胸段硬膜外腔注射可乐定对上腹部手术术后膈肌功能的影响

目的　观察胸段硬膜外腔注射可乐定对上腹部手术 (UAS)术后膈肌功能的作用。方法　在连续硬膜外神经阻滞麻醉下行剖腹胆囊切除术病人 2 0例 ,均分为可乐定 (A)组与生理盐水(B)组。术后 2小时A组经硬膜外导管注入可乐定 4μg/kg ,B组注入生理盐水。记录注药前、注药后30分钟、2小时有无反常呼吸运动以及RR、VT。结果　A组注射可乐定 30分钟后膈肌功能改善 :反常呼吸运动消失 ,RR减慢 (由 2 0 0± 1 8降到 15 2± 1 7,P <0 0 0 1)、VT 增加 (由 2 19 8± 2 6 8ml/m2 增到 2 91 0± 2 5 5ml/m2 ,P <0 0 0 1) ,连续观察 2小时 ,膈肌功能仍优于注药前。B组注射生理盐水后上述指标无明显变化。结论　胸段硬膜外腔注射可乐定可改善UAS术后膈肌功能     

疼痛对上腹部术后呼吸肌功能不全的影响

目的　观察疼痛在上腹部手术后呼吸肌功能不全中所起的作用。方法　ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者 30例 ,随机分为病人自控镇痛 (PCA)组与对照组 ,每组 15例。用最大吸气压 (MIP)和最大呼气压 (MEP)来评估呼吸肌功能。两组于术前 ,术后 2 4、4 8h分别测定MIP、MEP ,并用视觉模拟疼痛评分法 (VAS)评估疼痛程度。结果　术后对照组的MIP与MEP比术前显著下降 (P <0 0 5 )。VAS评分两组均增加 ,与术前相比 ,对照组有显著差异 (P <0 0 5 )。两组相比 ,PCA组的VAS增加明显少于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。MIP、MEP和疼痛在统计学上有显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。结论　疼痛是导致上腹部术后呼吸肌功能不全的一个重要因素 ,而PCA则能部分地改善术后呼吸肌功能不全     

不同剂量5-HT3受体拮抗剂托烷司琼对全麻术后恶心呕吐的影响的临床研究

目的观察不同剂量的5-HT3受体拮抗剂托烷司琼(Tropisetron)对术后恶心呕吐(PONV)的作用时效,以寻求一种比较理想的止吐药物及合适的剂量预防和减少PONV的发生.方法择期上腹部吸入全麻手术患者120例,随机双盲分成生理盐水对照组(A组),恩丹西酮8mg组(B组),托烷司琼2mg(C组)及5mg(D组),每组各30例.术毕观察给止吐药至第1次出现恶心呕吐的时间、各组发生恶心、呕吐的病人数、接受补救药物的病人数、恶心的严重程度、病人对止吐药的的满意度、头晕头痛、椎体外系症状等副作用.结果各组病人性别、体重、年龄、麻醉持续时间、术中生命体征等各组间比较差异无显著性(P>0.05).各组发生恶心、呕吐和接受补救药物病人数,初次出现恶心的时间,恶心严重程度评分的比较中,托烷司均优于恩丹西酮,P<0.05.结论①托烷司琼的镇吐效果优于恩丹西酮.②托烷司琼2mg不仅可以减少药物用量、增强抗吐时效,而且能减少副作用的发生,是一种经济、有效、安全且值得推广应用的止吐方法.     

Effect of continuous extradural infusion of bupivacaine on diaphragmatic function after upper abdominal surgery

BACKGROUND: Diaphragmatic function is impaired after abdominal surgery. We investigated the effect of continuous extradural infusion of bupivacaine on diaphragmatic function after upper abdominal surgery using respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP). METHODS: Ten healthy patients for upper abdominal surgery were divided into two groups; the first group of patients with continuous extradural infusion of morphine (group 1) and the second group of patients with continuous extradural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine (group 2). RESULTS: On the first day after surgery, there was no significant difference between the visual analogue scale scores in the two groups. Abdominal contribution to tidal volume (VAB/VT) in group 1 was significantly decreased compared to that of the pre-operative value. VAB/VT in group 2 was significantly higher than that in group 1. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous extradural infusion of bupivacaine improves diaphragmatic function after upper abdominal surgery.     

