Age-related trends in pathogen frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of bloodstream isolates in North America: SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-2000

We report age-related trends in pathogen frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility from 25,745 bloodstream infections (BSI) due to bacterial pathogens reported from medical centres participating in the North American SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program between January 1997 and September 2000. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were the most common pathogens, together accounting for 55% of all BSI pathogens during this time period. Among nosocomial BSI, CoNS were the most frequently isolated pathogens in infants less than 1 year of age, but S. aureus increased in frequency with increasing age. Among community-onset BSI pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequently reported pathogen causing BSI in patients aged 1–5, S. aureus among those aged 6–64, and E. coli predominated at the extremes of age (less than 1 year and ≥65 years of age). Among key organism: antimicrobial agent combinations evaluated, oxacillin resistance in S. aureus increased with increasing age; conversely, oxacillin resistance among CoNS was highest among children 5 years of age or younger. Penicillin resistance among S. pneumoniae BSI was highest in children younger than 5 years, while vancomycin resistance among Enterococcus spp. predominated among nosocomial BSI in patients over 50 years of age. Important age-related differences exist in species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens causing BSI. This information should be helpful for clinicians as they consider empirical antimicrobial therapy for patients with suspected BSI across the age continuum.     

Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with bloodstream infections in the USA, Canada and Latin America. SENTRY Participants Group

From January through June of 1998, 4579 bloodstream infections (BSI) due to bacterial pathogens were reported from SENTRY hospitals in Canada, the USA and Latin America. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) were the most common pathogens, together accounting for 55.2% of all BSI during this time period. Compared with the 5794 BSI reported from SENTRY from January through June of 1997, no major change was seen in the frequencies of occurrence of the most common bacterial causes of BSI. Between 1997 and 1998, the major change in antimicrobial resistance was an increase in oxacillin-resistance in both S. aureus and CoNS in all regions. These data demonstrate widespread antimicrobial resistance in Canada, Latin America and the USA, with a notable increase in oxacillin-resistance among staphylococci. Ongoing surveillance remains essential, and will enhance efforts to limit the scope of this worldwide problem.     

某院2008至2011年血流感染病原菌的临床分布特征及耐药性分析

目的了解引起血流感染病原菌的临床分布特征及耐药性,为指导临床合理用药提供依据。方法用BacT/ALERT 3D微生物全自动检测系统对血标本进行培养检测,用VITEK-2全自动微生物鉴定仪对病原菌进行鉴定及药物敏感性检测,WHONET5.4软件进行数据的统计及分析。结果 2008至2011年共收检血培养标本10462份,检出病原菌966株,阳性率为9.23%。其中革兰阴性杆菌442株,占53.3%,以大肠埃希菌为主,占33.7%;革兰阳性球菌275株,占33.2%,以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CoNS)为主,占44.4%;真菌112株,占13.6%。引起血流感染的病原菌中,大肠埃希菌居首位(18.0%),其次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CoNS)14.7%、肺炎克雷伯菌8.2%。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分别为67.5%和49.1%,MRSA和MRCoNS的检出率分别为53.2%和88.5%,未发现耐万古霉素革兰阳性球菌。临床科室分布以ICU、儿科和血液科为主,分别为25.5%、22.2%和12.4%。血流感染患者基础疾病以恶性实体肿瘤、血液病多见,分别为26.8%、20.6%。结论及时了解血培养结果可以对临床抗菌治疗提供依据,提高治愈率,对控制医院血流感染具有重要意义。     

