Effects of the flavone luteolin,isolated from Colchicum richii,on guinea-pig isolated smooth muscle and heart and on blood pressure and blood flow

The effects of the flavone luteolin, extracted from Colchicum richii, on guinea-pig isolated ileum, pulmonary artery, trachea, atrium, perfused heart, and on blood pressure and blood flow of anaesthetized guinea-pigs were studied. Luteolin (10^?5?3 × 10^?4 M) caused concentration-dependent relaxation of the tone of ileum, epinephrine-precontracted pulmonary artery and only mild relaxation of acetylcholine-precontracted trachea. These effects were not affected by pretreatment with 1 mM theophylline except in the ileum where theophylline shifted to the left the luteolin concentration-effect curve. Luteolin (3 × 10^?6?3 × 10^?4 M) caused an increase in the beating rate and the contractility of the spontaneously beating atrium and of the isolated perfused heart. Theophylline (1 mM) significantly inhibited the effects of luteolin on the atrium and the perfused heart. Luteolin, in doses of 0.3, 1.0, 1.5 and 5 mg/kg body weight had no effect on heart rate of anaesthetized guinea-pigs but caused depression of systolic and diastolic blood pressure except at the lowest dose used where there was a small increase in both parameters. Also, only the lowest dose (0.3 mg/kg) caused a small increase in blood flow. Larger doses of luteolin caused dose-related inhibition of blood flow. The effects of luteolin on blood pressure and blood flow were not affected by theophylline pretreatment (5 mg/kg). These observations suggest that the effects of luteolin may be tissue-specific and in the isolated heart they may be attributed to inhibition of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. The data further demonstrate that luteolin has potential cardiovascular effects that merit further investigation.     

The hypotensive mechanisms for the aqueous stem bark extract of Musanga cecropioides in Sprague-Dawley rats

The present study was designed to evaluate the hypotensive properties and the mechanisms of action of the stem bark aqueous extract of Musanga cecropioides R.Br. Apud Tedlie (MCW) in anesthetized rats of Sprague-Dawley strain, through an invasive direct blood pressure measuring procedure. Thirty adult rats, weighing 150-230 g, were grouped into five groups of six rats each. The effects of the intravenous graded doses (0.0005-0.05 mg/kg) of the extract on the blood pressure indices were investigated. Its underlying mechanisms were also studied using additional five groups of rats. The results showed that the extract caused a dose dependent fall in the systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure and heart rate of the rats. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCO) caused a reflex increase in mean arterial pressure and heart rate which were significantly attenuated by the extract injection. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) blockade with 5 mg/kg of Captopril and cholinergic blockade with 0.2 mg/kg of atropine significantly attenuated the hypotensive response to MCW. However, the pattern of MAP fall in rats pretreated with a combination of Promethazine (1 mg/kg) and Cimetidine (15 mg/kg) was not significant. The results of the study was able to demonstrate dose dependent hypotensive effect of MCW and that its vasorelaxant effects may be through inhibition of sympathetic, cholinergic control of the arterial pressure and most significantly through ACE blockade. However, the phytochemical, elemental and toxicological studies of this potential antihypertensive still needed to be investigated.     

Cardiovascular responses in the normotensive rat produced by intravenous injection of gambirine isolated from Uncaria callophylla B1. ex Korth.

Among several alkaloids, including dimeric indoles, isolated from Uncaria callophylla, gambirine which is an alkaloid unique to this plant, has been found to be another hypotensive principle from the plant. Intravenous injections of gambirine in the dose range of 0.2 to 10.0 mg/kg caused a dose-related fall in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures as well as heart rate. At all doses gambirine showed a prompt onset of action and at the higher doses (5.0-10 mg/kg), marked persistence of hypotension accompanied by severe bradycardia were observed. In addition, higher doses of gambirine produced a more marked decrease in diastolic than systolic pressure while at lower doses both decreased equally. It is suggested that the hypotensive effect of gambirine may be peripheral in origin and is associated, at least in part, with a cardiac action.     