Improvement of diaphragmatic function by a thoracic extradural block after upper abdominal surgery

The effects on diaphragmatic function of a thoracic epidural block were assessed in 13 patients after upper abdominal surgery (UAS). Lung volumes and tidal changes in chest wall circumferences and gastric (delta Pgas) and esophageal (delta Pes) pressures were measured pre- and postoperatively. Volume displacement of the abdomen divided by tidal volume (delta VAB/VT) and delta Pgas/delta Pes were taken as indices of the diaphragmatic contribution to tidal breathing. These respiratory variables were obtained in the postoperative period, before and after epidural injection of 0.5% plain bupivacaine to achieve a block up to the T4 segment. UAS was constantly associated with a decrease in VT, delta VAB/VT, delta Pgas/delta Pes, and forced vital capacity (FVC). Epidural block was associated with an increase in VT, delta VAB/VT, and FVC. delta Pgas and delta Pgas/delta Pes returned to their preoperative values. It is concluded that: 1) diaphragmatic dysfunction observed after UAS is partially reversed by thoracic epidural block; and 2) that inhibitory reflexes of phrenic activity arising from the abdominal compartment (abdominal wall and/or viscera) could be involved in this diaphragmatic dysfunction.     

Effect of aminophylline on respiratory muscle strength after upper abdominal surgery: a double blind study.

BACKGROUND--The effect of aminophylline on maximum respiratory muscle strength in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery was investigated. METHODS--An open pilot study was performed in which aminophylline was administered continuously for 48 hours after surgery (protocol I). In a second group of subjects aminophylline was given for 24 hours after cholecystectomy in a double blind placebo controlled trial (protocol II). Twelve patients participated in the pilot study (group A) and 25 in protocol II of which 14 received aminophylline (group B) and 11 placebo (control, group C). Respiratory muscle strength was assessed by measuring mouth pressures during maximum static inspiratory and expiratory efforts. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), vital capacity (VC), inspiratory maximum pressures (PImax), expiratory maximum pressures (PEmax) were measured 24 hours preoperatively, PImax and serum theophylline 24 hours postoperatively, and FEV1, FVC, VC, PImax, PEmax, and serum theophylline 48 hours after surgery. RESULTS--FEV1, FVC, and VC decreased in all groups of patients at +48 hours. PImax fell at +24 hours and +48 hours but this decrease was significantly smaller in the two groups who received aminophylline than in the control group. PEmax showed a decrease at +48 hours but this reduction was similar in all three groups studied, independent of the treatment given. These data suggest that either aminophylline had a protective effect only on the inspiratory muscles or, most probably, that the effect of aminophylline was central, reducing the phrenic nerve inhibition induced by cholecystectomy and thus improving diaphragmatic function. CONCLUSIONS--Upper abdominal surgery decreases inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength and aminophylline has a protective effect only on inspiratory muscle function. This may have important clinical applications in minimising pulmonary complications after cholecystectomy.     

Cough threshold after upper abdominal surgery.

The effect of upper abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia on the cough threshold was studied in 26 patients, on the basis of the concentrations of capsaicin and citric acid causing cough. Cough threshold was determined after administering doubling doses of nebulised aerosols of capsaicin and citric acid before operation and on the first and fourth postoperative days. There was an increase in cough threshold (decrease in cough sensitivity) in response to both inhaled irritants on the first postoperative day from the preoperative day and a return towards preoperative values by the fourth day after surgery. The increase in cough threshold on the first postoperative day correlated with the time since opiate administration (r = 0.7 for capsaicin, 0.52 for citric acid). These results show that the threshold concentration of chemical irritants causing cough is increased on the first postoperative day after upper abdominal surgery.     

Effects of aminophylline on regional diaphragmatic shortening after thoracotomy in the awake lamb.

