血管性痴呆小鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞形态结构及石杉碱甲对其影响

目的:观测血管性痴呆(VD)小鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞及石杉碱甲的治疗效果.方法:制作VD动物模型,并设立假手术组、石杉碱甲组;测试学习和记忆成绩;观测海马CA1区锥体细胞及顶树突,透射电镜观察其超微结构.结果:模型组学习和记忆成绩降低(P＜0.05),且海马CA1区锥体细胞数目也降低(P＜0.05),其顶树突总长度显著...     

多奈哌齐对血管性痴呆模型小鼠海马p38 MAPK mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨多奈哌齐对血管性痴呆模型小鼠海马p38 MAPK mRNA表达的影响。方法双侧颈总动脉线结反复缺血—再灌注法制备血管性痴呆小鼠模型,设多奈哌齐治疗组,采用多奈哌齐连续治疗4 wk,并设假手术组及模型组为对照组,利用跳台试验和水迷宫试验观测其行为学改变,用原位杂交技术观测其p38 MAPK mRNA的表达变化。结果多奈哌齐组小鼠学习、记忆成绩明显优于血管性痴呆模型组(P<0.05),其海马p38 MAPK mRNA表达明显增强(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论多奈哌齐影响血管性痴呆小鼠海马p38MAPK mRNA表达,改善血管性痴呆小鼠学习、记忆功能。     

活血益智片对血管性痴呆小鼠凋亡蛋白p53及caspase-3表达的影响

目的 研究活血益智片(抗血管性痴呆中成药)对血管性痴呆小鼠(Van)认知功能及海马神经元凋亡蛋白的影响.方法 用反复缺血再灌注小鼠模型,模拟VaD行为及病理过程,观察3个剂量(2.24,4.48,9.96 g·kg-1)活血益智片组及氢麦角碱组7.8mg·kg-1连续给药28 d后,对海马区学习记忆成绩、p53及caspase - 3蛋白表达的影响.结果 活血益智片组与模型组比较,可提高小鼠的学习记忆能力;降低p53及caspase - 3蛋白表达.结论 活血益智片可通过调节p53及caspase-3蛋白表达而发挥抗凋亡作用.     

石杉碱甲对血管性痴呆小鼠海马NMDA受体及mRNA表达的影响

目的:观测石杉碱甲对血管性痴呆小鼠海马神经元N-甲基D-天门冬氨酸(NMDA)受体免疫组化和原位杂交变化的影响,探讨石杉碱甲干预作用的机制.方法:双侧颈总动脉线结,反复缺血-再灌注法制备模型,药物组用石杉碱甲溶液灌胃,跳台试验和水迷宫试验观测其行为学改变,采用免疫组化和原位杂交技术观测小鼠海马神经元NMDA受体及其mRNA的表达变化.结果:在跳台试验中,模型组小鼠学习阶段的反应时间延长、错误次数增加,记忆阶段的潜伏时间缩短、错误次数增加;水迷宫试验中,其学习阶段的游全程时间延长和错误次数增加,记忆阶段的游全程时间延长和错误次数增加(与假手术组相比,P＜0.01).石杉碱甲明显改善了模型小鼠上述学习、记忆成绩(P＜0.01).同时,药物组海马的NMDA受体及其mRNA表达也较模型组的表达明显增高(P＜0.01),且海马两者的表达在药物组与假手术组间差异无显著性.结论:石杉碱甲改善血管性痴呆小鼠学习、记忆成绩与其恢复海马低水平的NMDA受体及其mRNA有关.     

