呼吸道感染儿童鼻咽部细菌携带及危险因素分析

目的 了解呼吸道感染儿童的鼻咽部细菌携带情况及主要危险因素.方法 2006年3月-2007年3月期间对因呼吸道感染住院治疗的453例<3岁儿童进行问卷调查,采集鼻咽拭子标本进行病原菌检测,并分析比较.结果 453例呼吸道感染儿童鼻咽拭子细菌检出率为62.7%,其中酿脓链球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血菌和黏膜炎莫拉菌的检出率分别为24.1%、13.9%、11.0%、11.5%和6.2%;细菌检出率与患儿的临床诊断、年龄和发病季节有一定的关联.结论 苏州地区<3岁呼吸道感染儿童鼻咽部条件致病菌携带率较高,年龄及发病季节等是儿童呼吸道感染的危险因素,研究结果对当地儿童呼吸道感染的病原学研究和预防控制等有一定的借鉴意义.     

下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

由于抗菌药物的广泛使用,耐药菌呈不断增长趋势,及时了解呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据.现对2010年6月-2011年9月我院呼吸内科及ICU下呼吸道感染住院患者痰培养结果进行回顾性分析. 1材料与方法 1.1标本来源 2010年6月-2011年9月入住我院呼吸内科和ICU发生下呼吸道感染患者的痰标本,进行培养分离的菌株. 1.2质控菌株大肠埃希菌ATCC25922、金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25923、铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853、流感嗜血菌ATCC49247、肺炎克雷伯菌ATCC700603、肺炎链球菌ATCC49619A,均购自天坛生物制品所. 1.3试剂血平板、巧克力平板、麦康凯平板、M-H琼脂平板由郑州博赛生物有限公司提供.DL-96细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统测试板由珠海迪尔生物工程有限公司提供.     

痰菌群定量测定对下呼吸道感染诊断价值研究

目的 探讨痰菌群定量培养在下呼吸道感染诊断中的应用价值.方法 采用Gould提出的痰液细菌定量的简化法,细菌鉴定与药敏采用VITEK32和API系统.结果 1534份合格痰标本中分离出1531株细菌和74株真菌,其中病原菌计数＞107 CFU/ml的1490株细菌和19株假丝酵母菌属;细菌构成比:大肠埃希菌24.3%、肺炎克雷伯菌20.7%、肺炎链球菌20.7%、阴沟肠杆菌10.9%、金黄色葡萄球菌10.4%、流感嗜血菌8.7%、铜绿假单胞菌菌5.9%、黏膜炎莫拉菌4.0%.结论 痰涂片和痰培养同时进行,由于口咽部有细菌定植,痰培养的细菌不一定是致病菌,结合临床症状判断是否是致病菌,定量培养能鉴别污染菌和感染菌,一般定量培养细菌数≥107 CFU/ml认为是感染菌,如连续＞2次分离到同一细菌也认为是感染菌.     

成都地区儿童上呼吸道病毒和细菌感染状况及流行病学特征

目的了解成都地区儿童急性上呼吸道病毒和细菌感染状况,并分析其流行病学特征。方法将2018年4月至2020年4月医院收治住院治疗的1324例急性上呼吸道感染患儿纳入研究。对咽拭子标本进行病原体培养、分离与鉴定。结果1324份标本中,检出阳性1012份,阳性率为76.44%,其中单纯病毒感染检出率为50.40%,单纯细菌感染检出率为16.21%,混合感染检出率为33.40%。1324份标本中,细菌和病毒总检出率为76.44%,其中单纯病毒感染检出率为47.13%,单纯细菌感染检出率为16.21%,混合感染检出率为33.40%;细菌类型以流感嗜血杆菌为主,病毒类型以呼吸道合胞病毒A为主;不同年龄儿童上呼吸道病毒感染阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同季节儿童上呼吸道细菌和病毒感染阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同地区儿童上呼吸道病毒感染阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论成都地区儿童上呼吸道感染以病毒感染为主,流感嗜血杆菌和呼吸道合胞病毒A为儿童上呼吸道感染的主要病原体,0~1岁为上呼吸道细菌感染高发年龄,1~4岁为上呼吸道病毒感染高发年龄,冬季和城区儿童上呼吸道感染阳性率较高。     

毕节地区儿童社区获得性肺炎病原学特征分析

目的了解贵州毕节地区儿童社区获得性肺炎(CAP)细菌病原谱特征。方法收集2011年7月—2013年10月毕节地区448例CAP儿童患者呼吸道痰液样本,进行病原菌培养和PCR法检测患者病原菌。结果70.76%患儿痰液病原学检测呈阳性,其中检出率最高的为肺炎链球菌,占18.08%,流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎卡他莫拉菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分别占10.49%、5.58%和2.46%。0~6个月年龄组的细菌总检出率最高达19.64%,5岁患儿占细菌总阳性检出率的43.53%。结论毕节地区儿童CAP以肺炎链球菌感染为主,5岁患儿检出率较高。     

