低温心肺转流中不同氧合器对儿童罗库溴铵药效动力学的影响

目的研究先天性心脏病学龄儿童心肺转流(CPB)中,不同氧合器对其罗库溴铵药效动力学的影响。方法选择6～12岁先天性心脏病患儿46例,随机分为膜式氧合器组(MO组,n=22)和鼓泡式氧合器组(BO组,n=24)。诱导后静脉给罗库溴铵600μg/kg行气管插管。CPB前、中、后三阶段,肌颤搐反应强度(T1)25%时,静注罗库溴铵200μg/kg。监测两组诱导期、CPB前、中、后期罗库溴铵的起效时间、无反应时间、T110%、T125%、T175%恢复时间及恢复指数等指标。结果两组患儿CPB前罗库溴铵肌松时效比较差异无统计学意义。CPB中,MO组和BO组的起效时间、无反应时间、T110%、T110%～25%、T125%分别为(3.72±2.10)、(29.45±7.67)、(46.36±7.26)、(14.12±2.62)、(60.57±6.31)和(3.62±1.78)、(24.95±6.93)、(43.07±7.99)、(13.04±2.46)、(56.68±6.82)min,组间比较差异无统计学意义。结论低温CPB中使用膜式氧合器与鼓泡式氧合器对罗库溴铵维持量的肌松时效影响差异无统计学意义。     

Comparing oxygen transfer performance between three membrane oxygenators: effect of temperature changes during cardiopulmonary bypass

Recently, a new oxygenator (Dideco 903 [D903], Dideco, Mirandola, Italy) has been introduced to the perfusion community, and we set about testing its oxygen transfer performance and then comparing it to two other models. This evaluation was based on the comparison between oxygen transfer slope, gas phase arterial oxygen gradients, degree of blood shunting, maximum oxygen transfer, and diffusing capacity calculated for each membrane. Sixty patients were randomized into three groups of oxygenators (Dideco 703 [D703], Dideco; D903; and Quadrox, Jostra Medizintechnik AG, Hirrlingen, Germany) including 40/20 M/F of 68.6 +/- 11.3 years old, with a body weight of 71.5 +/- 12.1 kg, a body surface area (BSA) of 1.84 +/- 0.3 m(2), and a theoretical blood flow rate (index 2.4 times BSA) of 4.4 +/- 0.7 L/min. The maximum oxygen transfer (VO(2)) values were 313 mL O(2)/min (D703), 579 mL O(2)/min (D903), and 400 mL O(2)/min (Quadrox), with the D903 being the most superior (P < 0.05). Oxygen (O(2)) gradients were 320 mm Hg (D703), 235 mm Hg (D903), and 247 mm Hg (Quadrox), meaning D903 and Quadrox are more efficient versus the D703 (P < 0.05). Shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) and diffusing capacity (DmO(2)) were comparable (P = ns). Diffusing capacity values indexed to BSA (DmO(2)/m(2)) were 0.15 mL O(2)/min/mm Hg/m(2) (D703), 0.2 mL O(2)/min/mm Hg/m(2) (D903), and 0.18 mL O(2)/min/mm Hg/m(2) (Quadrox) with D903 outperforming D703 (P < 0.0005). During hypothermia (32.0 +/- 0.3 degrees C), there was a lower absolute and relative VO(2 )for all three oxygenators (P = ns). The O(2) gradients, DmO(2) and DmO(2)/m(2), were significantly lower for all oxygenators (P < 0.01). Also, Qs/Qt significantly rose for all oxygenators (P < 0.01). The oxygen transfer curve is characteristic to each oxygenator type and represents a tool to quantify oxygenator performance. Using this parameter, we demonstrated significant differences among commercially available oxygenators. However, all three oxygenators are considered to meet the oxygen needs of the patients.     

Inflammatory system activation during cardiopulmonary bypass as an indicator of biocompatibility: a randomized comparison of bubble and membrane oxygenators

As the exposure of blood to foreign material during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) leads to triggering of inflammatory systems, the inflammatory response was used as an indicator of the biocompatibility of oxygenators. Activation of complement and neutrophil granulocytes during CPB was studied in 96 patients undergoing coronary bypass, with randomized comparisons between four different oxygenators, two of bubble and two of membrane type. Seven patients undergoing thoracotomy without CPB served as controls. During CPB there was significant complement activation, measured as changes in the ratio C3d/C3, with no demonstrable difference between the bubble and membrane oxygenator groups. Such change was not seen in the controls. Neutrophil granulocytes released significant amounts of the granule proteins lactoferrin and myeloperoxidase during CPB, but not during thoracotomy without CPB. The plasma concentrations of lactoferrin and myeloperoxidase were significantly lower in the membrane oxygenator groups, possibly indicating better biocompatibility. The strong inflammatory response with both oxygenator types, however, indicates that presently used CPB devices have unsatisfactory biocompatibility.     