Aminophylline has been reported to augment diaphragmatic contraction, although this remains a controversial finding. We studied the effect of aminophylline on regional diaphragmatic shortening, changes in transdiaphragmatic pressure (delta Pdi), and integrated regional electromyographic (EMG) activity of the diaphragm (Edi) after a right thoracotomy in nine lambs using sonomicrometry, esophageal and gastric balloons, and EMG. Sonomicrometer crystals and EMG leads were implanted into the costal and crural regions of the diaphragm through a right thoracotomy, and a tracheostomy was performed. The animals were studied while awake within 4 days after surgery. Fractional costal and crural diaphragmatic shortening was measured using the sonomicrometer; delta Pdi was calculated from esophageal and gastric pressures. Respiratory variables were measured through the tracheostomy. Data were collected during quiet breathing and during CO2 rebreathing. After control measurements, aminophylline (10 mg/kg) was administered intravenously, producing a serum concentration of 17.7 +/- 1.5 micrograms/ml. Aminophylline did not augment shortening, increase delta Pdi, or overcome postoperative diaphragmatic inhibition acutely in the awake sheep after a right lateral thoracotomy. A small decrease of end-tidal CO2, from 5.2% to 4.9%, was measured at rest during aminophylline infusion, but Edi was unchanged. Although during CO2 rebreathing diaphragmatic shortening increased, the addition of aminophylline did not further augment shortening. Our data in awake lambs suggest that aminophylline does not improve diaphragmatic contraction in the acute postoperative period.     

Activity of lower intercostal and abdominal muscle after upper abdominal surgery

The decrease in end-expiratory lung volume after upper abdominal surgery has been attributed, in part, to reflex spasm of the abdominal muscles. To examine the influence of abdominal surgery on abdominal muscle tone, electromyographic (EMG) activity of abdominal and lower intercostal muscle was compared before operation with that at 3 hr and at 24 hr after operation in 18 healthy patients undergoing elective gastric or biliary surgery. After operation, EMG activity increased markedly and showed a phasic pattern of activity associated with respiration in most patients. This was characterized by a progressive increase in EMG activity during expiration with an abrupt decrease at the onset of inspiration. We conclude that increased expiratory activity in abdominal and lower intercostal muscle may be responsible for the decrease in lung volumes that occurs after upper abdominal surgery.     

Doxapram improves pulmonary function after upper abdominal surgery

The effects of doxapram on postoperative pulmonary function were studied in 40 ASA I and II patients randomly allocated to receive either doxapram 1.8 mg· kg^-1. h^-1 or placebo for 2 h immediately after elective cholecystectomy. The two groups displayed similar reductions of carbon dioxide production at 2 h and 6 h postoperatively, whereas oxygen consumption remained at preoperative levels for 24 h. Minute ventilation was similarly reduced in the two groups at 2 h and 6 h postoperatively, with corresponding increases in Paco₂. Pao₂ was similarly and significantly decreased in both groups postoperatively, whereas P(A-a)o₂ remained unchanged at 2 h and 6 h in doxapram-treated patients. FRC was reduced postoperatively in both groups, significantly more so in the control group at 6 h. Various indices of intrapulmonary gas distribution, including the functional (nitrogen) dead space, underwent similar changes in the two groups. By contrast, the physiological dead space was reduced in doxapram-treated patients at 2 h, 6 h and 24 h postoperatively, whereas no significant changes were seen in the control group. The ventilatory equivalent for CO₂ was significantly lower in the doxapram-treated group, implying higher ventilatory efficiency. Our findings indicate that infusion of doxapram postoperatively attenuates the impairment of pulmonary function postoperatively, chiefly via effects on V'_A/Q' ratios. No side effects of doxapram were observed.     