血流感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的：分析2015年1月~2015年12月我院血流感染患者主要病原菌的构成及耐药性,为临床血流感染的诊断与治疗提供依据。方法血液培养采用美国 BD 公司 Bactec FX 型和法国梅里埃公司 Bact/ Alert 3D 240型血培养仪;细菌鉴定采用德国 Walkway 96 Plus 和法国梅里埃 API 鉴定系统;抗菌药物敏感试验分别采用 Micro Scan药敏板联合 K-B 纸片扩散法;药物敏感性结果统计分析采用 Whonet 5.6软件。结果血流感染患者中革兰阳性菌检出率为34.55%,革兰阴性菌检出率为63.11%,其中革兰阴性杆菌主要为大肠埃希菌（31.69%）和肺炎克雷伯菌（8.83%）,革兰阳性菌主要为表皮葡萄球菌（8.05%）和金黄色葡萄球菌（7.53%）;葡萄球菌、肠球菌和肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺100%敏感,对红霉素和克林霉素耐药率均高于70%;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、弗氏枸橼酸杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南100%敏感,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率均为15.4%,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢曲松的耐药率分别47.5%和32.4%,对左氧氟沙星的耐药率分别51.6%和20.6%。结论我院血流感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,大肠埃希菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌耐药严重,临床应重视血培养标本送检和细菌耐药监测,合理使用抗菌药物。     

血流感染病原菌分布及耐药特性分析

目的了解血流感染主要病原菌的分布特点及对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,以指导临床合理用药。方法对2006年1月—2011年6月期间本院临床各科室送检的血培养标本采用美国Bactec9120全自动血培养仪进行培养,Vitek-32型仪进行菌种鉴定,纸片扩散法测定菌株对抗菌药物的敏感性,头孢西丁法检测耐甲氧西林葡菌球菌,WHONET5.6软件分析数据。结果共分离出598株病原菌,其中革兰阳性球菌282株,占47.2%;革兰阴性杆菌289株,占48.3%,真菌15株,占2.5%。最常见的感染菌分别为大肠埃希菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌及鲍曼不动杆菌。金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌检出率分别为63.9%和87.9%,其对青霉素耐药率均>95.0%,均未发现对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药株。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率最低,对氨苄西林耐药率分别为93.8%和100%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率为16.7%,而鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率高达63.6%,鲍曼不动杆菌对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均>60%。结论本单位血流感染以大肠埃希菌和葡萄球菌为主。表皮葡萄球菌较金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性严重,非发酵菌比肠杆菌科细菌耐药性严重,尤其是鲍曼不动杆菌引起的血流感染无经验抗菌药物可选,必须在药敏试验指导下用药。     

Assessment of pathogen occurrences and resistance profiles among infected patients in the intensive care unit: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (North America, 2001)

Originating from 25 selected intensive care units (ICUs) in North America, a total of 1,321 bacterial strains from blood, respiratory tract, urine and wound sites were processed at a central laboratory as part of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2001) to assess their occurrence rates and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. The rank order of pathogens recovered was Staphylococcus aureus (24.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.2%), Escherichia coli (10.1%), Klebsiella spp. (8.9%), Enterococcus spp. (7.2%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (7.0%) and Enterobacter spp. (7.0%). Although oxacillin resistance among S. aureus was 51.4%, no resistance was detected to vancomycin, linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin. The most active agents tested against P. aeruginosa were amikacin, cefepime, tobramycin, meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam (3.1-13.0% resistance). Among agents tested against the Enterobacteriaceae, amikacin, cefepime, imipenem and meropenem showed greatest in vitro activity (0.0-3.4% resistance). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing phenotype rates were 11.2 and 16.2% in E. coli and Klebsiella spp., respectively. Linezolid was most active against enterococci (1.1% resistance; G2576U ribosomal mutation) whereas 28.4% of isolates were resistant to vancomycin. Cefepime and the carbapenems (imipenem or meropenem) for Gram-negative isolates and linezolid for Gram-positive isolates, provided the broadest spectrum of in vitro activity against contemporary ICU pathogens in North America.     

Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with bloodstream infections in the USA, Canada and Latin America

From January through June of 1998, 4579 bloodstream infections (BSI) due to bacterial pathogens were reported from SENTRY hospitals in Canada, the USA and Latin America. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) were the most common pathogens, together accounting for 55.2% of all BSI during this time period. Compared with the 5794 BSI reported from SENTRY from January through June of 1997, no major change was seen in the frequencies of occurrence of the most common bacterial causes of BSI. Between 1997 and 1998, the major change in antimicrobial resistance was an increase in oxacillin-resistance in both S. aureus and CoNS in all regions. These data demonstrate widespread antimicrobial resistance in Canada, Latin America and the USA, with a notable increase in oxacillin-resistance among staphylococci. Ongoing surveillance remains essential, and will enhance efforts to limit the scope of this worldwide problem.     

2015—2019年齐齐哈尔市第一医院血流感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

摘要：目的 了解齐齐哈尔市第一医院血流感染患者的细菌分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药性，为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供 依据。方法 对齐齐哈尔市第一医院2015年1月—2019年12月从血液标本中分离的细菌分布情况和药物敏感试验结果进行回顾 性分析，按照美国临床和实验室标准化委员会(CLSI)2018年标准判读实验结果，使用WHONET 5.6软件统计分析。结果 12440 份血培养标本中共分离细菌1356株，阳性率为10.90%，其中革兰阴性菌769株，占56.71%，革兰阳性菌587株，占43.29%。排 在前6位的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、人葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌，分别占 27.73%、15.71%、10.18%、9.81%、6.34%和3.17%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 (MRCNS)的检出率分别为30.23%和81.16%。未发现对万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药的葡萄球菌。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的 ESBL检出率分别为28.19%和20.66%。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物仍高度敏感，耐药率均低于12%。结论 血培养检出 病原菌菌谱一般较广，不同细菌间耐药性有广泛差异，病区分布以ICU为主，应加强监测，规范抗菌药物的合理使用。     

Urinary tract infections in South Croatia: aetiology and antimicrobial resistance

The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of uropathogens isolated from outpatients living in South Croatia and the in vitro susceptibility of these organisms to antimicrobial agents. Of 5080 enrolled uropathogen isolates, 82.28% isolates were Gram-negative, the most frequent isolates being Escherichia coli (62.62%), enterococci (10.18%), Proteus mirabilis (5.31%), Streptococcus agalactiae (3.84%), Staphylococcus spp. (3.70%), Pseudomonas spp. (3.46%), Klebsiella spp. (2.38%). The E. coli resistance rate was 42.17% to amoxycillin, 20.59% to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and 6.09% to norfloxacin. Almost all Klebsiella spp. isolates were resistant to amoxycillin and the resistance rate to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole was over 20%, and 14.15% to the fluoroquinolones. A high methicillin-resistance rate was found among S. aureus (61.22%) and coagulase negative staphylococci (41.48).     

2014-2019年某医院血流感染患者的临床特征和病原学分析

摘要：目的 分析血流感染(bloodstream infection, BSI)患者的临床特征和病原菌情况,为BSI治疗和院内感染防控提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2014年8月-2019年7月上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院北部院区BSI住院患者的临床和病原学资料,采用Whonet 5.6软件进行耐药统计。结果 196例患者发生BSI,男132例,平均年龄62岁;90.8%患者有基础疾病,59.2%有侵袭性操作史,41.8%有局部感染灶,所有患者均发热,主要来自重症监护室、普外科和血液科。共分离病原菌208株,其中革兰阴性菌113株(54.3%)、革兰阳性菌73株(35.1%)、真菌21株(10.1%),分离率最高的为肺炎克雷伯菌,其次为凝固酶阴葡萄球菌(CNS)、大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌等。CNS和金黄色葡萄球菌对甲氧西林耐药率分别为89.7%和37.5%,分离的所有革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替加环素100%敏感;大肠埃细菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检出率分别为56.7%和58.1%,大肠埃细菌对碳青霉烯类无耐药;肺炎克雷伯菌对替加环素耐药率较低(7.1%),对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率分别为34.1%和45.2%;鲍曼不动杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率分别为57.1%和66.7%。结论 患者的年龄、基础疾病、侵袭性操作史和局部感染灶等因素可能与血流感染发生有关,本研究血流感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对包括碳青霉烯类在内的多种常用抗菌药物耐药率较高。     

