体外无药物选择压力条件下HIV-1耐药基因突变的演变

目的 分离培养体外稳定传代的原代HIV-1耐药毒株,观察失去药物压力下,耐药毒株的体外生长以及主要耐药突变的演化趋势.方法 采集15例服用拉米夫定+司他夫定+萘韦拉平(3TC+D4T+NVP)的HIV-1感染者的外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),用体外共培养的方法从中分离原代HIV-1毒株;RT-PCR扩增耐药毒株历代培养上清的HIV-1 pol区基因并测序,在Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database数据库进行耐药性分析.结果 15例患者中病毒载量>1000拷贝/ml的有8例,均成功分离出稳定传代的原代毒株,其中2株为耐药毒株,所携带的主要耐药突变分别是K103N/K238T和M184V/K103N/Y181C/H221Y,分别对NVP和3TC/NVP高度耐药;无药物压力的体外培养过程中,M184V、K103N、Y181C和H221Y等耐药突变可以稳定传代,但是K238T发生了回复突变.结论 分离出2株稳定传代的HIV-1耐药毒株,无药物压力情况下,携带K103N突变的毒株具有较好的复制适应性,可稳定传代;携带M184V和K103N/Y181C/H221Y的毒株也能够稳定复制;本研究中发现K238T耐药突变在失去药物的条件下稳定性差,提示该位点易发生回复突变.     

北京市2006年新确认HIV-1感染者耐药突变的流行性研究

目的 研究北京市2006年新确认HIV-1感染者毒株的耐药突变本底数据.方法 随机选取北京市2006年新确认HIV-1感染者抗凝全血标本50份,提取血浆病毒RNA,用逆转录聚合酶链反应扩增HIV-1 pol区基因片段,并进行序列测定及耐药基因型分析.结果 成功扩增出34份标本的pol区基因;在1例样本的蛋白酶编码区检测出1个主要耐药突变,7例样本检测出7个次要耐药突变,主要耐药突变为M46L,毒株是CRF01_AE亚型,次要耐药突变有4种,出现的频率分别为A71T(2个)、A71V(3个)、Q58E(1个)、V11IV(1个).在14例样本逆转录酶编码区检测出一种或多种核苷类和(或)非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂耐药突变,9例标本检出核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂耐药突变,出现频率分别为:V118I(42.9%)、M184V(7.1%)、A62V(7.1%)、K70T(7.1%)、K65R(7.1%)、K219N(7.1%)、T69d(7.1%)、V75LV(7.1%)、K219R(7.1%);10例标本检出核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂耐药突变,出现的频率分别为V1061(35.5%)、Y181C(15.4%)、K103KR(7.7%)、K103R(7.7%)、L100LV(7.7%)、V1081(7.7%)、V179D(7.7%)、V179DV(7.7%).结论 北京市2006年新确认HIV-1感染者毒株中已经存在一定比例耐药突变,有必要定期进行耐药性监测研究.     

Quantitative analysis of HIV-1 variants with the K103N resistance mutation after single-dose nevirapine in women with HIV-1 subtypes A, C, and D

INTRODUCTION: We used a sensitive point mutation assay, LigAmp, to detect and quantify K103N-containing variants in African women who received single-dose nevirapine (NVP) to prevent mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission. METHODS: Plasma for testing was collected 6 to 8 weeks postpartum from 301 women (144 subtype A, 63 subtype C, and 94 subtype D). RESULTS: The portion of women with 0.5% or more K103N-containing variants was lowest for subtype A (60/144, 41.7%) and highest for subtype C (44/63, 69.8%; P < 0.0001). K103N was rarely detected in pre-NVP samples. In a multivariate model, K103N detection was associated with HIV-1 subtype (C > A), after adjusting for log10 delivery viral load, the number of days between NVP dosing and sample collection, age, and parity. Among women with K103N detected: (1) the median %K103N was lower for subtype A (2.2%) than C (11.7%, P = 0.0001) or D (5.5%, P = 0.04), and (2) in a multivariate linear model, higher log10 (%K103N) was associated with HIV subtype (C > A, P = 0.0001; D > A, P = 0.01; and C vs D, no difference), but not other factors. CONCLUSIONS: After administration of single-dose NVP, K103N was detected more frequently and at higher levels in women with subtypes C and D than A. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of NVP-resistant variants in this setting.     

HIV-1 viral load and phenotypic antiretroviral drug resistance assays based on reverse transcriptase activity in comparison to amplification based HIV-1 RNA and genotypic assays

