LC-MS法测定Beagle犬血浆中人参皂苷20(R)-Rh2及其药代动力学研究

目的建立测定人参皂苷20(R)-Rh2血浆药物浓度的液相色谱-电喷雾离子化-质谱联用的分析方法(LC-ESI-MS),探讨其在Beagle犬体内的药代动力学研究中的应用.方法Beagle犬6只,随机分为2组,采用单剂量双周期自身交叉设计,分别给犬单剂量静注(0.1 mg·kg-1)或灌胃(1 mg·kg-1)20(R)-Rh2,用LC-MS法测定给药后的血浆中药物浓度,计算其药代动力学参数,以及在Beagle犬体内的绝对生物利用度.结果20(R)-Rh2在 0.5～200 ng·ml-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r2=0.9998),样品在血浆中的提取回收率大于70%,批内和批间的RSD均小于15%,静注后主要药代动力学参数T1/2,CL,AUC0-∞分别为 8.0±2.8 h、0.1±0.03 L·kg-1·h、857.0±209.6 ng·h·ml-1;口服后主要药代动力学参数Tmax,Cmax,T1/2,AUC0-∞分别为 2.6±1.3 h、371.0±199.6 ng·ml-1、5.8±2.6 h、1215.7±598.6 ng·h·ml-1.绝对生物利用度为(16.1±11.3)%.结论该法专属性强,灵敏度高,可用于20(R)-Rh2的体内定量分析.人参皂苷20(R)-Rh2在Beagle犬体内的绝对生物利用度较低.     

复方愈麻美芬缓释片在Beagle犬体内的药物动力学研究

目的对Beagle犬服用复方愈麻美芬缓释片和国外对照缓释片的药动学特性和生物利用度进行比较。方法HPLC法测定 6只Beagle犬服药后的血药浓度 ,计算出有关药物动力学参数 ,经统计学分析并将两者的计算参数进行比较。结果 6只Beagle犬服用复方愈麻美芬缓释片的血药浓度与服用国外对照缓释片基本一致。复方愈麻美芬缓释片中愈创木芬甘油醚的tpeak 为(3 0 0 0± 0 14 4 )h ,ρmax为 (13 79± 0 5 70 )mg·L-1,t1/ 2 为 (2 35 3± 0 2 5 5 )h ,AUC为 (139 1±9 0 83)mg·L-1·h ;氧去甲右美沙芬的tpeak为 (4 4 2 9± 0 0 88)h ,ρmax为 (0 30 1± 0 0 4 0 )mg·L-1,t1/ 2 为 (6 4 4 5± 0 5 5 1)h ,AUC为 (4 35 4± 0 4 79)mg·L-1·h ;盐酸伪麻黄碱的tpeak为 (2 6 10±0 14 6 )h ,ρmax 为 (1 174± 0 2 0 6 )mg·L-1,t1/ 2 为 (2 84 4± 0 82 5 )h ,AUC为 (8 2 6 6±2 0 30 )mg·L-1·h。与国外对照缓释片相比 ,复方愈麻美芬缓释片的生物利用度为 :愈创木芬甘油醚为 119 8% ;氧去甲右美沙芬为 10 2 4 % ;盐酸伪麻黄碱为 115 6 % ;两制剂tmax、ρmax和AUC间无显著的统计学差异。结论经双单侧t检验分析 ,服用复方愈麻美芬缓释片后其生物利用度与服用国外对照缓释片等效     

PMEA-Na在beagle犬血浆中的液相色谱/质谱/质谱联用法测定及其药代动力学

目的建立LC/MS/MS法测定犬血浆中PMEA-Na浓度,进行其药代动力学研究.方法血浆样品经甲醇沉淀蛋白后,采用多反应监测法测定其血药浓度.色谱柱为Xterra MS柱,流动相为甲醇水甲酸(25750.5),流速为 0.25 ml·min-1.Beagle犬分3个剂量组经静脉给药,给药剂量分别为 1.0、3.0 和 6.0 mg·kg-1.药代动力学参数通过DAS软件计算获得.结果PMEA-Na线性范围0.02～20 mg·L-1 (r=0.999);最低检测浓度为 20 μg·L-1,方法回收率为 97.1%～107.3%,日内日间变异分别小于 6.5%、10.8%.beagle 犬在 1.0, 3.0 与 6.0 mg·kg-1剂量下单次iv PMEA-Na后,测得其AUC分别为 2.3±0.5, 8.2±1.3 and 18.5±1.3 mg·L-1·h; t1/2 为 3.9±1.8, 8.4±1.5 and 8.9±0.6 h; CL为 0.44±0.09, 0.35±0.05 and 0.31±0.03 ml·h-1·kg-1.结论本方法专属性强,准确性好,可用于PMEA-Na血药浓度测定和药代动力学研究.     

