阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的血液系统改变

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)可引起血液系统的变化已被证实,包括能影响红细胞、血小板、血液黏滞性、血管内皮、凝血和纤溶机制等多个环节.研究提示其中的凝血异常可能参与OSAHS患者心脑血管疾病发病机制,但OSAHS影响血液凝固机制的许多细胞尚有待阐明.     

关于阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停治疗方法的新探讨

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(obstructive sleep apnoea,OSA)是临床常见的疾病,主要表现为打鼾,夜间睡眠反复出现呼吸暂停,白天过度嗜睡等症状.目前有许多的临床研究和流行病学的结果都显示了OSA是一种对多器官和多系统都有损害的睡眠呼吸疾病,它是高血压、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、心律失常、充血性心力衰竭、脑卒中等多种疾病的独立危险因素[1].严重影响着患者的生活质量,其发病率也越来越高.因此,这就使得进一步的研究探讨OSA的治疗方法成为必要.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停对肺循环的影响

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）是一种常见病和多发病,其对心血管系统包括肺循环和体循环有着重要影响。OSA可引起急性肺动脉高压,主要是由于低氧性肺血管收缩以及机械效应和觉醒状态下的反射性血管收缩,在一些OSA患者中发现了一些长期的改变,这可能是由于大多数患者经常因相关的肺疾病导致日间低氧血症,从而发展成持续的肺动脉高压的结果,但也有证据表明OSA是引起日间肺动脉高压的独立危险因素。现将OSA对肺循环与右心室的已知影响,包括急性和慢性影响作一综述。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停群与血压的实时研究

目的　观察阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停 (OSA)患者OSA连续发生 (OSA群 )时的实时血压改变 ,确定OSA群对血压的影响。方法　全部病例年龄均在 6 0岁以下 ,未服用过任何降血压药物治疗。以多导睡眠图 (PSG)检测睡眠过程的呼吸事件 ,同时以PWTT法连续测量血压。确诊为OSA组病人 ,在连续出现OSA群时 ,对血压作 2 0次等时取样 ,并与经PSG检查排除OSA的对照组病人比较 ,确定OSA群发生时的血压改变情况。结果　 92 %的OSA患者在OSA群发生时均有明显的血压升高 ,平均收缩压升高 5 8mmHg,舒张压升高 3 7mmHg ,最高收缩压升高 18 7mmHg ,舒张压升高12mmHg,明显高于非OSA病人 (P <0 0 1)。结论　考虑到其他影响因素 ,仍可认为 ,OSA(特别是连续发生的OSA群 ) ,与血压升高有直接关系 ,血压升高的程度、持续时间与OSA的严重程度正相关     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的嗜睡及残余嗜睡

嗜睡是阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）的常见症状。人们普遍期望对OSAS的有效治疗可以清除或改善白天过度嗜睡,但仍有一些接受治疗的OSAS患者在觉醒时有嗜睡,称为残余嗜睡。对OSAS患者残余嗜睡的进一步诊治取决于发生残余嗜睡的原因。最近,已获得来自临床实验的数据,为对残余嗜睡的OSAS患者进行评估和处理提供了方向。     

Does obstructive sleep apnea increase hematocrit?

This study assessed the relationship between hematocrit levels and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and examined how this relationship was affected by the degree of hypoxia as well as by possible confounding factors. Two-hundred sixty three subjects (189 men and 74 women) underwent nocturnal polysomnography with oximetry and had measurements of hematocrit, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), and 24-h urine norepinephrine (NE). Patients with severe OSA [respiratory disturbance index (RDI) >30] had significantly higher hematocrit values than patients with mild to moderate OSA or nonapneic controls (p<0.01). However, only one patient had a hematocrit in the range of clinical polycythemia. Hematocrit levels were significantly correlated with BMI, BP, urinary NE, RDI, percent of time spent at oxygen saturation <90%, and with mean oxygen saturation. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that mean oxygen saturation, RDI, and percent of time spent at oxygen saturation <90% were significant predictors of hematocrit level, even after controlling for gender, ethnicity, 24-h urine NE, BMI, and BP (p<0.05). The severity of OSA is significantly associated with increased hematocrit, even after controlling for possible confounding variables. However, nocturnal hypoxemia in OSA does not usually lead to clinical polycythemia.     