Possible mechanisms of action of the neutral extract from Bidens pilosa L. leaves on the cardiovascular system of anaesthetized rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the hypotensive and cardiac effects of the neutral extract from Bidens pilosa leaves. Intravenous administration of the extract resulted in a biphasic dose-related hypotensive activity. In normotensive rats (NTR), B. pilosa decreased systolic blood pressure by 18.26%, 42.5% and 30% at doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg, respectively. In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the decrease in systolic blood pressure was 25.77%, 38.96% and 28.64% at the above doses, respectively. These doses induced hypotension by 27%, 34.13% and 18.73% respectively in salt-loaded hypertensive rats. In NTR, B. pilosa reduced heart rate by 23.68% and 61.18% at doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg, respectively. The force of contraction of the heart was only affected at 30 mg/kg. The initial phase of hypotensive response was partially inhibited by atropine while propranolol increased this effect. These results suggest that B. pilosa exhibited its fi rst hypotensive effects by acting on the cardiac pump efficiency and secondly through vasodilation.     

冠心Ⅱ号汤剂对健康男性冠脉血流和心脏收缩舒张功能的影响

目的观察健康男性口服中药复方冠心Ⅱ号对心血管功能,尤其是冠脉血流动力学的影响。方法采用无创超声心动图技术,测定11名健康男性口服冠心Ⅱ号前后的心率、舒张压、收缩压、左室射血分数、二尖瓣口血流频谱E峰、A峰及E／A值和左前降支(leftanterior descending coronary artery,LAD)的舒张期最大血流速度(diastolic peak velocity,Vmax)及舒张期血流速度时间积分(diastolic flow velocity time inte—grals,VTI)的变化。结果服药后各时间点的测量值与服药前比较,心率、收缩压、舒张压、射血分数、二尖瓣口血流频谱E峰、A峰及E／A值,差异无显著性(P>0．05);冠脉血流显像测量值、Vmax和VTI在30、60、90、120min较服药前明显增加(P<0．05)。结论增加冠脉血流量可能是冠心Ⅱ号治疗冠心病心绞痛的机制之一。     

Effects of Sophora flavescens Ait. on haemodynamics and ventricular fibrillation threshold in anaesthetized dogs

The effects of an ethanol extract of the plant Sophora flavescens Ait. on haemodynamics and ventricular fibrillation threshold were studied in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized dogs. It was found that intravenous injection of the extract, 120 mg/kg, caused transient but significant depression in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular pressure and dLVP/dtmax, as well as elevation of ventricular fibrillation threshold. These preliminary findings suggest that the ethanol extract of Sophora flavescens Ait. possesses pharmacological activities resembling those of antiarrhythmic agents, but the mechanisms of action are unclear.     

Hypotensive effect of aqueous saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) and its constituents,safranal and crocin,in normotensive and hypertensive rats

In this study, the effects of saffron (Crocus sativus) stigma aqueous extract and two active constituents, crocin and safranal, were investigated on blood pressure of normotensive and desoxycorticosterone acetate‐induced hypertensive rats. Three doses of crocin (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg), safranal (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) and the aqueous extract (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) were administered intravenously in different groups of normotensive and hypertensive animals and their effects on mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR) were evaluated. The aqueous extract of saffron stigma, safranal and crocin reduced the MABP in normotensive and hypertensive anaesthetized rats in a dose‐dependent manner. For example, administrations of 10 mg/kg of aqueous extract, 1 mg/kg of safranal and 200 mg/kg of crocin caused 60 ± 8.7, 50 ± 5.2 and 51 ± 3.8 mmHg reductions in MABP, respectively. It can be concluded that the aqueous extract of saffron stigma has hypotensive properties which appear to be attributable, in part, to the actions of two major constitutes of this plant, crocin and safranal. It seems that safranal is more important than crocin for lowering down blood pressure of rats. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

石榴皮水提物对麻醉家兔血压及呼吸运动的影响

目的观察石榴皮水提物(AEPP)对麻醉家兔血压和呼吸的影响。方法选用新西兰雄性家兔,动物分为对照组(n=5,静脉注射生理盐水2×10-3L)和实验组(分为AEPP 0.1,1和2 mg/kg 3个剂量组)。将家兔麻醉后,记录给药前5min、给药后即刻～30 min血压、呼吸运动曲线。结果与对照组比较,1mg/kg AEPP组的收缩压在给药后20～30 min时明显降低(P﹤0.05);2 mg/kg AEPP组的心率、呼吸频率和幅度在给药后10 min时,明显降低(P<0.05);0.1 mg/kgAEPP组的血压、心率和呼吸频率、幅度的变化均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论较大剂量AEPP对麻醉家兔的心率、血压和呼吸运动有一定的抑制作用。     

卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿133例临床分析

目的：观察艾司洛尔在全麻气管插管应激反应中的应用效果.方法：选择52例全麻择期手术病人作为研究对象,ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱ级.排除有既往心血管病史的患者,随机分为实验组26例和对照组26例.诱导麻醉采用咪唑安定0.1mg/kg,芬太尼5ug/kg,异丙酚1.5mg/kg,维库溴铵4mg静注.实验组在2min后采用艾司洛尔1.0mg/kg,加生理盐水稀释成10ml静注,对照组则采用生理盐水10ml静注.观察麻醉诱导前（安静状态时）、气管插管前、气管插管时、气管插管后1min的收缩压、舒张压、心率变化.结果：两组患者在麻醉诱导前的收缩压和舒张压差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;在气管插管前收缩压差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,舒张压差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;在气管插管时、气管插管后1min的收缩压和舒张压差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）.两组患者在麻醉诱导前、气管插管前心率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,气管插管时、气管插管后1min的心率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）.结论：在全麻诱导期使用一定量的艾司洛尔,可减少全麻气管插管造成的应激反应,从而减少心血管不良反应的发生.     

毛茛总苷对麻醉大鼠血流动力学的影响

目的:研究毛茛总苷对麻醉大鼠血流动力学的影响。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为5组:生理盐水组、阳性对照组(维拉帕米,10 mg/kg)、毛茛总苷3个剂量组(20、40和80 mg/kg)。采用股静脉注射方式给药,股动脉插管、右颈总动脉心室插管和连续记录肢体Ⅱ导联心电图的方法观察药物对大鼠心率(HR)、收缩压(SP)、舒张压(DP)、平均动脉血压(AP)、左心室收缩压(LVSP)、左心室舒张压(LVDP)、左心室终末舒张压(LVEDP)、左心室内压最大上升速率(+dp/dtmax)、左心室内压最大下降速率(-dp/dtmax)和等容舒张时间室内压下降的时间常数(T)的变化。结果:静脉注射毛茛总苷80 mg/kg和40 mg/kg后,均能显著地减慢大鼠心率,显著降低SP、DP、AP、LVSP、-dp/dt max和T值;对+dp/dt max和LVEDP无显著性影响。结论:毛茛总苷有减慢大鼠心率,降低动脉血压,抑制心肌收缩和舒张功能的作用。     

山莨菪碱对内毒素休克狗心血管活动的效应

给麻醉狗静脉注射大肠杆菌 O_(111)B_4内毒素5mg/kg 引起休克,60分钟后经股静脉注入山莨菪碱5mg/kg 后,可使心率加快,平均动脉压回升,左心室心肌收缩能力改善,肾血流阻力降低,肾血流量和尿量都增加。在对照组动物中仅给等容积的生理盐水,未出现上述变化。     

Evaluation of in vivo antihypertensive and in vitro vasodepressor activities of the leaf extract of Syzygium guineense (Willd) D.C

The aim of this work was to evaluate the antihypertensive activity of the hydroalcohol extract of the leaves of Syzygium guineense (Willd) D.C. (Myrtaceae) in a 1-kidney-1-clip rat model and its vasorelaxant effect on isolated aorta. The extract reduced blood pressure in a dose and time dependent fashion. Following 3 days of treatment, single oral daily doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg caused an overall reduction (p < 0.05) of systolic blood pressure by 6.9, 34.0 and 40.8 mmHg, respectively. The diastolic blood pressure was, however, significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by 100 mg/kg (10.3 mmHg) and 150 mg/kg (18.4 mmHg) doses only. The mean blood pressure was reduced by 5.0, 18.3 and 25.9 mmHg by the respective doses. The extract also caused a dose-dependent relaxation of aorta precontracted with KCl at a concentration of 5-70 mg/mL, with a maximum relaxation of 56.22% achieved at 70 mg/mL concentration. The relaxation mechanism was found to be independent of the endothelium system, muscarinic receptors, histamine receptors, ATP dependent K(+) channels, cyclooxygenase enzymes and cGMP/NO pathway. The findings suggest that the extract had an antihypertensive effect most likely caused by dilation of the blood vessels, a confirmation for the folkloric use of the plant.     