Mohnarin2010年度报告:0～14岁儿童细菌耐药监测

目的 了解我国2010年＜14岁儿童细菌感染的常见病原菌及耐药性.方法 59所卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网(Mohnarin)成员单位对＜14岁儿童临床分离的细菌常规鉴定,采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)或自动化细菌鉴定系统测定细菌的耐药性,按CLSI 2010年版标准判断结果并采用WH0NET 5.4软件进行统计分析.结果 共分离11 490株细菌,其中革兰阴性菌占58.4％,革兰阳性菌占41.6％;前6位分离菌依次为大肠埃希菌占16.5％,金黄色葡萄球菌占11.8％,肺炎克雷伯菌占11.7％,表皮葡萄球菌占7.0％,铜绿假单胞菌占6.9％,肺炎链球菌占6.1％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)比例分别为24.4％、77.6％,未检测到万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药株,非脑脊液标本中青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌(PNSP)检出率为11.0％,β-溶血链球菌对万古霉素、青霉素、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟均高度敏感,链球菌属和葡萄球菌属对大环内酯类药物的耐药率均＞70.0％;仅检出耐万古霉素粪肠球菌1株和屎肠球菌2株;大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属超广谱β-内酰胺酶( ESBLs)的检出率分别为69.9％、64.9％,肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南仍保持较高的敏感性(耐药率＜3.0％),对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率＜12.0％;铜绿假单胞菌对多数抗菌药物耐药率＜20.0％,鲍氏不动杆菌对米诺环素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率较低,分别为8.6％、13.3％,对美罗培南、亚胺培南耐药率为24.0％;流感嗜血菌、卡他莫拉菌β-内酰胺酶阳性率分别为43.8％、72.7％.结论 金黄色葡萄球菌、产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属感染呈上升趋势,应警惕鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性的增长.     

下呼吸道细菌性感染的抗生素治疗

一、下呼吸道细菌感染的致病菌下呼吸道感染是指气管、支气管及肺部的感染,临床上常见,约占内科疾病的15～20％。60年代以前下呼吸道感染的致病菌主要是肺炎球菌、β溶血性链球菌及金葡菌等。但近十年来除肺炎球菌、金葡菌外,革兰染色阴性杆菌及条件致病菌(如α-链球菌等)感染逐渐增多,院内感染     

老年患者下呼吸道感染病原菌变迁及耐药状况分析

目的 了解某院老年患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的变迁及耐药状况，为临床诊断与治疗提供依据。方法 采用WHONET-4软件统计分析2001--2003年门诊和住院患者中年龄〉60岁患者的痰培养及药敏结果。结果 大肠埃希菌、葡萄球菌属、肺炎链球菌导致的下呼吸道感染日益增多（P〈0．05）。葡萄球菌属对苯唑西林，链球菌属对青霉素类，肠杆菌科对第三代头孢菌素，假单胞菌属对哌拉西林等经验治疗中常用药物的敏感率呈逐年下降趋势；产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）菌株、耐青霉素的肺炎链球菌（PRP）及耐甲氧西林的葡萄球菌（MRS）等特殊耐药菌在老年患者下呼吸道感染相应菌种中已分别占26．61％，18．52％，23．03％。结论 老年患者下呼吸道感染病原菌不断变迁，耐药性增强；监测细菌耐药性并定期报告，对选择正确的治疗策略，促进患者康复具有重要意义。     

儿童ICU患儿感染脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌与肠杆菌科病原菌的临床特征及耐药性分析

目的探讨儿童重症监护病房(ICU)内血流及下呼吸道脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌(Elizabethkingia meningoseptica,EME)与肠杆菌科细菌感染/定植患者的临床特征并分析病原菌耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法回顾性分析医院2016年1月-12月ICU患者1595例,分析血流及下呼吸道检出的EME与肠杆菌科细菌感染/定植患者临床特征并检测病原菌耐药性。结果医院共收治ICU患者1595例,血流及下呼吸道共分离到52株EME,其中医院感染16例,定植36例,共分离到肠杆菌科细菌28株,其中医院感染13例,定植15例;EME血流及下呼吸道医院感染定植率(3.26%)高于肠杆菌科细菌(1.76%)(P0.05);EME感染患儿气管插管比例高于肠杆菌科细菌(P0.05);EME对包括头孢类、碳青霉烯类等多种抗菌药物表现出耐药。结论 EME血流及下呼吸道医院感染/定植率高于肠杆菌科细菌,且耐药形势更加严峻。     

潮州地区小儿急性下呼吸道感染病原学研究

目的：探讨潮州地区儿童急性下呼吸道感染的病原学分布。方法：对2011年6月-2012年10月本院儿科急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿1653例采用无菌负压吸引法采集新鲜痰液,进行细菌培养,间接免疫荧光法检测病毒、非典型病原体抗体。结果：1653例患儿中病原检测阳性1067例,病毒感染184例,细菌感染617例,支原体感染172例,嗜肺军团菌感染100例,衣原体感染53例,Q热立克次体感染13例,混合感染245例。病毒以呼吸道合胞病毒为主（45．11％）,细菌则以流感嗜血杆菌为主（40．15％）,其次为肺炎链球菌（18．81％）和卡他莫拉菌（16．54％）。结论：潮州地区儿童急性下呼吸道感染最常见病原是细菌,其次是支原体、病毒、衣原体。各病原的治疗原则各不相同,因此早期明确病原学诊断具有显著意义,是合理使用抗生素的保障。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.