某三甲医院9年间血培养分离细菌的分布及耐药谱分析

目的 分析某三甲医院血培养的细菌分布以及体外药敏结果,提供临床合理使用抗菌药物的依据。方法 回顾性调查云南省第二人民医院2010年1月—2018年12月,住院及门诊送检血培养标本分离培养及药物敏感试验的结果,采用 WHONET5.6软件对血培养分离到细菌的分布及药敏结果进行统计分析。结果 共检出细菌2163株,其中革兰阴性杆菌1379株(63.8%),革兰阳性菌710株(32.8%),真菌74株(3.4%)。在革兰阴性菌中,以大肠埃希菌为主48.1%,其次是肺炎克雷伯菌16.0%以及甲型副伤寒沙门菌11.4%;而革兰阳性菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌61.0％为主,其次是金黄色葡萄球菌16.1%及屎肠球菌5.6%;真菌以白假丝酵母35.1%、近平滑假丝酵母菌20.3%及热带假丝酵母菌17.6%为主,在真菌中检出组织胞浆菌1例;检出率前3位的科室是ICU16.2%、肿瘤科15.0%及创伤中心14.4%。药敏结果显示,耐碳青酶烯酶的肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)检出率13.6%,耐碳青酶烯酶的大肠埃希菌(CREC)检出率0.3%,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为64.9%和36.7%;耐碳青霉烯类的鲍曼不动杆菌(CRAB)73.6%,耐碳青霉烯类的铜绿假单胞菌(CRPA)47.8%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率38.6%;而检出前几位的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌对常用的抗菌药物存在较高的耐药率,特别是产碳青霉烯酶(KPC)、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)株及耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)的耐药率较高,产酶株与非产酶株细菌的耐药率存在较大差异(P＜0.01),甲型副伤寒沙门菌除对常用的抗菌药物具有较高的敏感性。结论 血培养标本中主要细菌是革兰阴性杆菌,不同细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性存在较大差异,对不明原因发热或疑似血流感染的患者抗菌药物使用之前进行血培养和体外药敏试验,对临床诊治血流感染及合理选用抗菌药物具有重要意义。     

Frequency of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens in bloodstream infections and their resistance to antibiotics in the Czech Republic

A study performed at 12 hospitals in the Czech Republic in 2001 evaluated the Gram-negative bacterial pathogens most frequently associated with bloodstream infections and their susceptibility to a selection of antimicrobial agents. Of 831 Gram-negative strains, the most frequently isolated organisms were Escherichia coli (32%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (24%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10%). E. coli isolates were relatively susceptible to the antibiotics tested, whereas K. pneumoniae were relatively resistant to all agents except meropenem, and P. aeruginosa to all agents except gentamicin and amikacin. Other agents showed variable rates of resistance to penicillins, third-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin.     

急性白血病患儿医院血流感染的临床及实验室分析

目的分析儿科急性白血病（AL）患儿并发医院血流感染的临床特点及实验室资料,为合理选用抗菌药物,有效控制感染提供依据。方法收集2003年1月-2008年12月住院的AL合并医院血流感染的52位患儿病例,分析其临床表现、病原菌种类及药敏情况。结果临床特点：大多无明确感染病灶;少部分感染部位明确,其中最常见的为皮肤、口腔、肛周及会阴肿痛病灶;病原菌种类：分离出致病菌52株,其中革兰阴性菌（G^-）31例（59．62％）,革兰阳性菌（G^＋）12例（23．09％）,真菌9例（17．31％）;排在前6位的病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌（ECO）、葡萄球菌、真菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、肺炎链球菌;阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌未分离到;药敏情况：大肠埃希菌菌和克雷伯菌属超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）产生率为72．73％和50％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）的检出率分别是67％和60％;未发现耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌（SAU）和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）;G^＋菌对万古霉素、夫西地酸、利奈唑胺、利福平最敏感,G^-菌对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦最敏感。结论我院儿科AL患儿血流感染以G^-菌为主,耐药性明显升高,真菌感染比例升高;大多病情凶险,应根据细菌分布及耐药特点,有针对性地选择抗生素,降低感染死亡率;经验性抗菌治疗可选亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、万古霉素、夫西地酸、利奈唑胺、利福平。     

