Hair as a sonographic marker of ovarian teratomas: improved identification using transvaginal sonography and simulation model.

An in vitro sonographic model was developed to simulate the transvaginal sonographic appearance of hair-containing cystic teratomas of the ovary. Two groups of patients with ovarian teratomas were compared: group A--consisting of 32 patients scanned before the simulation model was used, and group B--consisting of 25 patients in whom the diagnosis of hair-containing ovarian teratomas was made after the simulation model experience. The positive predictive value of transvaginal sonography in correctly diagnosing this type of tumor was 27/32 (84%) in group A and 25/25 (100%) in group B. By using this simple in vitro simulation model, the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian cystic teratomas by transvaginal sonography was made very accurate, enabling prospective planning of the type of operation and its timing.     

经阴道超声对子宫内膜疾病的诊断价值

目的探讨经阴道超声对子宫内膜疾病的诊断价值。方法回顾分析86例妇女(绝经前50例,绝经后36例)经腹及经阴道超声检查结果并与子宫内膜病理对照。结果内膜活检的病理分类有内膜癌、内膜息肉、内膜增生过长等,其超声表现以内膜增厚为主,多伴内膜回声增强、不均或宫腔内混合回声。经腹超声(TAS)和经阴道超声(TVS)诊断子宫内膜疾病诊断符合率分别为70.9％及91．8％。结论经阴道超声诊断子宫内膜病变与经腹超声相比有明显的优势,有重要的临床应用价值。     

经阴道超声对宫外孕早期诊断的价值

目的应用经阴道超声检查,诊断宫外孕,评估经阴道超声对宫外孕的早期诊断价值。方法５７例我院住院病人,均经手术病理证实。所有病例均先经腹部超声观察,再经阴道超声检查。结果５７例患,超声诊断为宫外孕５１例,超声诊断符合率为９１％。根据病程的不同时期声像图表现为４种不同类型。结论经阴道超声对宫外孕早期诊断有较高价值,是早期宫外孕简单、有效的首选检查方法。     

Classification of ovarian lesions by high-frequency transvaginal sonography

Two hundred patients suspected of having ovarian pathology were scanned with a 6.5-MHz transvaginal probe. Normal anatomical structures and abnormal findings were recorded and classified according to their shape, size, location, and sonographic characteristics. The sonographic images were correlated with the surgical findings, whenever available. A sonographic classification of ovarian lesions was compiled according to the presence or absence of the following sonographic components: septae, papillae, loculations, daughter cysts, solid mass, or fluid, and their relationship to malignancy.     

阴道超声检查在妇科急腹症中的诊断价值

目的探讨阴道超声(TVS)在妇科急腹症中的各种声像图特征及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经TVS检查的126例妇科急腹症。结果经TVS检查总的诊断符合率为96．8％,其中异位妊娠、盆腔炎性肿块、黄体破裂、卵巢囊肿或皮样囊肿扭转分别为96．1％、97．4％、96．0％、91．7％。结论TVS诊断妇科急腹症准确、及时,必要时结合经腹部检查能及时判断病情,缩短病人的救治时间。     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查对异位妊娠的诊断价值

目的探讨经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查（TVCDS）对异位妊娠的诊断价值。方法对手术、病理或保守治疗证实的72例异位妊娠患者的TVCDS图像进行回顾分析。结果附件区出现厚壁环状回声（Donut征）、低回声、或混合回声包块,其中Donut征和类滋养层血流时间流速曲线,是异位妊娠特有的表现,诊断准确率为95舟％。结论TVCDSS对异位妊娠的诊断尤其对早期诊断有重要价值。     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声对子宫内膜癌的诊断价值

目的探讨经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查(TVCDS)对子宫内膜癌的诊断价值。方法对手术、病理或保守治疗证实子宫内膜癌的29例患者的TVCDS图像进行回顾分析。结果 TVCDS术前诊断子宫内膜癌24例,准确率为82.8%;弥漫型19例,符合率为78.9%;局限型5例,符合率为60.0%;血流显示20例,显示率83.3%;阻力指数(RI)0.36-0.57;Ia、Ib期与Ic期比较,血流分级及显示率、RI值具有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 TVCDS有助于术前诊断子宫内膜癌,为临床选择治疗方案提供了可靠依据。     