Experimental and clinical antihypertensive activity of Matricaria chamomilla extracts and their angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity

Three different extracts of Matricaria chamomilla L. were evaluated for their antihypertensive activity, these extracts were total alcohol extract (Extract 1), oil extracted (Extract 2), and water lifted after oil extraction (Extract 3). Quantitative and Qualitative analyses were carried out for all extracts. The 3 extracts were proved to be safe for human use. A single oral administration of the plant extracts (200 mg/kg) decreases both systolic and diastolic blood pressure of normotensive rats after 1, 1.5, and 2 hr. Furthermore, groups treated with the evaluated extracts (100 & 200 mg/kg) or Captopril (20 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction in the elevated blood pressure and heart rate. Extract 3 showed the most antihypertensive activity. Serum biochemical parameters and lipid profile levels of treated groups were improved in comparison with induced‐hypertensive untreated rats. In evaluation of oxidative damage parameters Glutathione and superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) in some organs, the investigated extracts or captopril restored the amount of reduced Glutathione in tissues in addition to an increase in the activity of the SOD after a significant depletion of SOD activity. In the clinical study, there was a significant dose dependent decrease in Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate compared with their basal values in both normotensive and hypertensive human volunteers after oral administration of Matricaria chamomilla beverages.     

Effects of the aqueous and methylene chloride extracts of Bidens pilosa leaf on fructose-hypertensive rats.

We investigated the effects of the aqueous (150-350 mg/kg) and methylene chloride (150-300 mg/kg) extracts of Bidens pilosa on fructose-induced hypertension in rats. Food and liquid intake were measured as well as systolic blood pressure and plasma levels of glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides and creatinine. Fructose feeding for 6 weeks induced hypertension, hyperinsulinemia and increased plasma triglyceride levels in male Wistar rats. The aqueous and methylene chloride extracts of B. pilosa reversed the high blood pressure and hypertriglyceridemia developed due to fructose feeding but did not have any effects on plasma levels of insulin and glucose. High doses of the extracts reduced plasma creatinine levels and tended to increase plasma cholesterol. These results suggest that the extracts of B. pilosa possess hypotensive effects whose mechanism of action is not related to insulin sensitivity.     

黄芪苷 Ⅳ对正常和心功能受抑制大鼠左心室心肌力学的影响

目的：研究黄芪苷Ⅳ对正常和心功能受抑制大鼠左心室心肌力学的效应,方法：采用左心室导管法,测定左心室压力（LVP）及其微分（dp/dt),对iv黄芪苷IV（1mg/kg)对左心室心肌力学的效应,iv普萘洛尔（0．75mg/kg),抑制大鼠心功能,观察黄芪苷IV的对抗作用,结果：黄芪苷IV使心率（HR）略有减慢,使左室压力上升最大速度（dp/dtmax)明显提高,具有性肌力作用。使左室压力下降的时间常数（T）显著缩短,改善心脏舒张功能,左心室射血的张力－时间指数（TTI＿无明显改变。表明该药在增强心肌收缩力的同时并未增加心肌耗氧量,对普萘洛尔抑制心功能的大鼠,用黄芪苷IV后dp/dtmax无显著降低,即该药可对普萘洛尔抑制心肌收缩力的作用。T值显著缩短,表明心脏舒张功能也有改善,心肌耗氧量不增加,结论：黄芪苷IV可改善心脏收缩及舒张功能,可望成为一种强心和改善心功能的药物。     