某三甲医院9年间血培养分离细菌的分布及耐药谱分析

目的 分析某三甲医院血培养的细菌分布以及体外药敏结果,提供临床合理使用抗菌药物的依据。方法 回顾性调查云南省第二人民医院2010年1月—2018年12月,住院及门诊送检血培养标本分离培养及药物敏感试验的结果,采用 WHONET5.6软件对血培养分离到细菌的分布及药敏结果进行统计分析。结果 共检出细菌2163株,其中革兰阴性杆菌1379株(63.8%),革兰阳性菌710株(32.8%),真菌74株(3.4%)。在革兰阴性菌中,以大肠埃希菌为主48.1%,其次是肺炎克雷伯菌16.0%以及甲型副伤寒沙门菌11.4%;而革兰阳性菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌61.0％为主,其次是金黄色葡萄球菌16.1%及屎肠球菌5.6%;真菌以白假丝酵母35.1%、近平滑假丝酵母菌20.3%及热带假丝酵母菌17.6%为主,在真菌中检出组织胞浆菌1例;检出率前3位的科室是ICU16.2%、肿瘤科15.0%及创伤中心14.4%。药敏结果显示,耐碳青酶烯酶的肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)检出率13.6%,耐碳青酶烯酶的大肠埃希菌(CREC)检出率0.3%,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为64.9%和36.7%;耐碳青霉烯类的鲍曼不动杆菌(CRAB)73.6%,耐碳青霉烯类的铜绿假单胞菌(CRPA)47.8%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率38.6%;而检出前几位的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌对常用的抗菌药物存在较高的耐药率,特别是产碳青霉烯酶(KPC)、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)株及耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)的耐药率较高,产酶株与非产酶株细菌的耐药率存在较大差异(P＜0.01),甲型副伤寒沙门菌除对常用的抗菌药物具有较高的敏感性。结论     

老年患者血流感染的病原学及危险因素分析

目的 了解老年患者血流感染(BSI)的病原菌分布及耐药性，探讨导致其发生多重耐药菌感染的危险因素及相关预后，为临床治疗和预防提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月-2017年12月天津市第五中心医院所有确诊为BSI的老年患者的临床血培养资料。结果 共221例老年BSI患者纳入研究，年龄在60~74岁之间的老年人比例最高(67.4%)，患者主要分布在肾内科和消化科，基础疾病以心血管疾病、糖尿病、肿瘤性疾病多见。共检出病原菌228株，其中革兰阴性菌占68.9%(157/228株)，革兰阳性菌占25.0%(57/228株)，真菌占4.8%(11/228株)，厌氧菌占1.3%(3/228株)。常见的病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌(37.3%)，肺炎克雷伯菌(14.9%)，金黄色葡萄球菌(8.8%)，凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(8.3%)和铜绿假单胞菌(5.7%)。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)株的比例分别为52.9%和23.5%。未检出碳青霉烯类耐药大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株的检出率分别为20%和57.9%。未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺的葡萄球菌。多因素回归分析显示，年龄>65岁、合并3种及以上基础疾病是多重耐药菌感染的危险因素，血红蛋白<100g/L、合并3种及以上基础疾病、入住ICU是老年BSI患者死亡的独立危险因素。结论 老年BSI病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主，大肠埃希菌是最常见的病原菌。年龄>65岁、合并3种及以上基础疾病增加多重耐药菌感染的风险，血红蛋白<100g/L、合并3种及以上基础疾病、入住ICU提示老年BSI患者预后不佳。     

Salmonella bloodstream infections: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997-2001)

