Dietary supplementation with leaf extract of Beta vulgaris L. var. benghalensis Hort. in modifying cytotoxicity of lead subacetate in mouse in vivo

A crude extract of leaves of Indian spinach (Beta vulgaris L. var. benghalensis Hort.) was observed to modify significantly the cytotoxic effects of a known carcinogen, lead subacetate in mice in vivo. Laboratory bred male Swiss albino mice were fed by gavaging the crude extract for 7 days daily (1.5 g fresh weight of leaf per kg b.w. of animal). On day 7, mice were injected intraperitoneally with three concentrations of the carcinogen (20, 30, 50 mg/kg b.w.). Chromosomes were studied from bone marrow cells, 24 h after exposure, following colchicine-fixative-air drying-Giemsa schedule. The endopints screened were chromosomal aberrations (CA) and damaged cells (DC). Lead subacetate, given alone, induced both CA and DC in frequencies directly related to the concentration. The leaf extract given alone, did not induce any aberrations. Prior priming with the extract as a dietary supplement reduced significantly the cytotoxic effects of the two lower concentrations of the carcinogen. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inhibition of clastogenic effects of nicotine by chlorophyllin in mice bone marrow cells in vivo

The effect of chlorophyllin in modifying the clastogenic action of nicotine was tested in vivo on mice bone marrow cells. Nicotine, when administered by gavage, induced chromosomal aberrations in frequencies directly proportional to the dose. Maximum effects were recorded at 6 h after exposure. Chlorophyllin, when given alone, was not clastogenic even at the highest concentration (1.50 mg/kg body wt). Simultaneous administration of nicotine and chlorophyllin with even lower doses (1.25 and 0.77 mg/kg body wt) reduced the frequency of chromosomal aberrations to the normal level. Chlorophyllin alone, given 2 h before nicotine, however, did not counteract the effects of nicotine. The use of green plant parts in modifying the genotoxicity of different agents may be related to the protective action of chlorophyllin.     

Use of crude extract of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in reducing cytotoxic effects of arsenic in mouse bone marrow

A relatively high concentration of crude extract of garlic, (Allium sativum L.)--single clove variety, was found to reduce the cytotoxic effects of three doses of sodium arsenite, corresponding to 1/10, 1/30 and 1/50 of the LD₅₀ in laboratory bred male Swiss albino mice. The animals were given a single oral dose of the chemical, together with the extract, and effects were observed after 24 h in bone marrow cells following the colchicine–fixation–airdry–Giemsa schedule. The endpoints scored were chromosomal aberrations and damaged cells.     

Protection against cytotoxic effects of arsenic by dietary supplementation with crude extract of Emblica officinalis fruit.

Dietary administration of a crude aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. fruit reduced significantly the cytotoxic effects of sodium arsenite administered orally. The crude extract (685 mg/kg bw) was given daily by gavaging to age and sex matched laboratory bread Swiss albino mice for 7 and 14 days, followed by a single dose of sodium arsenite (2.5 mg/kg bw = 1/10 of LD(50)). The animals were killed after 24 h and chromosome preparations made following a schedule of colchicine-fixative-air drying-Giemsa. The endpoints screened were chromosomal aberrations and damaged cells. The crude extract reduced arsenic damage bringing the cells almost to the normal level.     