口腔矫正器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的临床观察

目的探讨口腔矫正器对３６例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（ＯＳＡＳ）患者的临床疗效。方法制作“下颌前移型”矫正器让３６例ＯＳＡＳ患者在睡眠时配戴,用多导睡眠图监测患者治疗前后呼吸紊乱指数（ＡＨＩ）、夜间最低血氧饱和度（最低ＳａＯ２）与最长呼吸暂停时间（Ｔ）,用ｔ检验进行统计学比较。结果使用口腔矫正器后患者的ＡＨＩ明显降低（Ｐ＜００５）,最低ＳａＯ２亦有明显改善（Ｐ＜００５）,Ｔ明显缩短（Ｐ＜００５）。结论口腔矫正器能使上气道增宽,使下颌稳定于一个前伸位置,舌和软腭前移,增加睡眠时的有效通气量,改善睡眠质量,是治疗ＯＳＡＳ的一个有效的辅助手段。     

同型半胱氨酸与阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的关系

阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征能引起高血压、冠心病、缺血或出血性脑血管疾病等一系列并发症,但其机制尚未完全阐明。同型半胱氨酸是一种含硫氨基酸,它与阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的并发症有密切关系。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征术前评估方法的研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)是一种常见的因郡分或全部上呼吸道反复阻塞引起的睡眠障碍,其特征是睡眠时呼吸气流暂停超过10 s.手术患者合并OSAS可使患者更易发生围手术期并发症.目前OSAS诊断的金标准是多导睡眠图,其术前评估方法有量表法和便携式仪器诊断等多种方法.     

Central serous chorioretinopathy and risk for obstructive sleep apnea

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), in comparison to controls, have increased levels of circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine, both of which are risk factors for the development of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the frequency of symptoms that suggest OSA in CSCR patients and normal controls. The Berlin Questionnaire, a validated research tool to assess risk for OSA, was administered to 29 patients who met the criteria for active, acute, non-steroid-induced CSCR and 29 controls matched for age and sex. In this retrospective case-controlled study, the main outcome measure was increased risk for OSA. The mean age of the patients was 47.8 years (range 29–72) and the mean age of controls was 47.3 years (range 25–70). Seventy-six percent (22) of both groups were men. Survey scores showed 58.6% (17) of patients with CSCR to be at an increased risk for OSA compared to 31.0% (nine) of controls. A conditional logistic regression analysis showed that the CSCR group had a higher proportion with an increased risk for OSA compared to the control group (odds ratio=3.67; 95% CI: 1.02, 13.14; P = 0.046). Patients with CSCR may be more likely than other adults to have OSA, and screening for this sleep disorder should be considered in this population. Further research is warranted to determine whether sleep apnea may contribute to the development of CSCR, and to assess whether treatment of sleep apnea might offer a new therapeutic option for some patients with CSCR.     

睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征问卷对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征诊断价值

目的 评价阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的流行病学调查表筛查价值.方法 疑似OSAHS的987例患者为研究对象,按照中华医学会呼吸病学分会睡眠学组睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征流行病学调查表进行问卷并行多导睡眠监测.将此问卷表进行量化评分,用克隆巴赫信度系数(α系数)进行信度计算,将各相关因素做方差分析及x2检验,筛选出有统计学意义的因素最后做Logistic回归分析.以鼾声中度以上的打鼾及体质量指数≥25 kg/m2为高危,反之为低危,进行敏感性,特异性,假阳性,假阴性,阳性似然比,阴性似然比,阳性预测值等.结果 疑似OSAHS患者987例,其中男800例(81.05％),女187例(18.95％),年龄18～80岁,平均(47±12)岁,平均体质量指数(29±5) kg/m2.＞60岁者156例(15.81％),≤60岁者831例(84.19％).克隆巴赫信度系数(Cronbach'salpha)是0.803,假阳性者20,假阴性者142,真阳性者742,真阴性者83,问卷的敏感性是83.94％,特异性是80.58％,假阳性率19.42％,假阴性率16.06％,阳性似然比4.32,阴性似然比0.20,阳性预测值0.97,阴性预测值0.37,正确率83.59％.结论 该睡眠调查表对OSAHS筛查具有一定意义,可用于临床OSAHS的初筛,尤其适合在社区和基层医院中推广使用.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与肿瘤的关系研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)是一种常见的严重危害人类健康的疾病,可致多个靶器官损害,目前有较多的证据表明 OSAS与肿瘤发生进展相关。流行病学研究表明 OSAS增加肿瘤的发病率与病死率,动物实验提示间歇性缺氧和睡眠片段化改变肿瘤生物学特点参与肿瘤进展。文章主要就 OSAS与肿瘤相关性及可能机制作一综述,希望为以后 OSAS研究提供新的视角。     

内源性大麻素系统与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停合并症

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)是以睡眠过程中反复的上气道狭窄甚至完全闭塞导致频繁发生呼吸暂停为特征的睡眠呼吸障碍性疾病,该疾病与白天嗜睡、肥胖、高血压、缺血性心脏病、心律失常等均有明显的相关性.内源性大麻素系统(endocannabinoid system,ECS)是新近发现的信号系统,由内源性大麻素(endogenous cannabinoids,EC),大麻素受体CB1、CB2及合成、降解EC的酶类共同组成.在体内,ECS有广泛的生理学作用.     