经阴道超声在剖宫产瘢痕妊娠早期诊断中的应用

目的探讨经阴道超声(TVS)对剖宫产瘢痕妊娠(caesarean scar pregnancy,CSP)早期诊断的价值及临床意义。方法回顾性分析我院术后确诊为CSP的16例患者的彩色多普勒声像图表现特征、临床转归以及术后结果。结果 TVS诊断CSP的17例患者中,术后病理学证实为CSP者14例,误诊3例;TVS诊断为非CSP的22例患者中,术后病理学证实2例为CSP;TVS诊断CSP的灵敏度为87.5%,特异度为87.0%;术后确诊为CSP的16例患者超声图像表现为单纯孕囊型(6例)、不均质团块型(10例);彩色多普勒血流显像血流信号丰富6例,少许血流信号5例,无血流信号5例。结论 TVS检查有助于对CSP做出早期、准确的诊断及鉴别诊断,对临床治疗方案的选择具有重要意义。     

经阴道超声对异位妊娠单剂量氨甲喋呤治疗结果的预测价值

目的研究经阴道超声对异位妊娠氨甲蝶呤（MTX）治疗结果的预测价值。方法回顾性总结106例经MTX治疗的异位妊娠患者的经阴道超声声像图表现。结果异位妊娠囊内探及胎心及卵黄囊者均治疗失败。异位妊娠包块小于1．5cm的病例均治疗成功。治疗成功组和治疗失败组在1．5cm以上包块大小、包块表现形式、盆腔积液、低阻动脉血流的存在等方面的差异均无显著性意义。结论经阴道超声二维声像图表现对预测异位妊娠MTX治疗结果有一定价值，彩色多普勒血流成像的预测价值尚需进一步研究。     

经阴道超声诊断卵巢肿瘤的价值

目的探讨经阴道超声（TVCD）结合彩色多普勒超声在卵巢良恶性肿瘤诊断中的价值。方法经阴道超声对63例（78个）卵巢良恶性肿瘤的形态学进行评分,同时加用彩色多普勒超声血流检查。根据彩色血流分布分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三型,并检测肿块收缩期峰值流速（PSV）及阻力指数（RI）值,将诊断结果与手术病理相对照。结果以B超积分≥5诊断卵巢恶性肿瘤的特异性、敏感性及准确性分别为86．5％、83．9％、85．5％;以RI〈0．45诊断卵巢恶性肿瘤的特异性、敏感性、准确性分别为85．3％、37．9％、63．5％。良性肿瘤血管多分布于肿瘤周边或隔上,以Ⅰ、Ⅱ型为主,而恶性肿瘤血供丰富,血管主要分布于肿瘤实质区,以Ⅲ型为主,两组间差异有极显著性。良恶性卵巢肿瘤的PSV之间有显著性差异。结论不能单独用RI或PSV等某一指标来评价肿瘤的性质,联合应用二维超声、CDFI及动力学指标,综合分析,可最大限度地提高对卵巢肿瘤的诊断准确性。     

The uterus: a new look with transvaginal sonography

Targeted scanning of the uterus and its adjacent structures is made possible by high-resolution transvaginal sonography. A systematic approach is applied so that the normal anatomy and abnormal processes in the various uterine components can be visualized. By adopting this method we detected various pathologies in the cervix, endometrium, myometrium, and in the uterine vessels and ligaments. Cervical pathology included inflammatory processes, cysts, malignant lesions, and incompetence during pregnancy. By scanning the endometrium, a reflection of the hormonal status of the patient under both normal (e.g., the menstrual cycle) and abnormal conditions may be obtained. More sinister lesions, such as endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma, can be suspected based on the sonographic appearance of the endometrium. In hydatiform mole, a typical sonographic picture directs the sonographer to the diagnosis. Uterine fibroids are the most common lesion of the corpus uteri, and are readily detected by transvaginal sonography, including any degenerative changes that may complicate this condition. Changes in uterine size, particularly when accompanied by profuse intracavitary fluid, should raise the suspicion of a malignant process. Intracavitary fluid may also be associated with inflammatory lesions (e.g., tuberculosis). Congenital uterine anomalies may be diagnosed and defined by this method. Uterine ligaments are best visualized in the presence of fluid in the pelvis. Intraligamentary masses can be also be detected and defined. Finally, the main vessels supplying the uterus can be visualized, both in pregnant and nonpregnant patients. Using a transvaginal image-directed Doppler system, flow velocity profiles can be obtained from these vessels and form the basis for defining abnormalities in uterine perfusion.     