辣木叶提取物对便秘小鼠润肠通便的作用及机制研究

目的探究辣木叶Moringaoleifera醇提物和水提物对便秘小鼠的通便作用及机制。方法昆明种小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、酚酞(0.05 g/kg)组以及辣木叶醇提物低、中、高剂量(0.5、1.0、2.0 g/kg)组和辣木叶水提物低、中、高剂量(0.5、1.0、2.0g/kg)组,每组10只。通过失水燥结法建立小鼠便秘模型,给予药物进行干预,考察辣木叶醇提物和水提物对便秘小鼠首次排便时间、粪便含水率、6 h内排便数量、胃排空率、小肠内容物推进率的影响;采用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色考察辣木叶醇提物和水提物对便秘小鼠小肠组织病理变化的影响;采用ELISA试剂盒考察辣木叶醇提物和水提物对便秘小鼠血清中胃泌素、胃动素、内皮素和一氧化氮水平的影响;采用免疫组化法考察辣木叶醇提物和水提物对便秘小鼠小肠组织中胃泌素、胃动素、内皮素和一氧化氮蛋白表达的影响。结果辣木叶醇提物和水提物均能明显缩短小鼠首次排便时间(P0.01),提高粪便含水率(P0.05),增加6 h内排便数量(P0.05),提高小鼠胃排空率和小肠内容物推进率(P0.05、0.01),上调小鼠血清和小肠组织胃泌素、胃动素、内皮素分泌及表达(P0.05、0.01),下调血清和小肠组织一氧化氮分泌及表达(P0.05、0.01),减轻小肠绒毛损伤。结论辣木叶醇提物和水提物能够改善小鼠便秘,达到润肠通便的效果,其作用机制可能与调节小鼠胃肠激素水平、促进肠蠕动有关。     

Inhibition of clastogenic effect of cyclophosphamide and mitomycin C by Neem leaf-extract in mice

Azadirachta indica commonly known as ‘Neem’ is well known for its medicinal properties in the indigenous Indian system of medicine. Almost every part of the tree has some beneficial use. The anticlastogenic activity of ‘Neem’ against cyclophosphamide (CP) and mitomycin C (MMC) was studied in vivo in bone marrow cells of mice. Aqueous leaf-extracts of A. indica were injected intraperitoneally at doses 3, 6, 12 and 24 mg/kg body weight. Simultaneously, two known clastogens CP (10 mg/kg) and MMC (1.5 mg/kg) were administered individually to animals treated with 6 and 12 mg/kg of the leaf-extract. The end-points screened were chromosomal aberrations and damaged (aberrant) cells. Neem leaf-extract per se was found to be a weak clastogen; 6 and 12 mg/kg of the leaf-extract inhibited the clastogenicity of CP and MMC. The extent of inhibition was different for the two clastogens. An ANOVA test showed that the reduction in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations was significantly less when the leaf-extract was given in combination with CP. MMC co-administered with the leaf-extract showed a trend that was not statistically significant. The difference may be attributed to the degree of modulation of bioactivation of cytochrome P-450 enzymes, or the repair of damaged DNA or a difference in detoxification of the reactive species of the two genotoxicants. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Antipyretic and analgesic studies of the ethanalic extract of Teclea nobilis delile

The crude ethanol extract of the leaves of an African medicinal plant Teclea nobilis has been studied for its antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The extract exhibited marked antipyretic and analgesic activities while it was found to be weakly active against carrageenin oedema.     

Acute and chronic toxicity of a lyophilised aqueous extract of Tanacetum vulgare leaves in rodents

AIM OF THE STUDY: The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety of an aqueous extract of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) leaves by determining its potential toxicity after acute and chronic administration in rodents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For the acute study, a lyophilized aqueous extract of tansy leaves was administered to mice in single doses of 0-13 g/kg given by gavage as well as intraperitoneal doses of 0-4.5 g/kg. General behavior adverse effects and mortality were determined for up to 14 days. In the chronic dose study, the extract was administered orally at doses of 0, 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg daily for 90 days to rats. Biochemical and hematological parameters were determined after 30 and 60 days, and then at the end of 90 days of daily administration. RESULTS: In the acute study in mice, the crude aqueous extract of tansy leaves caused dose-dependent general behavior adverse effects and mortality. The no-observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) of the tansy extract were 7.0 g/kg and 1.0 g/kg, and the lowest-observed adverse effect levels (LOAEL) were 9.0 g/kg and 1.5 g/kg, when given by the oral and intraperitoneal routes, respectively. Mortality increased with increasing doses, with LD(50) of 9.9 g/kg and 2.8 g/kg for the oral and intraperitonal modes of administration, respectively. In the chronic study in rats, daily oral administration of the crude aqueous extract of tansy leaves for up to 90 days did not result in death or significant changes in the biological (except for hypoglycemia) and hematological parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the relatively high NOAEL values in the acute study in mice, and lack of significant effect on biological and hematological parameters in rats after 90 days of daily doses, the tansy extract does not appear to have significant toxicity. In view of the dose of tansy consumed in traditional medicine, there is a wide margin of safety for the therapeutic use of the aqueous extract of Tanacetum vulgare leaves.     