白果内酯对血管性痴呆小鼠的保护作用

目的观察白果内酯(Bilobalide,BB)对血管性痴呆小鼠学习记忆功能的影响。方法采用双侧颈总动脉反复缺血—再灌注加尾动脉放血的方法建立小鼠血管性痴呆模型。血管性痴呆实验小鼠随机分为9组:假手术组、模型组,尼莫同组(Nimo,13.5 mg.kg-1),石杉碱甲片组(Hupe,0.06 mg.kg-1),BB(1.25、2.5、5、10、50 mg.kg-1)组,术后连续给药60 d。采用跳台和避暗实验,观察血管性痴呆小鼠学习和记忆的能力;化学比色法,检测脑组织匀浆中胆碱酯酶、SOD活性和MDA、NO含量;HE染色,观察脑组织病理形态学的变化。结果 BB可以缩短模型小鼠学习反应时间,延长记忆时间,减少错误次数;增加小鼠脑组织SOD活性和降低MDA含量,降低胆碱酯酶活性和NO含量。病理结果显示,BB对血管痴呆小鼠脑组织皮层和海马CA1区病理形态学变化有一定的改善作用。结论白果内酯对血管性痴呆小鼠具有一定的保护作用。     

红景天苷对血管性痴呆小鼠学习记忆行为的影响

目的探讨红景天苷对血管性痴呆小鼠学习记忆能力的影响。方法反复夹闭及再通小鼠双侧颈总动脉复制血管性痴呆模型。实验分为3组:假手术组、模型组、红景天苷治疗组。跳台实验和水迷宫实验检测小鼠学习记忆能力,测定脑组织中一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、一氧化氮(NO)的含量,并运用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察小鼠海马组织结构的改变。结果与模型组相比,红景天苷给药组小鼠跳台错误反应次数明显减少(P<0.01),跳台潜伏期明显延长(P<0.05),水迷宫潜伏期明显缩短(P<0.01),脑组织NOS及NO含量明显降低(P<0.01)。HE染色结果显示,红景天苷能够减轻反复脑缺血再灌注所致的神经细胞层次不清,突触减少,核固缩等病理改变。结论红景天苷可以改善血管性痴呆小鼠学习记忆能力,其机制可能与增强抗氧化能力有关。     

通窍活血汤对血管性痴呆大鼠海马组织乙酰胆碱酯酶和胆碱乙酰转移酶含量的影响

目的:探究通窍活血汤(TQHXD)对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠学习记忆的作用与给药时间、剂量的关系及其对海马组织中乙酰胆碱酯酶(Ach E)和胆碱乙酰转移酶(Ch AT)含量的影响。方法:将90只SD大鼠分为TQHXD高、中、低剂量组(12.04,6.02,3.01 g·kg-1)、阳性药尼麦角林(6 mg·kg-1)、模型组及假手术组。通过改良的双侧颈总动脉结扎法(2-VO)建立血管性痴呆大鼠模型,通过灌胃给予通窍活血汤12.04,6.02,3.01 g·kg-1及阳性药尼麦角林(6 mg·kg-1),每日1次,共31 d。采用Morris水迷宫实验对大鼠学习记忆能力进行检测,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法检测大鼠海马组织中Ach E和Ch AT的含量。结果:与模型组相比,给药14,21,28 d后,TQHXD 12.04,6.02,3.01 g·kg-1能显著减少VD大鼠逃避潜伏期(EL)和平台所在象限游动的距离,结果存在显著性差异(P<0.05或0.01),其结果与给药时间及剂量呈现较好的正相关;并能提高海马组织中Ch AT的含量和降低Ach E的含量(P<0.05或0.01)。结论:通窍活血汤能够改善血管性痴呆大鼠的学习、记忆能力并呈现一定的时间、剂量依赖性,Ach E的含量降低和Ch AT的含量升高可能是促进大鼠学习记忆能力恢复的原因之一。     

银丹心脑通软胶囊对血管性痴呆模型大鼠学习记忆及海马NPY表达的影响

目的研究银丹心脑通对血管性痴呆（VD）模型大鼠学习记忆能力的影响,并观察其海马组织NPY表达变化。方法将大鼠随机分成3组：假手术组（Sham）、血管性痴呆组（VD）、银丹心脑通治疗组（YDXNT＋VD）。采用4血管闭塞（4-VO）法复制VD模型,Morris水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力改变,免疫组化检测海马NPY表达。结果与假手术组比较VD组大鼠学习记忆能力下降（各项指标比较P〈0.01）;脑海马NPY表达明显降低;与VD组比较,YDXNT＋VD组学习成绩和记忆成绩均有明显提高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,脑海马NPY活性明显升高（P〈0.01）。结论银丹心脑通可增加海马组织NPY表达,改善血管性痴呆大鼠学习与记忆能力。     