腹部外科手术后胃肠功能障碍的营养支持

腹部外科手术后常出现不同程度的胃肠功能障碍。大多数病例的临床表现并不明显,少数病人可出现明显的临床症状,甚至发展为胃肠功能衰竭,因而需引起腹部外科医生的重视。术后胃肠功能障碍的类型和诱因颇多,处理上营养支持起着重要的作用。本文结合文献和我们的初步经验,就术后胃肠功能障碍的营养支持问题,浅谈其应用原则和实施要点。 一、胃肠功能障碍的临床表现及其营养代谢特点 胃肠道的功能繁多,不仅有消化、吸收、蠕动的功能,还有免疫调节、激素分泌和粘膜屏障等功能。     

Respiratory effects of intrathecal morphine after upper abdominal surgery

The effects of intrathecal (IT) administration of two doses of morphine (Group 1: 2 mg, n = 9; Group 2: 5 mg, n = 10) were studied in 19 patients after upper abdominal surgery. The ventilatory variables and occlusion pressure (P0.1) were recorded during room air breathing and during CO2 rebreathing tests prior to surgery, 24 h after surgery before IT morphine (n = 12), and 3, 5, 7, 11, and 24 h after injection. During room air breathing, minute ventilation (VE) did not change significantly in Group 1 and decreased significantly 3, 5, 7, and 11 h after injection in Group 2. During the rebreathing tests, there was a significant shift to the right of the ventilatory response to CO2 in both groups. The peak of the ventilatory depression was delayed, occurring 7 h and 11 h postinjection in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Two patients in Group 2 developed clinically significant ventilatory depression. The shallow breathing observed after surgery was not changed after analgesia. In group 2, 5, mg IT morphine was responsible for a significant decrease in f60 (respiratory frequency for a PETCO2 of 60 mmHg). P0.1 increased markedly after surgery during both room air breathing and the rebreathing tests. After IT morphine, compared with the postoperative preanalgesic values, P0.1(60) (P0.1 at a PETCO2 of 60 mmHg) did not change in Group 1 and decreased significantly in Group 2. It is concluded that IT morphine is responsible for a ventilatory depression that is delayed and seems to be dose related and that analgesia does not abolish the shallow breathing observed after upper abdominal surgery.     

Respiratory pattern and activity of the abdominal muscles after upper abdominal surgery

Because only few data is as yet available concerning abdominal muscle activity following upper abdominal surgery, the present study aimed to investigate the pattern of abdominal muscle activity before and after upper abdominal surgery and to relate any changes to differences in abdominal respiratory movements. Eight ASA I patients (5 women, 3 men), mean age 44 +/- 12 yr, undergoing elective cholecystectomy (midline incision) were investigated. The following parameters were measured, with the patients supine and at rest, on the eve of surgery, and 2, 4, 24 and 72 h afterwards: tidal volume (VT), breathing rate (f), inspiratory time (TI), total cycle time (TT), changes in abdominal (Dab) and thoracic (Drc) circumferences, surface electromyograms of the rectus abdominis and obliquus externus abdominis muscles. The ratio (Dab/Dab + Drc) was used as an index of relative abdominal movement. Anaesthetic management was similar for all patients (thiopentone, fentanyl, vecuronium, halothane and N2O). A significant reduction in VT was found between 2 and 24 h postoperatively, with a significant increase in f between 4 and 24 h after surgery. Both these parameters returned to normal values at the 72nd h. Relative abdominal movement was reduced in the immediate postoperative period (2 and 4 h), slowly improving, but remaining lower than normal at 72 h. Muscle tonus was increased at 2 h and returned to normal at the 4th h. This transient increase suggested a residual effect of fentanyl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

上腹部手术后镇痛对儿茶酚胺的影响

选择３０例上腹部手术患者，随机分为三组，每组１０例，采用Ｎ２一Ｏ２一安氟醚（ＧＯＥ）吸入麻醉，其中镇痛两组术终采用０．２５％丁哌卡因２０ｍｌ行腹腔神经丛阻滞，术后硬膜外分别持续滴入０．１２５％丁哌卡因及０．０００２５％芬太尼生理盐水溶液，在术终及术后２、５、８小时分别采静脉血分离血浆，并同时用线性视觉模拟评分法作疼痛程度评定，标本采用反相离子对色谱一电化学检测法分析血中儿茶酚胺浓度。结果镇痛两组疼痛评分较低，与对照组相比差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。多巴胺血浆浓度在组间及组内比较均无差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），而肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的血浆浓度术后２、５、８小时与术终相比差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），三组间比较术终无差异，而术后２、５、８小时镇痛两组与对照组比较差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），但镇痛两组间相比无差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：上腹部手术后在腹腔神经丛阻滞下，行硬膜外术后镇痛既能明显减轻患者的痛苦，又能有效地阻止术后疼痛应激引起儿茶酚胺的明显变化。//     

Effects of diltiazem on renin-aldosterone and ACTH-adrenocortical function during upper abdominal surgery

Study Objective: To observe the effects of continuous intravenous infusion of diltiazem on the renin-aldosterone system and ACTH-adrenocortical axis responses during surgical stimulation.

