原位肝移植术中结扎门体分流静脉的临床研究

目的 通过原位肝移植术中结扎经CT确认的粗大的门体分流静脉,探讨结扎该分流静脉的临床意义.方法 根据天津市第一中心医院移植外科2007年1月1日至2008年8月1日原位肝移植术前三维CT检杳35例中,12例无门体分流静脉,23例存在明确的门体分流静脉,并应用门静脉血流仪在术中行门静脉血流量测定,根据测量结果,其中7例未行分流静脉结扎,16例行门体分流静脉结扎.结果 本组中12例无门体静脉分流者的门静脉血流量是(1101±70)ml/min.23例有门体分流静脉中,7例门静脉血流量>1000 ml/min者未行分流静脉结扎,16例血流馈<1000 ml/min者行分流静脉结扎.16例结扎前后门静脉血流量分别是(657±112) ml/min和(1136±161) ml/min,结扎前后门静脉血流量相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).本组23例均获得随访,其中19例正常存活,移植物功能良好,血流正常.有2例术后门静脉血栓复发(经抗凝治疗后好转),其中1例出现间断性意识障碍,血氨水平波动在126～194 mmol/L之间,给予降血氨治疗后好转.2例在术后3个月内死亡,其中1例在术后1.5个月因肺部曲霉菌感染导致呼吸功能衰竭死亡,另1例在术后2个月因移植物功能不良导致肝功能衰竭而死亡. 结论原位肝移植术中结合三维CT扫描血管重建及血流动力学数据,结扎门体分流静脉是有意义的.     

Noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis. Physiology before and after shunts.

Controversy exists concerning the proper therapy for bleeding gastroesophageal varices secondary to noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis. Disparity of opinion exists regarding the significance of hepatic portal blood flow and the consequences of total portal-systemic shunts in this condition. One patient is presented who developed severe, crippling encephalopathy 20 years after a central splenorenal shunt. This was associated with loss of portal flow to the liver and marked nitrogen intolerance. Closure of the shunt resulted in restoration of hepatic portal flow via collateral veins (HPI 0.36), clearance of encephalopathy and return to near normal protein tolerance. An additional patient was studied with hyperammonemia and early suggestive signs of encephalopathy eight years following a mesocaval shunt. Four patients were evaluated before and after selective distal splenorenal shunts. All had "cavernous transformation" of the portal vein with angiographic evidence of portal flow to the liver. Postoperative angiograms revealed continued hepatic portal perfusion and a patent shunt in each patient. Radionuclide imaging postoperatively gave an estimated portal fraction of total hepatic blood flow (HPI) of .39 and .60 in two of the four patients. We conclude that 1) there is significant hepatic portal perfusion in noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis (cavernous transformation), 2) loss of this hepatic portal flow following total shunts can lead to severe encephalopathy, 3) the selective distal splenorenal shunt maintains hepatic portal perfusion and is the procedure of choice when there is a patent splenic vein and surgical intervention is indicated.     

Hemodynamic Patterns in Human Hepatic Cirrhosis: A Prospective Randomized Study of the Hemodynamic Sequelae of Distal Splenorenal (Warren) and Mesocaval Shunts

Increasingly successful operative management of gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage has been achieved by newer techniques of portal venous reconstruction. Although it is postulated that the clinical success may be due to more selectivity in portal venous shunting, direct determination of the effect of portasystemic shunt on portal vein blood flow has not been possible. Direct determinations of portal vein blood flow were performed preoperative on unanesthetized, hemodynamically stable cirrhotic patients by observation of radiopaque water-insoluble droplets. Patients were then randomized into elective distal splenorenal (Warren) or mesocaval shunt and determinations were performed postoperatively under similar conditions when clinically possible. Although portal vein blood flow was not significantly different before (929 +/- 147 ml/min) or after 899 +/- 271 ml/min) distal splenorenal shunt, there was a large change in portal vein blood flow after mesocaval shunt, decreasing from 772 +/- 177 ml/min (hepatopetal) to -1021 +/- 310 ml/min (hepatofugal) p < 0.01). After either procedure total hepatic blood flow (as determined by cardiac green clearance) was not significantly changed, nor was renal blood flow; however, cardiac output was significantly increased after mesocaval shunt. Thus the theoretical hemodynamic goals of the selective distal splenorenal shunt, i.e., preservation of the hepatopetal flow within the portal vein, is achieved as determined in the early postoperative period. The correlation between these changes and the eventual clinical outcome remains to be determined.     