Hypoglycaemic Agent(s) in Leaves of Elaeophorbia drupifera

Male white Wistar rats (250–300 g), after an overnight fast, were treated with a crude extract (20 mg/kg oral) from the leaves of E. drupifera . The extract was administered 2 h before and 2 h after either an oral glucose load (3 g/kg) or a subcutaneous injection of adrenaline (0.01 mg/kg). The results showed that the extract reduced the blood glucose levels in rats that received the extract 2 h before glucose and adrenaline administration by about 34.3% and 35.2%, respectively. For the group that received the extract 2 h after glucose and adrenaline administration, the blood glucose levels were reduced by about 52.8% and 29.7%, respectively. Comparison was made between the action of the extract and a known hypoglycaemic drug — glibenclamide (0.29 mg/kg oral). The extract (20 mg/kg oral) was found to be faster and more effective than glibenclamide in lowering the blood glucose levels in fasting rats.     

山楂叶提取物类脂体与益心酮片对大鼠急性心肌缺血药效的比较研究

目的： 对山楂叶提取物类脂质体和市售的益心酮片进行“大鼠急性心肌缺血”药效作用比较,阐明山楂叶提取物类脂质体的药效作用特点。 方法： 将大鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组、益心酮片组、山楂叶提取物类脂质体组,每组10只。益心酮片组和山楂叶提取物类脂质体组大鼠均ig给予17.28 mg·kg^-1剂量的山楂叶提取物,每天1次,连续7 d;模型组、空白对照组大鼠ig等体积蒸馏水（10 mL·kg^-1）。第5天和第6天除空白对照组外,其余各组均在给药后1 h分别ip异丙肾上腺素4.2 mg·kg^-1,每天1次,以建立大鼠急性心肌缺血模型;空白对照组大鼠相应ip等量生理盐水。末次给药1 h后,用10%水合氯醛麻醉,腹主动脉取血。以大鼠血清心肌酶 活性,丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及主要脏器系数作为观察指标,比较山楂叶提取物类脂质体及市售益心酮片对“急性心肌缺血”作用特点。 结果： 与空白对照组比较,模型组AST,LDH,CPK活性和MDA含量均显著升高（P<0.05）,SOD活性极显著性降低（P<0.001）;与模型组比较,益心酮组仅LDH活性、MDA含量显著性降低（P<0.05）,山楂叶提取物类脂质体组AST,LDH,CPK活性均显著性或极显著降低（P < 0.05或P<0.01）,MDA含量显著性降低（P<0.05）,SOD活性极显著性升高（P<0.01）;与益心酮组比较,山楂叶提取物类脂体组AST,LDH,CPK活性和MDA含量差异无统计学意义,SOD活性显著性升高（P<0.05）。山楂叶提取物类脂质体对大鼠主要脏器系数未见明显影响。 结论： 山楂叶提取物类脂体和益心酮片在临床等效剂量下均明显改善急性心肌缺血大鼠的血清心肌酶损伤程度,降低MDA的含量,对异丙肾上腺素所致大鼠心肌缺血损伤具有显著的保护作用,但益心酮片对SOD的活性影响没有显著差异,山楂叶提取物类脂体对SOD的活性显著性升高。     

苍耳子4种提取物小鼠急性毒性比较研究

目的:研究苍耳子生品和炒品的水提、醇提4种提取物对小鼠的急性毒性。方法:观察小鼠灌胃给药后的毒性反应,并计算半数致死量(LD50)。结果:苍耳子水提取物组毒性反应为静卧、竖毛、尾足发绀、震颤、呼吸抑制、间歇性惊厥、翻正反射消失、后腿抽搐等,乙醇提取物组则表现为静卧、腹式呼吸、部分竖毛、震颤、严重间歇性惊厥、跳跃、后腿抽搐,部分动物出现大小便失禁等。苍耳子炒品水提取物、炒品乙醇提取物、生品水提取物、生品乙醇提取物的小鼠灌胃给药的LD50分别为生药155.93,317.80,167.60,275.41 g.kg-1。结论:苍耳子水提取物的急性毒性明显大于乙醇提取物,而炒品和生品的毒性差异不明显。     