Gender differences in Saudi patients with obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) remains under-recognized in women possibly due to differences in clinical presentation, difference in tolerance to symptoms, and rate of usage and referral to sleep services. No reports have addressed OSA in women in the Middle Eastern (Arab) population. Therefore, we conducted this study to assess the differences in demographics, clinical presentation, and polysomnographic (PSG) findings between Saudi women and men diagnosed to have (OSA). The study group comprised 191 consecutive Saudi women and 193 consecutive men who were referred to the Sleep Disorders Centre and were found by in-laboratory PSG to have OSA. Demographic and clinical data were obtained by personal interviews. Women were significantly older than men (53.9 and 43.0 years, respectively; p < 0.001). Similarly, their body mass index was significantly higher than men (p < 0.001). Insomnia was more common among women (39.8%) compared to men (25.9%; p = 0.005). Other sleep symptoms including witnessed apnea, and excessive daytime sleepiness did not show any statistical difference between the two groups. Women were more likely than men to be diagnosed with hypothyroidism, diabetes, hypertension, cardiac disease, and asthma. Apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) was statistically higher in men compared to women; however, most of apnea/hypopnea events in women occurred during rapid eye movement sleep, and the mean duration of hypopnea and apnea was significantly lower in women (p = 0.004). Sleep efficiency was lower in women (71.5% vs. 77.7%) in men (p < 0.001). The desaturation index was higher in men (p = 0.01), but no difference was found in lowest SaO₂ or time with SaO₂ less than 90%. The present study showed important clinical and PSG differences between Saudi women and men with OSA. Clinicians need to be aware of these differences when assessing women for the possibility of OSA as they may be symptomatic at a lower AHI and have significant comorbid conditions that can be adversely affected if their OSA was not timely managed.     

Chemerin 与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

OSAHS 发病率逐年升高,已成为危害人类健康的主要疾病之一,OSAHS 的发病机制目前尚未完全阐明。chemerin 作为一种新的脂肪因子,可通过自分泌、旁分泌、内分泌等形式作用于机体脂肪细胞,促进脂肪细胞的分化、脂解,影响糖脂代谢;并可参与机体的血压调节、免疫应答及炎症反应等,与 OSAHS 的发生有密切的联系。本文就脂肪因子 chemerin 与 OSAHS 的相关性进行简要综述。     

Atrial fibrillation in obstructive sleep apnea

Atrial fibrillation(AF) is a common arrhythmia with rising incidence.Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) is prevalent among patients with AF.This observation has prompted significant research in understanding the relationship between OSA and AF.Multiple studies support a role of OSA in the initiation and progression of AF.This association has been independent of obesity,body mass index and hypertension.Instability of autonomic tone and wide swings in intrathoracic pressure are seen in OSA.These have been mechanistically linked to initiation of AF in OSA patients by lowering atrial effective refractory period,promoting pulmonary vein discharges and atrial dilation.OSA not only promotes initiation of AF but also makes management of AF difficult.Drug therapy and electrical cardioversion for AF are less successful in presence of OSA.There has been higher rate of early and overall recurrence after catheter ablation of AF in patients with OSA.Treatment of OSA with continuous positive airway pressure has been shown to improve control of AF.However,additional studies are needed to establish a stronger relationship between OSA treatment and success ofAF therapies.There should be heightened suspicion of OSA in patients with AF.There is a need for guidelines to screen for OSA as a part of AF management.     