新型抗高血压复方制剂雅静胶囊降压及抗抑郁的研究

目的观察不同动物模型中新型复方制剂雅静胶囊的降压及抗抑郁作用。方法选用自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）模型、肾血管性高血压大只（RVHR）模型两种高血压动物模型,选取收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、脉压（PP）及收缩压变异率（SBPV）4个指标观察雅静胶囊的急性降压作用。此外选用ICR小鼠通过悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验,选取不动时间和失望时间评价雅静胶囊的抗抑郁作用。结果在SHR动物模型的清醒状态下急性降压实验中,阳性药物厄贝沙坦及氢氯噻嗪组及3种不同剂量组的雅静胶囊急性给药后与给药前相比可显著降低大鼠的收缩压、舒张压．3组雅静胶囊的降压作用呈现明显的量效关系,对给药后记录8h的数据进行进一步分析提示：不同剂量雅静胶囊纽及阳性药物厄贝沙坦及氢氯噻嗪给药后0h～2h血压开始下降,在2h～4h时间段内降压效果达到最大并可维持8h．这些时间段内上述几组的SBP、DBP与对照组相比均显著下降（P〈0．05）,而PP和SBPV无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。RVHR的清醒状态下急性降压实验的结果基本类似。结论雅静胶囊能显著缩短小鼠悬尾实验的失望时间和强迫游泳实验的不动时间．提示雅静胶囊具有一定的抗抑郁作用,但该作用的量效关系不显著。     

藏药七十味珍珠丸对免血流动力学的作用

七十味珍珠丸ig0.25和0.5g/kg可明显增加兔脑血流量（P＜0．05）,P＜0．01）十分明显的降低脑血管阻力（P＜0．01）,0．125g/kg也有一定的作用,且呈现量效关系,但各组间血压和心率变化不大,无统计学差异（P＞0．05）,提示该药在不影响动物正常血压和心率的情况下,可能改善脑循环。     

眩晕宁片对麻醉犬脑循环的影响

目的观察眩晕宁片对麻醉犬脑循环的影响。方法健康成年杂种犬30只随机分为5组,分别给予0．5％CMC—Na、西比灵2mg／kg、眩晕宁片125,250,500mg／kg,股动脉插管测量血压,分离椎动脉和颈内动脉,用电磁流量计测量动脉血流量。结果眩晕宁给药后对麻醉犬血压和心率未见明显影响;但能使犬椎动脉和颈内动脉流量增加并使血管阻力降低,与空白对照组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05或0．01）。结论眩晕宁片能增加脑血流,减少脑血管阻力,具有改善麻醉犬脑循环的作用。     

Cardiovascular effects of an extract from the roots of a shrub Elaeophorbia drupifera.

A crude extract was prepared from the roots of E. drupifera. Lethality studies in mice showed a dose-mortality relationship with an LD(50) of 145 mg/kg mice i.p. The extract (2-260 microg/kg. i.v.) was tested in graded doses on the blood pressure and heart rate of urethane anaesthetized rats. The results showed that the extract decreased both the blood pressure and heart rate in a dose-dependent manner. The maximum decrease in blood pressure (control, 78.3 +/- 6. 5 mmHg) and heart rate (control, 120.2 +/- 5.5 beats/min) produced by the extract was about 46.2% and 41.7% (% control), respectively. Blocking the beta adrenoceptors with propranolol (0.5 microg/kg. i.v. ) did not prevent the action of the extract on both the blood pressure and heart rate, suggesting that the extract was acting at a different site. This view was supported by the observation that the extract significantly depressed the increase in blood pressure and heart rate caused by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery. Also, the extract was found to prolong ACh-induced hypotension in the rats. In animals pretreated with atropine sulphate (0.2 mg/kg. i.v), the extract was less effective in depressing the blood pressure. However, this atropine antagonism was surmounted by raising the concentration of the extract. Finally, in vitro studies using isolated arterial strips revealed that the extract also had a relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscle. This relaxant effect was dose-dependent and was attenuated and/or abolished by phentolamine (0.5 microg/mL). Also, the extract relaxed aortic strips precontracted with noradrenaline (1 x 10(-7) mol L(-1)) but failed to relax strips precontracted with KCl (50 mmol/L). We conclude that the crude extract from the roots of E. drupifera probably contains acetylcholine-like agent(s) which interferes with the cholinergic mechanism, as well as catecholamine-like agent(s) exhibiting mainly alpha-adrenoceptor activity.     

拳参正丁醇提取物对离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：研究拳参正丁醇提取物（PBNA）对离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法：应用大鼠离体心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型,在灌流液中加入高、中、低剂量的拳参正丁醇提取液,测定冠脉流量、心率、左心室收缩压、左心室舒张压及心肌组织乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和心肌肌酸激酶（CK）活性的变化。结果：拳参正丁醇提取物能有效地增加冠脉流量;使心率减慢、左心室收缩压升高、左心室舒张压降低;能使心肌收缩力及减少心肌酶的释放对离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤起保护作用。