The effects of Baphia nitida Lodd (leguminosae) extract on the gastrointestinal tract of rats and mice

The constituents from the leaves of Baphia nitida were extracted using methanol and acetone as solvents. The extract did not demonstrate any acute toxic effects in mice within the dose range used during this study. The extract inhibited gastric emptying time in rats and intestinal motility in mice, both effects were manifested in a dose-related fashion. These effects were similar but less pronounced than those produced by atropine sulphate. The extract did not induce gastric ulceration in rats and failed to protect against acetyl salicylic acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats or histamine-induced duodenal ulcer in guinea-pigs.     

金钱草提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠的影响

目的:研究金钱草水提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠影响。方法:选择化学诱导剂氧嗪酸钾盐作为尿酸酶抑制剂,ip小鼠造成高尿酸血症模型。采用磷钼酸还原法测定小鼠血清尿酸水平。不同剂量金钱草水提取物ig给药,持续3d。结果:金钱草水提取物(5.2,10.8,20.8g·kg^-1·d^-1)能显著地减少高尿酸血症小鼠血清尿酸水平,而对正常小鼠的血清尿酸水平无显著性影响。结论:金钱草水提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠具有降低血清尿酸水平作用。     

Inhibitory Effects of the Standardized Extract of Phyllanthus amarus on Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Balb/C Mice

Phyllanthus amarus has been shown to have strong inhibitory effects on phagocytic activity of human neutrophils and on cellular immune responses in Wistar–Kyoto rats. In this study, we investigated the effects of daily treatment of standardized extract of P. amarus at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for 14 days in Balb/C mice by measuring the myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), nitric oxide (NO) release, macrophage phagocytosis, swelling of footpad in delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), and serum immunoglobulins, ceruloplasmin and lysozyme levels. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the extract using validated reversed‐phase HPLC methods identified phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, corilagin and geraniin as the biomarkers. Significant dose‐dependent inhibitions of MPO activity and NO release were observed in treated mice. The extract also inhibited E. coli phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages of treated mice and inhibited the sheep red blood cells (sRBC)‐induced swelling rate of mice paw in the DTH. There was also a significant decrease in non‐specific humoral immunity including ceruloplasmin and lysozyme levels in the extract‐fed groups as well as the release of serum level immunoglobulins. The strong inhibitory effects of the extract on the cellular and humoral immune responses suggest the potential of the plant to be developed as an effective immunosuppressive agent. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ICP-MS测定丹参提取物中钠元素含量

目的:建立测定丹参提取物中钠元素含量的方法.方法:采用硝酸为消解体系,经微波消解丹参提取物样品,通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定钠元素含量,为校正响应信号的变化及消除基体效应和仪器漂移的影响,选用铬元素作为内标溶液.结果:钠元素在0.00～10.00 mg·L-1具有良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),以杨树叶为工作标准物质测定回收率,平均回收率90.4％,RSD 3.8％ (n =6).结论:该方法稳定性、重复性、精密度良好,可用于测定丹参提取物中钠元素的含量.     

Clastogenic effect of ginger rhizome in mice

The present study focuses on the clastogenic effect of ginger rhizome. Crude aqueous extracts of ginger were gavaged at doses of 0. 5, 1, 2, 5, 10 g/kg body weight and ginger oil (0.625, 1.250 and 2. 50 ml/kg body weight) was administered by intraperitoneal injection to male mice. Chromosome damage was studied in a preparation made from bone marrow cells following colchicine injection to all mice and examination of the cells after pretreatment in hypotonic solution, fixation, air drying and staining in Giemsa solution. Attention is drawn to the weakness of the clastogenic activity expressed by the ginger extract. In comparison ginger oil gave a higher frequency of chromosomal aberrations. It is suggested therefore, that the extract may contain substance(s) that suppress clastogenesis in the bone marrow cells of mice.     