TVCDFI技术在子宫肌瘤与子宫腺肌瘤鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨经阴道彩色多普勒血流显像技术(TVCDFI)对子宫肌瘤和子宫腺肌瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断意义。方法以手术病理诊断为标准,回顾性地分析子宫肌瘤和子宫腺肌瘤的TVCDFI特征,对照比较二者瘤体包膜回声、瘤体内部回声、彩色血流信号和RI值的差异。结果子宫肌瘤与子宫腺肌瘤声像图的鉴别以瘤体周边假包膜特征最为重要;彩色多普勒血流显示瘤体周边出现环状彩色血流,子宫肌瘤组占95.9%,子宫腺肌瘤组占30.8%,组间差异明显;子宫肌瘤和子宫腺肌瘤周边血流阻力指数(RI)分别是0.53±0.07和0.67±0.057,RI≥0.7分别是1.4%和38.5%,组间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论结合瘤体包膜回声、彩色血流信号和RI等超声特征能提高TVCDFI对子宫肌瘤和子宫腺肌瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断率。     

经阴道超声结合宫腔镜检查对绝经后子宫出血的诊断价值

目的探讨经阴道超声(TVS)结合宫腔镜(HSC)检查在绝经后子宫出血中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2007年6月至2010年6月应用TVS结合HSC检查绝经后子宫出血230例,术中行定位取材或诊断性刮宫。结果 TVS诊断绝经后子宫出血病人宫腔内病变的符合率为71.74%,TVS结合HSC的诊断符合率为88.26%。结论 TVS结合HSC对发现绝经后子宫出血病人宫腔内病变具有一定的价值。     

阴道超声和宫腔镜联合诊断宫腔赘生物的临床价值

目的探讨阴道超声和宫腔镜联合诊断宫腔赘生物的临床价值。方法回顾分析684例在我院进行过阴道超声和宫腔镜两种检查的患者,比较分析两种检查方法的优缺点。结果阴道超声检查宫腔赘生物的敏感性为94．17％,特异性为70．83％;宫腔镜检查宫腔赘生物的敏感性为100％,特异性为95．83％。阴道超声检查阳性的病例,宫腔镜检查的阳性率为78．76％;而阴道超声检查阴性的病例,宫腔镜检查的阳性率仅1．23％。二者的差异有显著性意义。结论阴道超声联合宫腔镜检查是目前诊断宫腔赘生物较理想的方法。     

经阴道超声造影在宫颈癌术前诊断中的临床应用价值研究

目的：探讨经阴道超声造影（ TVS-CEUS）技术在宫颈癌术前诊断中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析31例宫颈癌患者的TVS-CEUS术前检查图像,未受累的宫颈、肌层及内膜作为对照,分析宫颈癌瘤体的造影声像图,评估局部病灶的性质、大小范围及术前分期,与术后病理结果进行比较。与正常肌层对比分析宫颈癌病灶TVS-CEUS的时间-增强曲线（ TIC）形态及参数。结果 TVS-CEUS较常规TVS更能清晰显示病灶的边界,获得的病灶大小的测值更接近病理结果。正常子宫肌层与宫颈造影增强模式相同, TIC曲线参数差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）,内膜的增强时间稍短,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。宫颈癌造影增强及消退早于正常肌层,增强强度高于正常肌层,其增强模式为“早进早退”,不同分期的宫颈癌造影增强模式不同。宫颈癌病灶的TIC曲线参数造影剂显影时间（AT）、达峰时间（TTP）、增强时间（ET）、增强强度（EI）、上升斜率（RSR）、半洗出时间（HWOT）、下降早期斜率（HWSR）与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,对各参数进行ROC曲线分析得出对宫颈癌诊断能力较强的参数为RSR,界值为1.96 dB/s,灵敏度为100％,特异度为97.6％,Youden指数为97.6％。结论 TVS-CEUS在宫颈癌术前诊断中有较高的临床应用价值。     

Early determination of fetal sex using transvaginal sonography: technique and pitfalls