芥子碱对Aβ_(25-35)诱导的认知功能障碍小鼠海马神经元再生的影响

目的探讨芥子碱对Aβ25-35诱导的认知功能障碍小鼠海马神经元再生的影响。方法采用侧脑室内注射Aβ25-35诱导认知功能障碍小鼠模型,并分为4组:假手术组、Aβ25-35组、假手术+芥子碱组和Aβ25-35+芥子碱组。采用Y型电迷宫法检测学习和记忆行为;TUNEL法检测海马CA1区的神经元凋亡情况;ELISA法检测海马的丙二醛(MDA)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;Western blot法检测海马生长相关蛋白43(GAP-43)和突触素(P38)的蛋白水平。结果相比于假手术组,Aβ25-35组的学习次数、海马MDA和TNF-α的水平增加,记忆次数减少、海马CA1区神经元凋亡率升高、GAP-43和P38的蛋白水平降低(P<0.05);而芥子碱处理可改善以上症状,但仍与假手术组有差异。结论芥子碱可改善Aβ25-35诱导的认知功能障碍小鼠的学习和记忆功能障碍,降低海马神经元凋亡,并缓解海马区与神经再生相关蛋白及分子的水平。     

龙生蛭胶囊对血管性痴呆模型大鼠学习记忆能力的影响及代谢组学研究

目的 研究龙生蛭胶囊对血管性痴呆模型大鼠学习和记忆能力的影响,并基于代谢组学探讨其可能的作用机制.方法 90只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、甲磺酸双氢麦角毒碱片组(阳性对照,0.54 mg/kg)和龙生蛭胶囊高、中、低剂量组(2.16、1.08、0.54 g/kg),每组15只大鼠.除假手术组外(只穿线不结扎),各...     

盐酸多奈哌齐对血管性痴呆小鼠转录因子环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨盐酸多奈哌齐对血管性痴呆(VD)小鼠对海马转录因子环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)表达的调节作用。方法采用双侧颈总动脉反复缺血-再灌注法制备小鼠VD模型。90只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为3组,假手术组(30只)、模型组(30只)及盐酸多奈哌齐治疗组(30只)。在术后第29、30天,经跳台试验和水迷宫试验进行行为学测试,用免疫组织化学和Western blot方法检测各组小鼠海马CREB的表达变化。结果盐酸多奈哌齐治疗组小鼠的学习和记忆成绩明显高于VD模型组小鼠(P<0.05);盐酸多奈哌齐治疗组小鼠海马CA1区CREB蛋白阳性表达的平均吸光度值显著高于VD模型组(P<0.05)。结论盐酸多奈哌齐能够上调VD小鼠CREB的表达。     

丹参酮B调控LRP6/Wnt1/β-catenin通路对血管性痴呆性小鼠认知功能的影响

目的探究丹参酮B对血管性痴呆小鼠认知功能障碍的保护机制。方法C57BL/6雄性小鼠,分Control组、模型组(VD组)、丹参酮B低、中、高剂量组(TSB 2、4、8 mg·kg^-1)、盐酸多奈哌齐1 mg·kg^-1,每组各10只。采用小鼠双侧颈总动脉缩窄法构建VD模型,造模成功10 d后分别给药,Control组和VD组小鼠腹腔注射等量生理盐水,共计20 d。Morris水迷宫实验检测小鼠学习记忆能力;分光光度法测定MDA、SOD、GSH-Px;HE染色观察病理学改变;Western blot检测p-LRP6、LRP6、Wnt1、β-catenin蛋白表达。结果与Control组相比,VD组小鼠记忆能力降低,MDA含量升高,SOD和GSH-Px活性降低(P<0.01),海马区域病理损伤明显,p-LRP6、Wnt1以及β-catenin蛋白表达均明显降低(P<0.01)。与VD组相比,TSB治疗组小鼠学习记忆能力提升,MDA含量降低,SOD和GSH-Px活性升高,海马区域病理损伤明显改善,p-LRP6、Wnt1以及β-catenin蛋白表达均明显升高(P<0.01)。结论TSB能改善VD小鼠认知功能障碍,可能与LRP6/Wnt1/β-catenin通路有关。     