Fertility Suppression of the Male Mouse after Administration of Mint Leaf Extract

The antifertility effect of an aqueous extract of mint ( Mentha arvensis ) leaves was observed on male albino mice after administration of 10, 5 and 2 mg of the extract every alternate day for 20 days. At the tried experimental protocol, a dose related decrease in the reproductive organ weights was recorded. A marked alteration in the phosphatase content in the reproductive organs was also obtained. While the acid phosphatase mean level recorded a marked decrease, the alkaline phosphatase content of the reproductive organs exhibited a statistically significant increase. Mating performance and libido of the males treated with the mint leaf extract at all the three tried doses was not altered but mating with fertile proestrus females proved to be sterile in each case.     

Evaluation of chemopreventive action and antimutagenic effect of the standardized Panax ginseng extract, EFLA400, in Swiss albino mice

In the present investigation the chemopreventive action and antimutagenic effects of a standardized Panax Ginseng extract (EFLA400, processed Panax ginseng extract containing a high titre of ginsenoside Rg3 (>3.0% w/w) known as Phoenix ginseng) in Swiss albino mice have been evaluated. The oral administration of EFLA400 at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg body weight at pre, peri and post-initiational phases, showed significant reductions in the number, size and weight of the papillomas. A significant reduction in tumour incidence (71.41 +/- 6.73%, 72.19 +/- 4.54% and 70.46 +/- 0.38% at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg body weight, respectively) was observed in animals in the EFLA400 treated group compared with 100% tumour incidence in the control group. The cumulative number of papillomas during an observation period of 16 weeks was significantly reduced in the EFLA400 treated group (24 +/- 0.94, 16 +/- 1.41 and 11 +/- 1.41 at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg body weight, respectively). However, the average latent period was significantly increased from 10.81 +/- 0.1 weeks in the control group to 12.39 +/- 0.28 weeks in the treated group (10 mg/kg body weight). The average tumour weight was recorded as 128.55 +/- 8.48, 116.00 +/- 8.48 and 57.5 +/- 3.29 mg in 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg body weight EFLA400 treated groups respectively. Chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei induction was also evaluated in bone marrow cells. These genotoxicity end-points were compared with papilloma occurrence at the same dose levels of carcinogen and ginseng. In the EFLA400 treated groups significantly reduced frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei induced by DMBA and croton oil were observed. However, the maximum decrease in the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei were recorded in the 10 mg/kg body weight EFLA400 treated group than that of the 1 and 3 mg/kg body weight EFLA400 treated animals. The results from the present study suggest the dose dependent effectiveness of EFLA400 in chemoprevention and antimutagenicity in Swiss albino mice.     

木耳菌丝体及其醇提物的药理作用

木耳菌丝体小鼠ip给药能明显提高外周血T淋巴细胞百分率,使环磷酰胺引起的半数溶血值HC₅₀减少恢复正常;其醇提物体内外均能明显抑制ADP诱导大鼠血小板聚集作用,缩短小鼠红细胞电泳时间。     

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of leaf extract of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) on chromium(VI) induced oxidative stress in albino rats

The present study reports the antioxidant activity of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), family Elaegnaceae, on chromium induced oxidative stress in male albino rats. Oxidative stress was induced in the rats by force-feeding of potassium dichromate equivalent to a dose of 30mg/kg body weight (BW) of chromium(VI) for 30 days. Administration of chromium decreased the body weight and increased organ to body weight ratio significantly. Chromium treatment significantly decreased reduced glutathione (GSH), and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels; further it also enhanced glutamate oxaloacetate transferase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transferase (GPT) levels in the serum. Different doses of the alcoholic leaf extract of Seabuckthorn were evaluated for the protection against the chromium induced oxidative stress. The results show that the leaf extract at a concentration of 100 and 250mg/kg BW protected the animals from the chromium induced oxidative injury significantly.