Beagle犬静脉注射谷胱甘肽的药动学研究

目的:研究谷胱甘肽(GSH)于犬静脉注射后其体内的药动学特征。方法:取Beagle犬12只静脉注射40mg·kg-1后于不同时间取血浆样品,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中GSH浓度,3p97软件计算药动学参数。结果:静脉注射GSH后在犬体内的药-时曲线符合二室模型,主要药动学参数t1/2α、t1/2β、V(c)、CL(s)、AUC0～t分别为(2.32±1.26)min、(16.03±6.58)min、(1.13±0.54)L·kg-1、(0.080±0.027)L·min-1和(546.69±189.45)μg·h·mL-1。结论:GSH静脉注射后在犬血液循环中滞留时间较短,消除较快。     

葛根7，4’-二氧代醋酸黄豆苷元在大鼠体内的药物动力学研究

目的研究葛根 7,4′ 二氧代醋酸黄豆苷元 (DZC)大鼠体内药物动力学特征。方法采用不同途径给大鼠注射 3种剂量 (1 5、2 5、3 5mg·kg-1)药物 ;大鼠灌胃给药 (1 2 0mg·kg-1) ,分别测定大鼠体内药动学参数。结果大鼠注射DZC ,其药时过程符合二室开放模型特征 ,其t1/2 ( β) 分别为(4 2 65± 9 3 4)、(4 6 96± 5 5 9)、(82 1 8± 2 8 1 7)min,大鼠静脉注射 1 5、2 5mg·kg-1后 ,其药时过程符合线性动力学 ,但静注 3 5mg·kg-1后为非线性动力学。大鼠灌胃给药后 ,其药时过程符合单室开放 -吸收模型特征。大鼠经灌胃、颈静脉交叉给药后 ,绝对生物利用度为 3 8 66%。结论DZC口服生物利用度提高不显著 ,适于静脉给药。     

葛根7,4′-二氧代醋酸黄豆苷元在大鼠体内的药物动力学研究

目的研究葛根 7,4′ 二氧代醋酸黄豆苷元 (DZC)大鼠体内药物动力学特征。方法采用不同途径给大鼠注射 3种剂量 (1 5、2 5、3 5mg·kg-1)药物 ;大鼠灌胃给药 (1 2 0mg·kg-1) ,分别测定大鼠体内药动学参数。结果大鼠注射DZC ,其药时过程符合二室开放模型特征 ,其t1/2 ( β) 分别为(4 2 65± 9 3 4)、(4 6 96± 5 5 9)、(82 1 8± 2 8 1 7)min,大鼠静脉注射 1 5、2 5mg·kg-1后 ,其药时过程符合线性动力学 ,但静注 3 5mg·kg-1后为非线性动力学。大鼠灌胃给药后 ,其药时过程符合单室开放 -吸收模型特征。大鼠经灌胃、颈静脉交叉给药后 ,绝对生物利用度为 3 8 66%。结论DZC口服生物利用度提高不显著 ,适于静脉给药。     

甘草甜素对大鼠体内苦参碱药动学的影响

目的:研究甘草甜素对大鼠体内苦参碱药动学的影响。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定大鼠血浆中苦参碱的含量,色谱柱为Diamonsil C1(8250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%H3PO(4三乙胺调pH值至8;35∶65),流速为1mL·min-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长为220nm。实验分为2组,A组灌胃苦参碱(70mg·kg-1),B组灌胃苦参碱(70mg·kg-1)和甘草甜素(70mg·kg-1)。应用3p97软件处理苦参碱的血药浓度-时间数据。结果:A组Cmax=(6.861±0.635)mg·L-1,AUC0～t=(47.105±7.062)mg·h·L-1,tmax=(1.471±0.438)h;B组Cmax=(4.122±0.965)mg·L-1,AUC0～t=(35.507±5.024)mg·h·L-1,tmax=(1.158±0.175)h。经统计学分析,2组之间Cmax、AUC、CL、t1/2α、t1/2β、K21均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:苦参碱与甘草甜素合用,与其单独给药比较,甘草甜素对其在大鼠体内的吸收、分布、代谢及排泄都有不同程度的影响。     