Transvaginal sonography (TVS) enables sex determination at an early stage of pregnancy. The morphologic features of fetal external genitalia at 13 weeks to 16 weeks, menstrual age, are different from those seen later in pregnancy; therefore an attempt to determine fetal gender at this early stage by the same criteria as those used later is hazardous, especially for determining the male sex. The main diagnostic criteria for male gender determination by TVS are the "dome" sign representing the sonographic visualization of the fetal scrotum, the cranially directed phallus, and the longitudinal raphe at the base of the penis. The diagnostic criteria for female gender are the 2 or 4 parallel lines representing the labial folds and the caudally directed phallus (clitoris). The length of the fetal phallus at this early stage is not diagnostic and may be the main pitfall to the unexperienced sonographer. Between weeks 13 and 14 sex diagnosis was possible in 130/171 pregnancies (76%) in our first 2 years and 188/235 (80%) in our last 2 years of experience. Between weeks 15 and 16 sex diagnosis was possible in 122/139 pregnancies (88%) during our first 2 years and 96.7% (528/546) during the last 2 years of experience. The accuracy rate for fetal male gender identification increased from 91.7% during the first 2 years of TVS experience to 99.7% during the last 2 years of TVS experience, and the accuracy rate for female gender identification, increased from 93.3% to 100%, respectively, applying the above criteria and based on acquired experience of early fetal sex identification by TVS early in gestation. Early and precise determination of fetal sex is possible and might avoid invasive procedures such as amniocentesis.     

Perineural cysts resembling complex cystic adnexal masses on transvaginal sonography

Perineural cysts may be discovered incidentally on pelvic sonography and can easily mimic more common gynecologic masses. We report the complex cystic adnexal mass like appearance of these incidentally noted cysts which mimicked malignancy on sonography in a postmenopausal female, with stage I breast cancer and vaginal spotting. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2013     

A modified transvaginal sonographic technique for better ovarian evaluation

Sonographic evaluation of the pelvis of postmenopausal women is not complete until both ovaries are scanned. Transvaginal sonographic examination combined with transabdominal screening is diagnostic in 85% of cases. Transvaginal examination performed with a partially full bladder significantly increased ovarian detection to 93.5% (p < 0.05). © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Choroid plexus dysmorphism detected by transvaginal sonography: the earliest sign of fetal hydrocephalus.

Fetal intracranial pathology detected in the early second trimester during 1237 transvaginal sonographic scans is presented. In a sharp contrast to simple choroid cysts, which disappear at the end of the second trimester as part of a benign course, gross distortion of the choroid plexus was found to be related to the later diagnosis of hydrocephalus. Three patterns of this abnormality are early absence of the plexus, hypoplasia and shrinkage, and "Swiss cheese" appearance. Ventriculomegaly in hydropic fetuses does not distort the normal architecture of the choroid plexus. Certain abnormal features of the choroid plexus, observed as early as the 14th week, menstrual age, are landmarks of developing hydrocephalus, currently detectable only later in pregnancy.     

Transvaginal sonography in postmenopausal women

Transvaginal sonography (TVS) is a recent addition to the diagnostic techniques available for the evaluation of the female pelvis. Our experience in over 200 cases of postmenopausal women is the subject of this synoptic review. Using this technique in 60 women, we were able to detect endometrial changes such as endometrial carcinoma or adenomatous hyperplasia in 81% and in a group of 19 patients myometrial invasion in 84%. Fibroids of different sizes and locations could be recognized, some of them with signs of cystic degenerations. In 48 postmenopausal women, TVS was used to follow the morphologic changes in the endometrium stimulated by hormone replacement therapy. Histological features of the endometrium were in close correlation with the sonographic patterns obtained. Ultrasound evaluation has been suggested as a possible screening tool for early changes in ovarian size and morphology. Fifty patients were evaluated for the effectiveness of TVS to detect ovarian pathology. The sensitivity and specificity were 83% and 100%, the same as that of gross examination of the ovary at the time of surgery. It seems that TVS is a reliable tool in the detection of early changes in the postmenopausal ovary, but further evaluation in a large population is necessary to assess the usefulness of TVS as a routine screening tool for early ovarian carcinoma. Twenty-nine postmenopausal women with unilateral simple cysts (diameter less than or equal to 5 cm) were identified. All exhibited benign histopathologic changes. We conclude that small (less than 5 cm) postmenopausal cysts have a low incidence of malignancy and could be followed by TVS without immediate surgical intervention.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)