Insomnia complaints in patients evaluated for obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and insomnia are among the most common sleep diagnoses encountered in the sleep clinic population, however little is known about potential interactions or associations between the two disorders. This retrospective, cross-sectional study was designed to determine the prevalence of insomnia complaints in patients undergoing evaluation for OSA and to ascertain which clinical and polysomnographic features are associated with insomnia. Of 255 consecutive patients who underwent polysomnography for clinically suspected OSA, 54.9% reported a complaint of insomnia: 33.4% reported difficulty initiating sleep, 38.8% difficulty maintaining sleep, and 31.4% early morning awakenings. Insomnia complaints were noted more commonly in patients without significant sleep-disordered breathing [apnea hypopnea index (AHI)<10; 81.5%] vs those with sleep-disordered breathing (AHI≥10; 51.8%); p=0.01. Clinical factors associated with insomnia included female gender, psychiatric diagnoses, chronic pain, the absence of regular alcohol use, restless leg symptoms, and reports of nocturnal kicking. Polysomnographic factors associated with insomnia included lower AHI and lower desaturation index (DI). In the subgroup of patients with significant sleep-disordered breathing (AHI≥10, n=228), there was no association between insomnia complaints and AHI or DI. These results suggest that insomnia is a common complaint in patients being evaluated for OSA, but it is not strongly associated with sleep-disordered breathing and may instead reflect other coexisting factors.     

Prevalence of concomitant sleep disorders in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

We determined the prevalence of concomitant sleep disorders in patients with a primary diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We retrospectively analyzed 643 patients, aged 18, with a primary diagnosis of OSA, evaluated by sleep specialists, in whom clinical and polysomnographic data were derived using standardized techniques by reviewing data from a standardized database and clinical charts. Concomitant sleep disorders were listed according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2000). The mean age was 48.5±13.5 years and 55% were male. Racial distributions were African–Americans 51.8% and Caucasian 47%. Indices of disordered breathing were respiratory disturbance index 32.4±30.4/h sleep and time <90% O₂ saturation 44.5±81.6 min. Thirty-one percent of patients had a concomitant sleep disorder. The most common were inadequate sleep hygiene (14.5%) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD, 8.1%). Of patients with other sleep disorders, 66.8% had treatment initiated for these disorders. Predictors of inadequate sleep hygiene (logistic regression) were: age (each decade OR=0.678, P=0.000000), gender (for M, OR=0.536), and the presence of at least one other major system disorder (OR=2.123, P=0.0015). Predictors of PLMD were: age (each decade OR=0.794, P=0.0005), gender (for M, OR=0.433, P=0.004), and total sleep time (for each 10 min, OR=0.972, P=0.0013). We conclude that approximately one third of patients with sleep apnea have another identifiable sleep disorder, usually requiring treatment. This suggests that practitioners evaluating and treating sleep apnea ought to be prepared to deal with other sleep disorders as well.     

老年人阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与心律失常的临床观察

目的探讨老年人阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）与心律失常的关系。方法选择116例打鼾患者根据多导睡眠图（PSG）监测结果和年龄分为老年鼾症组、老年OSAHS组和非老年OSAHS组,部分老年中重度OSAHS患者经鼻持续气道正压（n-CPAP）治疗;并同步动态心电图监测,比较各组心律失常发生情况。结果老年OSAHS组心律失常发生率显著高于老年鼾症组和非老年OSAHS组（71．8%对48%和53．3%,P＜0．01）。与老年鼾症组比较,窦性心动过速、短阵心房颤动多见;与非老年OSAHS组比较,窦性心动过缓、窦性停搏、房室阻滞和房性心律失常多见。老年OSAHS组高血压、冠心病患病率显著高于老年鼾症组和非老年OSAHS组（69．6%对28%和40%;56．5%对32%和24．4%;P＜0．01）;经n-CPAP治疗后老年OSAHS组心律失常发生率显著降低（77．3%和45．4%,P＜0．05）。结论老年OSAHS患者心律失常发生率高可能与睡眠时反复发作低氧血症、易患心血管疾病有关。     

Ghrelin、肥胖和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea—hypopnea syndrome。OSAHS）是一种由于睡眠期间反复发生上气道塌陷，导致睡眠时打鼾并伴有呼吸暂停和呼吸表浅，夜间反复发生低氧血症、高碳酸血症和睡眠结构紊乱的疾病，可引起白天嗜睡，易引起高血压、糖尿病、心血管疾病。肥胖是OSAHS最显著的易患因素之一。Ghrelin是一种生长激素促分泌素受体（growth hormone secretagogue receptor，GHSR）的内源性配体，它具有多种生物学功能，如刺激生长激素释放，能增加食欲，调节能量平衡，促进胃酸分泌和胃蠕动。研究发现，ghrelin、肥胖、OSAHS之间存在着密切的关系，本文就三者之间的研究进展作一综述。