Resection of spleno-renal shunt resulting in enhanced liver volume in a patient with congenital portosystemic shunt concomitant with early gastric cancer. Review of Japanese cases

A 73-year-old man recurring hepatic encephalopathy due to a congenital splenorenal shunt concomitant with early gastric cancer was successfully treated by surgical intervention. The portal pressures before and after the shunt resection were 13.5 and 18 cm H2O, respectively. The liver was slightly atrophic and the histological specimen showed slight fibrosis and mild infiltration of lymphocytes in the portal area. After the operation, the encephalopathy was improved and the several factors of liver function also recovered. Interestingly, the liver volume estimated by abdominal CT clearly increased 1 month after the shunt resection. The encephalopathy in congenital portosystemic shunt might result from chronic liver ischemia and atrophy. Moreover, the shunt resection may enlarge the functional liver volume by increasing the portal blood flow.     

Effect of portasystemic shunt operations on hepatic portal perfusion

We recently developed a radiocolloid technique for quantifying the fraction of superior mesenteric venous blood that bypasses liver sinusoids through extra- and intrahepatic collateral vessels. In the present investigation we applied this method, which is performed in conjunction with visceral angiography, to the assessment of patients with portal hypertension before and after surgical construction of portasystemic shunts. The mean corrected shunt index was 0.89 in 27 preoperative patients, and 48 percent of the patients had no evidence of sinusoidal perfusion by superior mesenteric venous blood (shunt index greater than 0.95). Sinusoidal perfusion was absent in five patients with residual hepatic portal flow by angiography, indicating that they had a high degree of intrahepatic shunting. Hepatic portal perfusion was preserved in 80 percent of patients after distal splenorenal shunt, and the corrected shunt index was significantly smaller after this procedure than after portacaval and interposition shunts. Three patients with no sinusoidal perfusion by superior mesenteric blood preoperatively had restoration of portal flow after distal splenorenal shunt. Five patients undergoing portacaval and interposition shunts had no evidence of portal sinusoidal perfusion by the radiocolloid technique either before or after the operative procedure.     

选择性脾胃区减断分流术对肝脾血流动力学的影响

目的 探讨肝硬化门静脉高压患者行选择性脾胃区减断分流术(SDDS-GSR)后肝脾血流动力学的改变及临床意义.方法 前瞻性收集41例行SDDS-GSR术治疗患者的超声检查资料,按术前、术后2周及术后1年分为3期,并以21例正常体检患者为对照进行研究.结果 (1)脾脏厚度在术后2周(47±8)mm及术后1年(46±8)mm较术前(60±9)mm显著减小(P<0.01).(2)术后2周门静脉直径(1.13±0.19)cm较术前显著变窄(P<0.01),脾动脉直径(0.49±0.08)cm较术前显著变窄(P<0.05),肝动脉直径(0.40±0.07)cm较术前显著增宽(P<0.05).术后1年门静脉直径(0.89±0.17)cm均较术前显著变窄(P<0.01).(3)术后2周门静脉血流量(649±294)ml/min和脾动脉血流量(446±254)ml/min较术前显著减小(P<0.01),肝动脉血流量(612±295)ml/min较术前显著增加(P<0.01).术后1年肝动脉血流量(401±152)ml/min与术前和正常组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 肝硬化门静脉高压症患者肝脾血流动力学参数发生异常变化;SDDS-GSR有助于纠正肝硬化门静脉高压症患者肝脾血流动力学的紊乱状态.     

不同手术方式对门静脉高压症病人肝功能性血流量的影响

目的　探讨TIPS、断流术、断流加分流术对肝功能性血流量的影响。方法　本组肝硬化门静脉高压症病人 37例 ,行TIPS治疗 8例、断流术 10例、TIPS +门奇静脉断流术 10例、门奇断流+脾肾分流术 9例。采用超声多普勒、D 山梨醇 (SOD)清除率和直接门静脉测压检测手术前后肝总血流量、肝功能性血流量和门静脉压。结果　术前病人门静脉、肝动脉和肝总血流量显著增加 ,肝功能性血流量显著下降 ,ChildC级病人下降更为显著。TIPS、TIPS +断流术和断流 +脾肾分流术后门静脉压力和肝功能性血流量均明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。其中 ,TIPS术后肝功能性血流量下降显著大于TIPS +断流术和断流 +脾肾分流术。断流术病人门静脉压和肝功能性血流量无明显变化。结论　肝功能性血流是评估肝脏储备功能的重要指标 ,分流术在降低门静脉压力同时减少肝功能性血流量。     

Transient hepatofugal portal blood flow after hepatectomy in a patient with cirrhosis: Report of a case

We report herein the case of a 60-year-old man who developed hepatic failure with simultaneous transient hepatofugal portal blood flow after undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma accompanied by cirrhosis with a splenorenal shunt. The transient hepatofugal portal blood flow was detected by color Doppler ultrasonography. Following this case report, the possibility of a relationship between hepatofugal portal blood flow, portal-systemic shunts, and postoperative hepatic failure is discussed.     