Design: Randomized study of intravenous diltiazem.

Setting: Operating room at the Hyogo Medical College Hospital.

Patients: Twenty-three patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery were divided into two groups: the control group (n = 10) and the diltiazem group (n = 13). All the patients were without any complications and classified as ASA physical status I.

Interventions: Patients in the diltiazem group received an infusion of 10 μg/kg/ min for 90 to 120 minutes following skin incision.

Measurements and Main Results: Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, plasma aldosterone and cortisol concentrations, and plasma renin activity were determined with radioimmunoassay before the induction of anesthesia at 10, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after skin incision and at the end of anesthesia. Renin activity did not change significantly. Maximal increases in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, aldosterone, and cortisol observed 90 minutes after skin incision were 355 ± 95 pg/ml, 118 ± 30 pg/ml, and 14.2 ± 2.3 μg/dl in the control group versus 246 ± 41 pg/ml, 119 ± 25 pg/ml, and 15.0 ± 1.8 μg/dl in the diltiazem group, respectively, and there were no significant differences between these groups. Adrenocorticotropic hormone was significantly lower in the diltiazem group compared with that in the control group 60 minutes after the start of surgery (p < 0.05). There was marked natriuresis (40 ± 25 μEq/min vs 470 ± 147 μEq/min at the 90-minute mark) and diuresis (0.16 ± 0.13 ml/min vs. 2.53 ± 0.88 ml/min) in the diltiazen group.     

上腹部手术对小气道功能的影响

通过监测用力呼气中期流速（ＭＭＦ）和呼出２５％、５０％、７５％用力肺活量（ＦＶＣ）时瞬时呼气流速（ＦＥＦ）２５％、ＦＥＦ５０％和ＦＥＦ７５％等指标，对２５例不同麻醉方法下（全麻、硬膜外阻滞）行上腹部手术患者围术期小气道功能进行了连续观察。结果显示，术后４小时ＭＭＦ为术前的３２．７％，术后第７天为术前的６８．２％。表明上腹部手术后小气道功能严重减退。     

Analgesia after upper abdominal surgery with extradural buprenorphine with lidocaine

Purpose

To determine whetherthe continuous low thoracic extradural administration of the same dose of lidocaine at low concentration with a high infusion rate or at high concentration with a low infusion rate in combination with a fixed dose of buprenorphine (0.4 ing·day^?1) modifies postoperative pain relief.

Methods

Twenty-eight patients undergoing elective upper abdominal surgery were randomly allocated to one of two groups to receive lidocaine 2% — buprenorphine at a rate of 6.3 ml· hr^?1 (2% group, n = 13) or lidocaine 6% — buprenorphine at a rate of 2.1 ml· hr^?1 (6% group, n = 15). During suture of the peritoneum, mepivacaine 2% (8 ml) with 0.1 mg (0.5 ml) buprenorphine was infused extradurally. After extubation, the continuous extradural infusion was initiated. Patients were assessed for the level of analgesia with the 10 cm VAS score at rest and with the Prince Henry Pain Scale (PHPS) at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 hr postoperatively.

Results

The visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at rest did not differ between the two groups except at 18 hr after surgery. The Prince Henry Pain Scale (PHPS) scores were not different between the two groups post-operatively.

Conclusion

There was no difference in analgesia produced by the continuous extradural infusion of lidocaine 2% — buprenorphine at a rate of 6.3 ml· hr^?1 and that of lidocaine 6% — buprenorphine at a rate of 2.1 ml· hr^?1 following upper abdominal surgery.