Salmonella spp. are significant bloodstream pathogens and are routinely monitored for antimicrobial resistance by the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Six hundred and one bloodstream infection (BSI) isolates of Salmonella spp., collected over a 5-year period (1997-2001) were tested for their susceptibility against 20 antimicrobial agents, comparing year and geographical region. Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi was the most frequently identified 'species' (43% of identified strains), although 'unspeciated' strains predominated overall (54.2%). The rank order for six selected drugs tested by their MIC(90) values and percentage susceptibility was: ceftriaxone (< or =0.25 mg/l; 99.5% susceptible)>ciprofloxacin (0.12 mg/l; 99.3%)> trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (< or =0.5 mg/l; 92.7%)>amoxycillin/clavulanate (16 mg/l; 89.7%)>ampicillin (>16 mg/l; 81.0%)>tetracycline (>8 mg/l; 79.4%). Most isolates remained highly susceptible to all 20 agents examined, with the exception of Salmonella Typhimurium (only 35.3% susceptible to tetracycline, 41.2% to ampicillin, and 61.8% to amoxycillin/clavulanate). DT104 resistance phenotypes were noted in 3.4 and nearly 60.0% of unspeciated Salmonella and S. Typhimurium, respectively. Unexpectedly, the highest overall susceptibility rates were recorded in Latin America. Fluoroquinolone resistance was observed and nalidixic acid screening MICs (< or =8 mg/l) predicted full susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Five-year results from the SENTRY Program show no clear trend toward greater resistances in Salmonella spp. BSIs for the commonly used antimicrobial classes. With the exception of S. Typhimurium DT104, most Salmonella spp. remain highly susceptible to the tested antimicrobials that maybe utilized for Salmonella BSI.     

儿童与成人常见病原菌耐药性比较

目的：比较儿童与成人常见病原菌耐药状况。方法：监测2010年度泉州市儿童医院与泉州市第一医院临床分离细菌的耐药状况,以WHONET5.5软件进行数据分析,比较儿童与成人临床常见病原菌的耐药性差异。结果：由儿童患者分离得到致病菌1815株,其中革兰阳性菌767株（占42.3%）,革兰阴性菌1048株（占57.7%）;最常见的细菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌。由成人患者分离得到致病菌2345株,其中革兰阳性菌768株（占32.8%）,革兰阴性菌1577株（占67.2%）;最常见的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌、铜绿假单胞菌。儿童和成人耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的检出率分别为19.8%和17.8%;儿童患者大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星和喹诺酮类药的耐药率要远低于成人;儿童患者铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药率低于成人,特别是对氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类药。结论：儿童患者常见病原菌分布和耐药特点与成人存在一定的差异;应持续地进行细菌耐药监测。     

Antimicrobial resistance patterns of clinical bacterial isolates in southwestern Ethiopia

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents in a hospital setting in Southwest Ethiopia. METHODS: The antimicrobial resistance pattern of common bacterial isolates was determined during January 2003 to July 2004. A total of 291 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains were isolated from different clinical specimens. Specimens collected included ear discharges, throat and wound swabs, as well as urine, sputum, stool and blood The specimens were obtained from consecutively attending adults and children at the out patient departments of Jimma Hospital. The specimens were inoculated onto appropriate culture media. Targeted species were identified following standard procedures. Using different panels of antibiotics, susceptibility tests were performed using disc diffusion method as outlined by Kirby-Bauer method The profile of the commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents was studied in accordance with the principles established by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. RESULTS: One hundred seventy six Gram-positive and 115 Gram-negative bacterial species were isolated. Of these included Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococci and Proteus species were isolated frequently in 72 (24.7%), 59 (20.3%) and 55 (18.9%) of the isolates, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testes showed that methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was found in 8.3% of the cases while methicillin resistant coaguuse negative staphylococci were detected in 10.3%. Of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 90.3% and 91.7% were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin, respectively. Two (7.1%) of S. pneumoniae strains and 100% of Enterococci were resistant to penicillin. Proteues spp were resistant to tetracycline, polymyxin B, chloramphenicol and ampicillin in 90.9%, 92.7%, 67.3% and 58.2%, respectively. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp and Citrobacter and Enterobacter spp were 100% resistant to ampicillin. P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Proteus spp, S. aureus and Enterococci spp showed multiple drug resistance. All bacterial isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSION: There is an increasing trend of antimicrobial resistance in some bacterial species. Ciprofloxacin was highly) effective antimicrobial agent in vitro against majority of the bacterial isolates. Health personnel should be aware and take necessary measures to control further increases in bacterial resistance to antibiotics.     