The outcome of living donor liver transplantation with prior spontaneous large portasystemic shunts.

We investigated the outcome of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) with prior spontaneous large portasystemic shunts. Thirty-three patients of 155 patients (21.2%) undergoing LDLT had spontaneous large portasystemic shunts. Portal venous hemodynamics, surgical procedures for shunts, and morbidity and mortality rates were investigated in three types of shunts: splenorenal shunt (SRS group; n = 11), shunt derived from coronary vein (CVS group; n = 6) and umbilical vein shunt (UVS group; n = 15). The two groups of patients (SRS/CVS) received prophylactic surgical repair of shunts during LDLT except for one patient in the SRS group. The flow direction of main portal vein and grade of steal of superior mesenteric vein flow by shunt were significantly different among three groups. No significant differences were observed among three groups in operative parameters, hospitalization and morbidity except for postoperative portal complication. There was no significant difference in the actuarial survival rate among three groups of SRS, CVS and UVS (81.8% vs. 83.3% vs. 86.6% at 1 year respectively). In the SRS group, two patients had postoperative steal of graft portal venous flow by residual SRS that needed further treatment. The outcome of LDLT with prior spontaneous large portasystemic shunts is satisfactory, despite the complexity of the transplant procedures.     

Left Renal Vein Ligation: A Technique to Mitigate Low Portal Flow from Splenic Vein Siphon during Liver Transplantation

Low portal vein flows in liver transplant have been associated with poor allograft survival. Identifying and ameliorating causes of inadequate portal flow is paramount. We describe successful reversal of significant splenic vein siphon from a spontaneous splenorenal shunt during liver transplant. The patient is a 43‐year‐old male with cirrhosis from hepatitis C and Budd–Chiari syndrome, who had a variceal hemorrhage necessitating an emergent splenorenal shunt with 8 mm PTFE graft. Imaging in 2006 revealed thrombosis of the splenorenal shunt and evidence of a new spontaneous splenorenal shunt. The patient developed hepatocellular carcinoma and underwent transplant in 2009. After reperfusion, portal flows were low (150–200 mL/min). A mesenteric varix was ligated without improvement. Due to adhesions, direct collateral ligation was not attempted. In order to redirect the splenic siphon, the left renal vein was stapled at its confluence with the inferior vena cava. Portal flows subsequently increased to 1.28 L/min. Postoperatively, the patient had stable renal and liver function. We conclude that spontaneous splenorenal shunts can cause low portal flows. A diligent search for shunts with understanding of flow patterns is critical; ligation or rerouting of splanchnic flow may be necessary to improve portal flows and allograft outcomes.     

Flow and pressure characteristics of the portal system before and after splenorenal shunts.

The technique of percutaneous transhepatic portal vein cannulation provides a valuable means for determining portal pressure, direction of blood flow, and visualization of the entire portal system in the nonanesthetized patient. This technique, along with selective celiac arterial, superior mesenteric arterial, and renal venous catheterization, was used in the evaluation of a series of 17 splenorenal venous shunts [eight nonselective and nine selective (modified) distal splenorenal shunts]. As a result of these studies it is concluded that (1) prograde portal flow is maintained in the majority of patients following nonselective or selective (modified) distal splenorenal shunts; (2) bidirectional flow occurs in various branches of the portal system before and after splenorenal shunts; (3) a significant drop in portal pressure occurs following the establishment of either type of shunt; and (4) esophageal varices are decompressed by the trans-splenic route following either type of procedure used in this study.     

Optimal portal venous circulation for liver graft function after living-donor liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown poor outcome after living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) as a result of excessive portal venous pressure (PVP), excessive portal venous flow (PVF), or inadequate PVF. We investigated optimal portal venous circulation for liver graft function after LDLT in adult recipients retrospectively. METHODS: Between June 2003 and November 2004, 28 adult patients underwent LDLT in our institution. We modulated PVP under 20 mmHg in these 28 cases by performing a splenectomy (n=4) or splenorenal shunt (n=1). The PVF and PVP were measured at the end of the operation. Compliance was calculated by dividing PVF by PVP. RESULTS: PVF and compliance showed a significant inverse correlation with peak billirubin levels after LDLT (r = -0.63: r=-0.60, P<0.01), and with peak international normalized ratio after LDLT (r=-0.41: r=-0.51, P<0.05). Compliance was higher in right-lobe graft with middle hepatic vein cases (148+/-27 ml/min/mmHg), and lower in left-lobe graft cases (119+/-50 ml/min/mmHg). CONCLUSIONS: Liver graft function was better when PVF and graft compliance were higher and PVP was maintained under 20 mmHg.     