银杏叶提取物对血管性痴呆小鼠大脑皮层生长抑素及胆囊收缩素表达的影响

目的 观察银杏叶提取物(EGB)对血管性痴呆(VD)小鼠大脑皮层生长抑素(SS)和胆囊收缩素(CCK)表达的影响,探讨EGB对VD的改善作用.方法 复制VD小鼠模型,利用Y-迷宫检测VD模型小鼠学习记忆能力及不同剂量EGB治疗组的改善作用,实时定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法检测各组动物大脑皮层中生长抑素和胆囊收缩素mRNA的变化,免疫组织化学方法研究不同剂量EGB对VD小鼠大脑皮层生长抑素和胆囊收缩素阳性神经元数量的影响.结果 各试验组小鼠均比对照组小鼠Y-迷宫学习记忆训练次数明显增多(P＜0.05),高低剂量EGB治疗组迷宫学会次数与模型组相比明显减少,且高剂量治疗组减少更明显(P＜0.05).VD模型组小鼠大脑皮层生长抑素和胆囊收缩素mRNA转录水平与对照组相比显著下调,高低剂量EGB治疗组与VD模型组相比显著上调(P ＜0.05);VD模型组小鼠大脑皮层生长抑素和胆囊收缩素阳性神经元数量与对照组相比显著减少,高低剂量EGB治疗组与VD模型组相比显著增多(P＜0.05).结论 EGB通过增加大脑皮层中生长抑素和胆囊收缩素的表达,对VD小鼠的学习记忆能力可起到一定的改善作用.     

机械加载对慢性脑缺血大鼠学习记忆障碍的改善作用

摘要：目的 探讨脉冲式机械加载对慢性脑缺血大鼠学习记忆能力的改善作用。方法 27只健康雄性SD大鼠 按随机数字表法分为假手术组（Sham组）、血管性痴呆模型组（VD组）和脊柱加载治疗组（VD+L组），每组9只。Sham 组仅分离双侧颈总动脉但不结扎；VD组分离双侧颈总动脉后永久性结扎建立VD模型；VD＋L组建立模型后每天接 受脊柱机械加载治疗，共5周。Morris水迷宫测试大鼠学习记忆能力；HE染色及尼氏染色观察大鼠大脑皮质及海马 组织的病理改变；免疫组织化学技术检测神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的表达。结果 与VD组相比，VD+L组大 鼠逃避潜伏期明显缩短，穿越平台次数和停留平台象限时间显著增加，加载后明显改善神经元形态结构和存活状 态，海马锥体细胞明显增多，并抑制了海马及皮质中GFAP的表达。结论 机械加载可以明显改善慢性脑缺血后大 鼠的学习记忆障碍、保护缺血后神经元，该治疗作用可能与机械加载减轻海马和皮质神经元病理损伤、抑制胶质细 胞的活化有关。     

Osthole prevents cognitive impairment through modulating neuron cells in Aβ_(25-35)-injected mice

