Residual pulmonary thromboemboli after acute pulmonary embolism

BackgroundAfter an acute pulmonary embolism (PE), the complete resolution of thromboemboli may not be routinely achieved. The rate of persistence may depend on the time and the diagnostic technique used for evaluation.Patients and methodsPatients were diagnosed with acute PE by means of computed tomography angiography (CTA). While they were receiving anticoagulant therapy, a second CTA was used to explore the rate of persistence of residual thromboemboli. During the initial episode, the plasma levels of Troponin I and natriuretic peptide, patient demographics, and hemodynamic and gas exchange data were evaluated as risk factors for persistence of pulmonary thromboemboli.ResultsIn this study 166 patients were diagnosed. A second CTA was not made in 46 (28%) patients for different reasons. In 120 (72%) patients a second CTA was made 4.5 [SD2.34] months after the initial episode (range 2–12 months). Complete clearance of thrombi occurred in 89 (74%, 95% CI 65–81) patients. Residual thrombi remained in 31 (26%, 95% CI 18–34) patients. In 6%, 13% and 81% of the patients the size of the residual thrombi was greater, similar to and smaller than initially diagnosed, respectively.The risk factors for residual thrombi included the thrombotic burden (OR 1.95), the alveolar to arterial difference of oxygen (OR 1.64), and the clinical antecedents of venous thromboembolic disease (OR 0.65).ConclusionsAfter 4.5 months of anticoagulant therapy, residual pulmonary thromboemboli persisted in 26% of the patients. The risk factors for residual thromboemboli include a greater initial thrombotic burden, a deeper gas exchange disturbation and a history of previous venous thromboembolism.     

Acute pulmonary embolism and pulmonary infarction]

32 cases of pulmonary embolism were reported, 18 cases had been autopsied (massive pulmonary embolism 9 cases. moderate pulmonary embolism 23 cases). The incidence risk factors pathogenesis, clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism were presented. The relation between pulmonary embolism and pulmonary infarction and treatment of massive pulmonary infarction were discussed.     

Reperfusion pulmonary edema after pulmonary artery thromboendarterectomy

Pulmonary artery thromboendarterectomy (PAT) is a potentially curative procedure in chronic, major vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. However, postoperative reperfusion pulmonary edema (RPE) has been a serious complication, often requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. This entity has been described only anecdotally in the past. To characterize it more fully, we retrospectively analyzed the course and potential determinants of RPE after thromboendarterectomy in 22 patients who had PAT at our institution from 1969 through 1984. Particular attention was directed to clinical data, thrombus location, areas operated, postoperative roentgenograms, and preoperative and postoperative hemodynamic data. In all patients but 1, RPE developed within 72 h after surgery, corresponding to anatomic locations distal to vessels subjected to PAT. Regions of lung not reperfused at surgery were uniformly spared. Pulmonary capillary wedge and/or left atrial pressures preoperatively and postoperatively were not elevated. None of the preoperative data predicted which patients would develop more persistent RPE. These observations suggest that the phenomenon of RPE is a peculiar, focal form of pulmonary edema, the basis for which remains to be defined.     

Nitroglycerin-responsive pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is an uncommon disease found predominantly in pediatric patients. It can produce severe chronic pulmonary injury that results in chronic hypoxemia, pulmonary insufficiency, and progressive pulmonary fibrosis, leading to irreversible pulmonary hypertension and death. We studied the pulmonary hemodynamics in an 9-yr-old boy with IPH to determine if pulmonary hypertension contributed to exacerbations of this disease. Our results showed that this patient demonstrated pulmonary hypertension during acute exacerbations. Initially, the elevated pulmonary artery pressure responded both to oxygen and to a pulmonary vasodilator in the form of nitroglycerin. However, this improvement was not sustained. We conclude that pulmonary hypertension is probably a result of chronic hypoxemia experienced by patients with pulmonary hemosiderosis. Further investigation is warranted to assess whether or not intervention aimed at reducing pulmonary artery pressure in IPH improves outcome.     

Primary pulmonary artery sarcoma mimicking pulmonary thromboembolism

A 69-year-old woman presenting with dyspnea had a pericardial window created for fibrinous pericarditis. The patient subsequently developed pulmonary hypertension and a ventilation perfusion scan was compatible with pulmonary thromboembolism. A primary tumour of the pulmonary artery was suggested by angiography, computerized axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Pathology confirmed a spindle cell pulmonary artery sarcoma.