Liver transplantation in patients with patent splenorenal shunts

Patent distal splenorenal shunts (Warren shunt) have been reported to cause decreases in the portal perfusion pressure and the total hepatic blood flow. Such hemodynamic alterations could have adverse effects on the transplanted liver. The experience with hepatic replacement in four patients with patent Warren shunts is reported. Operative findings were phlebosclerotic portal veins of small size and diminished portal blood flows. Hepatofugal collateral channels created by the construction of the Warren shunt were eliminated by division of the shunt and splenectomy in three patients and splenectomy alone in the other. All patients recovered; thus the presence of a patent Warren shunt should not be a contraindication for hepatic transplantation.     

Management of Major Portosystemic Shunting in Small-for-Size Adult Living-Related Donor Liver Transplantation with a Left-Sided Graft Liver

PURPOSE: We investigated the mechanisms of small-for-size graft syndrome by time-lag ligation, a novel approach to treating major portosystemic shunts in small-for-size adult living-related donor liver transplantation (LRDLT) using left-sided graft liver. METHODS: Five patients with end-stage liver failure and major splenorenal shunting underwent LRDLT using left lobe grafts. The average graft volume to recipient body weight (GV/RBW) ratio was 0.68 +/- 0.14. Two patients underwent time-lag ligation of their splenorenal (SR) shunts on postoperative days (PODs) 8 and 14, respectively. The shunts of the other three patients were untreated. RESULTS: The portal pressures in the first patient who underwent time-lag ligation rose above 300 mmH(2)O and remained there for 2 weeks. Thus, we ligated the SR shunt in the second patient on POD 14, resulting in an increase from 177 mmH(2)O to 258 mmH(2)O, but it decreased again thereafter. In the other three patients, the SR shunt was not ligated because portal blood flow volumes remained sufficient. Total bilirubin levels in the first time-lag ligation patient rose to 16 mg/dl, paralleling the rise in portal pressures. Although they increased after ligation in the second patient, they did not exceed 10 mg/dl. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend time-lag ligation if portal venous blood flow decreases in the early post-transplant period, but not until at least 2 weeks after transplantation. If the portal venous blood flow does not decrease, early postoperative ligation is unnecessary. If there are no major portosystemic shunts, making a portosystemic shunt might decompress excessive portal hypertension. With donor safety priority in LRDLT, novel approaches must be developed to enable the use of smaller donor grafts. We describe a potential means of using left lobe grafts in adult LRDLT.     

脾肾分流加断流联合术血流动力学变化的临床研究

本文利用彩色多普勒血流显象（ＤＣＦＩ）数字减影血管造影（ＤＳＡ）和术中门静脉压力测量，研究了脾肾分流加贲门周围血管离断联合术后门脉系统血流动力学变化。结果表明联合术后门静脉内径和压力较断流术明显减小和降低，但门静脉血流量的减少与断流术无显著差异（ｐ＞０．０５）；同时发现联合术后门静脉血流量仍维持正常高值水平，门静脉为向肝血流，脾静脉为逆肝血流，门静脉肝内灌注良好，门静脉头向侧枝全部消失，以上血流动力学变化与本组病例术后再出血及脑病发生率低，腹水消退和生活质量好有关。本研究表明，脾肾分流加贲门周围血管离断联合术是合理而可取的一种术式。     

Hepatofugal portal blood flow in hepatic cirrhosis.

A variety of indirect techniques has been claimed to provide evidence of spontaneous reversal of portal blood flow in hepatic cirrhosis but the existence of the phenomenon has been doubted by some who do not accept the validity of the indirect evidence. There are few reports of the demonstration of hepatofugal portal flow by selective hepatic arteriography, which is the only acceptable technique. We report three patients with histologically confirmed cirrhosis in whom hepatofugal portal blood flow was unequivocally demonstrated by arteriography, in whom no surgical portosystemic shunt had been performed and in whom there was no evidence of the Budd-Chiari Syndrome or hepatoma, situations accepted as associated with reversed portal blood flow. Theoretical considerations suggest that shunt surgery for bleeding esophageal varices should not be ruled out on the grounds of hepatofugal portal flow. However, end-to-side portacaval anastomosis and distal splenorenal shunt might predispose to the early redevelopment of esophageal varices when reversed portal flow is present. Side-to-side portacaval and conventional splenorenal shunts might be preferable in having less effect on hepatic parenchyma perfusion than when orthograde portal flow in the case.     