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of osthole on learning and memory impairment of AD mice induced by injection of Aβ25-35 and the content of Ca2+, GLU and Aβ1-42 in the brain tissue and peripheral blood. METHODS Mice were randomly assigned to sham operation, Aβ25-35, Aβ25-35+Ost-L,Aβ25-35+Ost-M, and Aβ25-35+Ost-H group. Water maze test was performed to assessing spatial learning ability of mice. It is determined that the MDA level and the activity of SOD in the brain tissue of mice in each group by colorimetry. The GLU kit and Ca2 +kit were used to detect the GLU, Ca2 +in tissue and serum. ELISA was used to detect the expression of Aβ1-42 in the hippocampus and serum of mice. HE staining and silver staining were used to detect neuron apoptosis and pathological changes in brain slices and so on. RESULTS(1) Effects of osthole on learning and memory: With the increase of training day,the escape latencies continuously reduced in each experimental group, the escape latencies of the model group was longer on the 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, and 5 thdays than the normal group, the difference was statistically significant(day 3 and 4: P<0.05, day 5: P<0.01); compared with the model group, the escaping latency on the 5 thday of the OST low-medium high-dose group was significantly shortened, which was statistically significant(P<0.05).(2) Effects on oxidative stresspathway: the SOD activity of AD mice in the hippocampus model group was lower than that in the normal group, which was statistically significant(P<0.05); The SOD activity in the OST group was higher than that in the model group, which was statistically significant(P<0.05). The MDA content in the model group was significantly higher than that in the normal group(P<0.05). The MDA content in the OST high-dose group was lower than that in the model group, which was statistically significant(P<0.05).(3) Effects of GLU levels on neurotransmitters:the results of the detection of GLU in cortical area and GLU in serum of AD mice in OST dose groups showed that serum GLU levels in the model group were significantly lower than those in the sham group, which was statistically significant(P<0.05). GLU levels in the cortical area were also significantly higher than those in the sham group, which was statistically significant(P<0.05). Compared with the model group, GLU levels in the OST administration group were significantly down-regulated. Among the serum, the effect of medium dose group was obvious. Although there was a trend of down-regulation in the cortical administration group, there was no statistical significance.(4) Changes in Ca2+concentration in the brain. Detection of intracellular Ca2 +concentration in AD mice by OST doses showed that,compared with the sham group, the model group was significantly upregulated in cortical Ca2 +levels.There was no statistical difference in the administration group. Compared with the model group, the concentration of Ca2+in the OST-H group significantly decreased.(5) Effect on levels of Aβ1-42 in hippocampus and serum: model group had significantly higher Aβ1-42 levels in hippocampus than in sham operation group, which was statistically significant(P<0.05). Aβ1-42 in serum was also significantly upregulated compared to the sham group, which was statistically significant(P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the levels of Aβ1-42 in the OST administration group were significantly down-regulated,with the lower and middle doses in the hippocampus being more significant, while the serum was more pronounced at lower doses.(6) Silver staining to detect the tangles of hippocampal neurons: Neuron tangles in the hippocampal CA1 region showed a dark brown-yellow granule distribution in the nuclei of the model group(positive expression). Nerve cell body and dendrites, axons are black or black red,background light yellow. Compared with the model group, the administration group has improved significantly. CONCLUSION OST improves spatial learning and memory of dementia model mice injected with Aβ25-35 in both hippocampus. Experimental studies have shown that OST has different degrees of regulation on neuronal apoptosis, Ca2 +/GLU/oxidative stress and other pathways, and it plays a role in improving multiple AD pathological changes and delaying the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.     

脑康泰胶囊对血管性痴呆大鼠行为学的影响

目的：观察脑康泰胶囊对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠学习记忆功能的影响，并探讨其相关机制。方法：制备VD模型，采用避暗法及水迷宫法评价脑康泰对VD模型大鼠学习记忆的影响，并用荧光分光光度法测定大鼠海马组织中5-羟色胺、多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素含量。结果：脑康泰可以明显改善VD大鼠的学习记忆功能，同时可不同程度增加VD大鼠海马组织中5-羟色胺、多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素含量。结论：脑康泰对VD大鼠学习记忆功能有一定的改善作用，其机制可能与提高脑组织中单胺类神经有关。     

Effects of GBEE on memory impairment induced by scopolamine in mice and activity of AChE in cerebral cortex