BackgroundAmplification based HIV-1 viral load and genotypic resistance assays are expensive, technologically complex and may be difficult to implement in resource limited settings. Inexpensive, simpler assays are urgently needed.ObjectivesTo determine the suitability of the ExaVir? Load and ExaVir? Drug assays for use in patient monitoring.Study designSpecimens from 108 adults were used to compare ExaVir? Load HIV-1 RT to Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor^® HIV-1 RNA, and ExaVir? Drug phenotype to HIV GenoSure? genotype.ResultsHIV-1 RT and HIV-1 RNA levels were comparable (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.83). Most (94%) had detectable results in both assays. The mean difference (HIV-1 RT minus HIV-1 RNA) was ?0.21 log₁₀ cps/mL equiv. Relationship between HIV-1 RT and HIV-1 RNA was not affected by RT mutations, CD4 cell count, or efavirenz (EFV) or nevirapine (NVP) use. Phenotypes were generally consistent with genotype findings for EFV, but not for NVP. Most patients (93.9%) with phenotypic EFV resistance had at least one EFV mutation, while 78.0% of patients with phenotypic NVP resistance had at least one NVP mutation. Eleven of 49 samples tested for EFV susceptibility were found resistant (n = 2) or with reduced susceptibility (n = 9) despite the absence of genotypic resistance. Eleven of 45 samples tested for NVP susceptibility were found resistant (n = 9) or with reduced susceptibility (n = 2) with no evidence of genotypic mutations.ConclusionsThe ExaVir? Load assay performed well and may be an alternative to amplification based techniques for HIV-1 RNA quantification. The ExaVir? Drug assay for phenotypic resistance testing requires further evaluation, especially for NVP.     

Reverse transcriptase mutation K65N confers a decreased replication capacity to HIV-1 in comparison to K65R due to a decreased RT processivity

In addition to K65R, the other mutation observed at HIV-1 RT codon 65 is K65N. While K65N appears to have a phenotypic effect similar to K65R, it is less frequent during clinical trials. We compared the relative impact of K → N with respect to K → R change on viral replication capacity (RC). Mutant viruses were created and replication kinetics assays were performed in PBM cells. Analysis of RCs revealed a significant loss in replication (p = 0.004) for viruses containing K65N mutation in comparison to those with K65R mutation. RT processivity assays showed a significant decrease in the processivity of K65N RT in comparison to K65R RT. We demonstrated that the significant decrease in RC of K65N viruses is related to the impaired RT processivity of K65N RT in comparison to K65R, and that the selection of the K65R mutation may be favored in clinical use of antiretroviral drugs compared to K65N.     

Prevalence of key resistance mutations K65R,K103N,and M184V as minority HIV-1 variants in chronically HIV-1 infected,treatment-naïve patients

Background and objectivesMinority drug-resistant HIV-1 variants, undetected by conventional genotyping, may impair the outcome of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Thus, we retrospectively analyzed the prevalence of minority drug-resistant HIV-1 variants before ART in chronically HIV-1 infected patients initiating first-line therapy and assessed the impact on clinical outcome in the prospective German Truvada cohort.Study designSamples from 146 antiretroviral treatment-naïve patients were collected between April 2005 and August 2006. K65R, K103N, and M184V variants at low frequencies were detected by allele-specific real-time PCR.ResultsMinority drug-resistant HIV-1 variants were detected in 20/146 patients (13.7%): the M184V mutation in 12/146 patients (8.2%), the K103N mutation in 8/146 patients (5.5%), and the K65R mutation in 4/146 patients (2.7%). Four patients with the M184V mutation also harbored the K65R or the K103N mutation. The 12- and 24 months virological efficacy data revealed that the rate of treatment failure was not increased in the group of patients harboring minority drug-resistant HIV-1 variants prior to ART.ConclusionsMinority drug-resistant HIV-1 variants can be frequently detected in treatment-naïve, chronically HIV-1 infected patients. Despite the presence of those mutations as minority variants before initiating ART, most of the patients were successfully treated.     

Sensitive oligonucleotide ligation assay for low-level detection of nevirapine resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 quasispecies

This study has adapted the oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) to probe for low-level nevirapine (NVP) resistance mutations K103N and Y181C in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) population of infected mother-infant pairs from Uganda. When NVP is used to prevent perinatal transmission, NVP-resistant HIV-1 clones may be rapidly selected due to a low barrier for mutation and a relatively high level of fitness (compared to that of other drug-resistant HIV-1 clones). Monitoring for even a low frequency of NVP resistance mutations may help predict the success of subsequent treatment or warrant the use of another regimen to prevent transmission in a subsequent pregnancy. The standard OLA was optimized by using nonstandard bases in oligonucleotides to allow promiscuous base pairing and accommodate significant HIV-1 heterogeneity. Radiolabeled as opposed to fluorescently tagged oligonucleotides increased the sensitivity, whereas alteration of the template, oligonucleotides, salt, and thermostable DNA ligase concentrations increased the specificity for the detection of minority codons. This modified OLA is now capable of detecting mutants with the K103N or the Y181C mutation present in an HIV-1 population at a frequency of approximately 0.4% and is at least 10- to 30-fold more sensitive than the original protocol. A cohort of 19 Ugandan mothers who received NVP treatment perinatally were sampled 6 weeks postdelivery. Ten of 19 HIV-1 DNA samples extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells had a detectable K103N (0.5 to 44%) or Y181C (0.8 to 92.5%) mutation, but only one plasma HIV-1 RNA sample had a viral population with the Y181C mutation. These findings suggest that OLA is a robust, sensitive, and specific method for the detection of low-frequency drug resistance mutations in an intrapatient HIV-1 population.