Assessment of portosystemic shunt patency and function with magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in seven patients before and after portosystemic shunting to evaluate venous changes accompanying nonselective and selective shunt construction. The size and number of the intrahepatic portal and hepatic veins, left perirenal veins, and left upper quadrant varices were evaluated at MRI before and after shunt construction. MRI correctly diagnosed patent shunts in all seven patients. A marked decrease in the size of intrahepatic veins after a total or nonselective shunt suggests adequate portal vein and variceal decompression. Dilatation of left perirenal veins in the presence of a patent mesorenal or splenorenal shunt suggests hypertension of the left renal vein and possibly inadequate decompression of esophageal varices.     

门静脉高压症手术前后血流动力学改变及临床意义

采用彩色多普勒血流显像（ＣＤＦＩ）．对门静脉高压症手术前后门静脉血流动力学进行观测和对比分析。结果表明：（１）肝硬变门静脉高压症的门、脾静脉内径和血流量显著扩张和增加，和正常人比较差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）．门静脉血流量增加与脾静脉血流量增加呈正相关；（２）断流术后．门静脉内径变窄和血流量明显减少，与对照组比较差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（３）断流加脾肾分流联合术后，门静脉内径变窄明显大于断流术，但两术式后门静脉血流量减少差异无显著性、结果认为．断流术和断流加脾肾分流联合术均为治疗肝硬变门静脉高压症较合理的术式。     

Selectivity of the distal splenorenal shunt.

The distal splenorenal shunt is less likely to provoke encephalopathy than conventional shunting procedures, and it may offer a survival advantage for certain cirrhotic individuals, presumably because of its selective nature. This study suggests that the distal splenorenal shunt, even with exceptional efforts to achieve portomesenteric-gastrosplenic (PM-GS) disconnection, is not nearly as selective as it originally was assumed to be. In 11 patients intraoperative pressure determinations showed a significant decrease in portal pressure after end-to-side distal splenorenal anastomosis and no restoration of portal pressure after PM-GS disconnection. Measurements of flow through the shunt were comparable to those reported for portacaval shunts, and shunt flow was not decreased significantly by PM-GS disconnection. Postoperative angiography showed some PM-GS collateral in 17 of 18 patients, and later angiographic studies showed a tendency for progressive collateral development and consequent loss of hepatopetal portal perfusion. The advantages of the distal splenorenal shunt must accrue from gradual, as opposed to abrupt, portal deprivation, rather than from lasting selectivity.     

Devascularization procedure and DSRS: a controlled randomized trial on selected haemodynamic portal flow pattern in schistosomal portal hypertension with variceal bleeding

OBJECTIVES: The use of duplex studies for the portal tree has revolutionized the concepts of haemodynamic pathophysiology in the case of portal hypertensive bleeders. The identification of possible haemodynamic patterns in schistosomal bleeders, and the effects of devascularization procedure and distal lienorenal shunts on a selected haemodynamic pattern, are the aim of this work. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients (219) with schistosomal hepatic fibrosis and history of bleeding oesophageal varices were studied. The patency, diameter, velocity and flow volume/min in the portal and splenic veins were followed by coloured Duplex. Two matched groups (30 patients each) with the most commonly found haemodynamic pattern (splenic vein flow exceeding portal vein flow) were operated upon. Devascularization procedure was done for the first group (A) and distal splenorenal shunt for the second group (B). RESULTS: Coloured duplex assessment of portal circulation in schistosomal patients identified four haemodynamic patterns. Pattern I (approximately 59%); splenic vein flow exceeds the portal vein flow. Pattern II (approximately 28%); portal vein flow exceeds splenic vein flow. In both patterns, the portal flow was hepatopedal. Patterns III and IV (8% and 5%, respectively) were associated with hepatofugal flow. Splenic vein flow exceeds portal vein flow in pattern III and the reverse in pattern IV. Distal lienorenal shunts done for patients with haemodynamic pattern I was followed by a rebleeding rate of 3.3% while devascularization done for patients with the same pattern was followed by a rebleeding rate of 26.6%. Mild encephalopathy was detected in 10% of patients with distal lienorenal shunts and responded to dietary regulations. CONCLUSIONS: DSRS proved to be ideal for schistosomal patients with hepatopedal flow and splenic vein flow exceeding portal vein flow; since in addition to eliminating the high splenic flow out of portal circulation, it decreased the pressure in the gastroesophageal region. Other patterns with their frequencies and the suggested surgical procedures were also presented.