Mohnarin2006-2007年度报告：中南地区细菌耐药监测

目的了解中南地区2006年6月~2007年6月临床分离菌株对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法采用纸片扩散法进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,经WHONET 5.4软件进行数据分析。结果11366株临床分离菌中革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌、厌氧菌及其它细菌分别占31.7%、66.7%和1.6%。前10位病原菌依次是大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、克雷伯菌属、金葡菌、不动杆菌属、粪肠球菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌和屎肠球菌。儿童组(≤14岁)和成人组(≥15岁)耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA)分离率分别为14.8%和51.2%。非ICU中MRSA和MRSCN的分离率分别为45.2%和66.3%,ICU中MRSA分离率为77.6%。儿童组肠球菌属分离株对氨苄西林、红霉素和高浓度庆大霉素的敏感性均低于成人组。儿童组产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属检出率分别为71.8%和64.7%;成人组产ESBLs菌株检出率则远低于儿童组,分别为52.4%和40.6%。儿童组和成人组中同时对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药的铜绿假单胞菌分别占11.0%和13.2%,泛耐药菌株占5.5%和2.1%;同时对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药的不动杆菌属分别占1.6%和15.3%,泛耐药菌株占1.6%和0.7%。结论临床常见病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主(约占2/3)。临床分离菌对多数常用抗菌药物耐药性呈上升趋势。ICU比非ICU科室耐药性严重,多重耐药菌株检出率高。儿童组产ESBL菌株及泛耐药菌株检出率均较成人组高。     

2012-2019年某医院血流感染病原菌变迁及耐药性分析

目的 分析医院8年间血流感染病原菌分布及耐药性变迁,为血流感染的经验性治疗提供参考。方法 回顾性分析某院2012年1月-2019年12月分离自住院患者血培养阳性的标本,对病原菌的构成及药敏数据进行汇总,利用SPSS软件对数据进行统计分析。结果 8年共检出病原菌2374株,其中革兰阳性菌627株(26.4%);革兰阴性菌1747株(73.6%)。前5位分离菌为大肠埃希菌735株(31.0%),肺炎克雷伯菌429株(18.1%),金黄色葡萄球菌144株(6.1%),鲍曼不动杆菌126株(5.3%)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌104株(4.4%)。与2012-2013年相比,2018-2019年大肠埃希菌检出率明显下降,肺炎克雷伯菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率明显增加(P<0.05);大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感率相对稳定。肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、环丙沙星、亚胺培南和美罗培南等的敏感率,分别从2012-2013年的93.0%、73.7%、91.2%、80.7%、100.0%、100.0%,显著下降至2018-2019年的69.1%、54.3%、65.1%、53.1%、74.3%和74.9%。鲍曼不动杆菌耐药日趋严重,至2018-2019年除对阿米卡星(57.6%)外,大多数抗菌药物敏感率低于25%,亚胺培南耐药率为75.8%。与金黄色葡萄球菌相比,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性更高,甲氧西林不敏感率为88.4%,明显高于金黄色葡萄球菌的21.6%,对万古霉素、替考拉宁和替加环素保持100%的敏感性。结论 血流感染以革兰阴性菌为主,但革兰阳性菌有增长趋势,主要分离菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药性逐年增加,应密切关注血流感染常见菌群的分布及耐药性变迁。