黄芪注射液对格列美脲在大鼠体内药动学的影响

目的:研究黄芪注射液对格列美脲在大鼠体内药动学的影响。方法:将大鼠随机分为对照组和联合用药组,对照组单独灌胃100mg·kg-1的格列美脲混悬液,联合用药组静脉注射8mL·kg-1黄芪注射液5min后灌胃100mg·kg-1的格列美脲混悬液。不同时间点于股动脉采集血样,经高效液相色谱法测定格列美脲的血药浓度,用DAS 2.0软件计算药动学参数后进行统计学分析。结果:对照组t1/2β、AUC分别为(44.58±2.97)h、(10.91±2.67)mg·h·L-1,联合用药组t1/2β、AUC分别为(65.67±5.37)h、(15.14±4.35)mg·h·L-1。结论:黄芪注射液对格列美脲的药动学有显著性影响。     

不同剂量丙泊酚微乳注射液在Beagle犬体内的药动学参数比较

目的:比较3种不同剂量丙泊酚微乳注射液在Beagle犬体内的药动学参数,并了解其相关性。方法:取Beagle犬12只随机均分为丙泊酚微乳注射液高、中、低剂量组(6、4、2mg·kg-1),静脉注射相应药物,采用高效液相色谱-荧光法检测各组犬给药前及给药后480min内血药浓度,1周和2周后3组犬交叉给药,给药剂量、方法一致,并计算其药动学参数。结果:高、中、低剂量组丙泊酚微乳注射液在犬体内的药-时曲线均符合静注二室模型,其t1/2β分别为(33.02±10.00)、(31.25±23.27)、(53.64±21.78)min,AUC0～480min分别为(60.00±12.50)、(26.90±11.61)、(19.61±3.39)μg·min·mL-1。结论:不同剂量丙泊酚微乳注射液体内消除率和消除方式类似,AUC0～480min与剂量呈正相关。     

复方烟酸缓释片与烟酸普通片在犬体内药代动力学的比较研究

目的比较复方烟酸缓释片与烟酸普通片中烟酸及其代谢物烟尿酸在Beagle犬体内的药代动力学。方法6只Beagle犬采用随机交叉给药方案,单剂量口服500mg复方烟酸缓释片或烟酸普通片后,用RP-HPLC法同时测定Beagle犬血浆中烟酸及其主要代谢物烟尿酸的药物浓度,计算药动学参数和相对生物利用度。结果Beagle犬单剂量口服500mg复方烟酸缓释片和烟酸普通片后,烟酸主要药代动力学参数tmax分别为(2.17±0.61)h和(1.04±0.49)h,Cmax分别为(30.85±4.50)mg·mL-1和(68.05±20.48)mg·mL-1,t1/2分别为(0.69±0.43)h和(0.43±0.10)h,MRT分别为(2.12±0.62)h和(1.72±0.40)h,AUC0-12h分别为(62.17±21.13)mg·h·L-1和(138.67±44.86)mg·h·L-1;烟尿酸主要药代动力学参数tmax分别为(2.42±0.49)h和(1.50±0.45)h,Cmax分别为(0.76±0.34)mg·mL-1和(1.66±0.63)mg·mL-1,t1/2分别为(1.74±1.24)h和(1.64±1.03)h,MRT分别为(2.42±0.62)h和(1.79±0.38)h,AUC0-12h分别为(1.55±0.76)mg·h·L-1和(3.25±1.16)mg·h·L-1。结论单剂量口服复方烟酸缓释片,测得的Cmax、tmax和AUC与烟酸普通片均有显著性差异,受试缓释片的tmax长于参比普通片,Cmax低于参比普通片,说明受试缓释片无突释现象,有一定缓释效果。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.