OBJECTIVE The fruit of Ginkgo biloba L.is also known as Ginkgo nuts. Ginkgo has the effect of warming the lung, boosting qi, downbear phlegm, dispersing toxin, kil ing worms and etc, which also recorded in ancient books on tumor treatment. The scientific name of succulent skin is exocarp in Gingko nuts. Research shows that GBEE(Ginkgo biloba exocarp extracts) has anti-tumor,anti-aging and immune promoting activity. As an M receptor blocker, scopolamine can block the excitatory effect of acetylcholine on M receptors, causing learning and memory dysfunction. It can partially simulate some features of the cholinergic system of Alzheimer disease(AD). The learning and memory impairment model of scopolamine is the classic screening model for AD drug research. In this paper, the effects of GBEE on scopolamine induced learning and memory impairment in mice and its mechanism were preliminarily studied. METHODS GBEE was prepared by the patented method(patent: ZL201610916394.4). Infrared Spectroscopy(IR) analysis shows that the proteoglycan in GBEE is ester linkage. The total content of proteoglycan in GBEE was 62.6%-64.8%, which was measured by phenol sulfuric acid method and brilliant blue method. Pre-column derivatization high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) detection showed that the proteoglycan in GBEE contains 6 kinds of monosaccharides including mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, arabinose and 14 kinds of amino acids including aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine,serine, threonine, alanine, proline, valine, methionine,isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and lysine.60 ICR mice, half male and half female, 6-8 weeks old and weight(18-22) g, were randomly divided into six groups: blank control group(normal saline), model group(normal saline), positive drug group( donepezi 1.25 mg·kg-1)and GBEE low-does(50 mg·kg-1), medium-does(100 mg·kg-1) and high-does(200 mg·kg-1) groups. The drug were infused to stomach of mice once a day for 14 d,after that model of learning disorder and dysmnesia were made by intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine hydrobromide(3 mg·kg-1) in six groups except the blank control group on days 15-19. Morris water maze experiment was performed by using the mice′s instinct of escaping from the water to find rest platform. The mean escape latency(s), in other words, the time needed for searching platform was detected on days 15-18, the time in platform annulus(s) was detected on day 19. Each test was performed 30 min after intraperitoneal injection and 1 h after intragastric administration. The mean escape latency(s) and the time in platform annulus(s) were correlated with the memory ability of mice, the former was negatively correlated, the latter was positively correlated, so as to evaluate the changes of learning and memory ability of each group of mice. After the behavioral experiment, the brain tissues of mice were taken out immediately, and the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were cut and stored in the refrigerator at-80℃ with the help of the mouse brain mold. During the test, the brain homogenate was prepared by ultrasonic method, and the activity of acetylcholin esterase(AChE) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of each group of mice was measured according to the instructions of AChE test box. RESULTS Scopolamine can significantly prolong the mean escape latency(s) of Morris water maze experiment in mice, and shorten the time in platform annulus(s), which is statistically significant compared with the control group(P<0.05,P<0.01). The results showed that scopolamine caused the decrease of learning and memory ability in the model group. The time required to search for the platform in mice of positive drug group and the GBEE of the three dose groups was significantly reduced on the third and fourth days of Morris water maze experiment test. Except for the GBEE low-dose group, the comparison with the model group was statistically significant(P<0.05, P<0.01). On day 19, positive medicine and three dose groups GBEE can significantly extend the time in platform annulus(s), compared with model group(P<0.05,P<0.01), the effect of medium-dose GBEE group is better than that of high dose, close to the positive drug, the results showed that it could improve the learning and memory ability of scopolamine-induced memory impairment modle mice. While the memory ability of the scopolamine model group was decreased, AChE activity in the cerebral cortex of the mice was significantly increased compared with the control group(P<0.05). Donepezil and GBEE in each dose could reduce Ach E activity in the cerebral cortex of the mice. Except for the high-dose GBEE group, there were significant differences between the other groups and the model group(P<0.05). The results of AChE activity in hippocampi need to be repeated further because of the large difference. CONCLUSION GBEE can improve the learning and memory ability of scopolamine induced memory impairment model mice,and the mechanism may be related to reducing the activity of cerebral AChE and reducing the inactivation of cholinergic neurotransmitter ACh in memory impairment mice.AD is a kind of neural degenerative disease, which can easily be seen in the middle-aged and old people, the early disease mainly for hypomnesis, dysmnesia and so on, accompanied by the reduction of acetylcholine(ACh), the increasing of AChE activity. Early stage of AD is the best treatment stage, by improving the memory function, which can effectively prevent the further development of AD, slow disease progression and reduce disease severity. This study shows that GBEE has certain potential in the treatment of AD, which lays a foundation for further research on the effect and mechanism of GBEE on AD.