体外循环对血管内皮细胞损伤/活化的临床研究

目的 研究体外循环（ＣＰＢ）对全身性血管内皮细胞（ＶＥＣ）的急性损伤／活化。方法２６例心血管择期手术病人,分为两组,１４例先心病心内畸形矫治术患者为Ｉ期,１２例心脏瓣膜替换术患者为Ⅱ组。于术前、转流前、转流后３０ｍｉｎ、停转流、手术结束、术后１ｄ和术后３ｄ采血动态监测两组病人循环内皮细胞（ＣＥＣ）、血浆血栓调节蛋白（ＴＭ）和冯维尔布兰德因子（ｖＷＦ）的变化。结果 两组病人血ＣＦＣ、血浆ＴＭ和ｖＷＦ     

钙、镁及甲状旁腺激素在心肺转流期间的动态变化

目的 观察心肺转流（CPB）期间钙、镁及甲状旁腺激素（PTH）的变化。方法 静脉血标本取自16例心内直视手术病人，采用原子吸收光谱法、离子选择电极法及化学发光分析方法于CPB期间不同时间点检测总钙、离子钙、总镁及PTH的含量。结果 CPB开始后钙、镁及PTH均降低（P＜0.05），至CPB结束时降至最低点（P＜0.01）。钙离子于术后第1天回复至术前水平，而总钙及总镁含量于术后第1天仍低于术前水平（P＜0.05）。PTH于CPB后2小时升高，于术后第1天升术前的2.6倍（P＜0.01）。结论 CPB期间发生了明显的低钙、低镁血症。钙－镁－甲状旁腺轴反应基本正常，但呈滞后现象。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对心肺转流手术脑氧供需平衡的影响

目的观察盐酸戊乙奎醚对心肺转流(CPB)心脏直视手术中患者脑氧供需平衡的影响。方法20例行心脏二尖瓣瓣膜置换术患者,随机分为两组,每组10例。Ⅰ组在预充液中加入盐酸戊乙奎醚3mg,Ⅱ组加入等量生理盐水,分别于CPB前后抽取血液标本计算脑氧摄取率(CERO2)、桡动脉颈内静脉血乳酸差值(DLajv)和桡动脉颈内静脉血氧含量差(CajvO2),并随访患者手术后记忆和麻醉相关并发症。结果CPB开始后随着主动脉阻断时间的延长,患者DLajv有增大趋势,开放主动脉心脏复跳后早期DLajv明显增大,但Ⅰ组变化小于Ⅱ组(P<0.05);CERO2和CajvO2出现下降趋势,Ⅰ组患者CERO2变化幅度小于Ⅱ组,CajvO2变化幅度则大于Ⅱ组(P<0.05);两组患者手术后认知功能和麻醉相关并发症差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚可能在一定程度上改善CPB心脏直视手术中患者脑组织微循环,有助于改善CPB术中脑氧供需平衡。     

Anesthetic induction with ketamine inhibits platelet activation before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass in baboons

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of antifactor D monoclonal antibody (Mab) 166-32 on platelet activation during and after hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in baboons. Fourteen baboons (mean weight, 15 kg) underwent hypothermic CPB. Seven of them were treated with a single injection of antifactor D Mab 166-32 (5 mg/kg) and the other seven animals were given saline as control. Each baboon was sedated with an intramuscular injection of 10 mg/kg of ketamine hydrochloride. A 20-gauge angiocatheter was placed in the cephalic vein, and 5 mg of diazepam was administered intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with 0.80% to 2.25% isoflurane, 100% O2, and an inspiratory tidal volume of 13 mL/kg at a rate of 13 breaths per minute throughout the surgical procedure except during CPB. Pancuronium bromide, 0.1 mg/kg, was administered to achieve adequate muscle paralysis. Blood samples were collected before CPB, during CPB, and 1, 2, 3, and 6 h after CPB. Assays were performed to measure platelet activation [CD62P (P-selectin)] using immunofluorocytometric methods. There were no significant differences on CD62P expression of platelets between control and antibody groups before CPB (105 +/- 12% vs. 99 +/- 8%, P=NS), during normothermic CPB (62 +/- 6% vs. 63 +/- 19%, P=NS), during hypothermic CPB (55 +/- 8% vs. 54 +/- 13%, P=NS), and 1, 3, or 6 h after CPB (74 +/- 20% vs. 81 +/- 11%, P=NS). Anesthetic induction with ketamine caused significant reduction in the platelet activation in both groups. Ketamine did not affect complement, neutrophil, and monocyte activation or cytokine production. Further studies on the mechanisms of platelet inhibition by ketamine are warranted.     

A comparison of anaesthetic tensions in arterial blood and oxygenator exhaust gas during cardiopulmonary bypass

This study evaluates the usefulness of the analysis of gas sampled from the exhaust port of a membrane oxygenator in the estimation of anaesthetic tension in arterial blood. Sixty-seven arterial blood samples were drawn from patients undergoing hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with anaesthesia maintained by either isoflurane or desflurane. Anaesthetic tensions in the oxygenator exhaust gas were measured using an infrared analyser and in arterial blood using a two-stage headspace technique with a gas chromatograph. Both measurement systems were calibrated with the same standard gas mixtures. There was no difference in anaesthetic tension measured in arterial blood and gas leaving the oxygenator exhaust (isoflurane: n = 29, range: 0.3-0.8%, 95% limits of agreement: -0.08% to 0.09%; desflurane: n = 38, range: 1.5-5.4%; 95% limits of agreement -0.65% to 0.58%). We conclude that anaesthetic tensions in arterial blood can be accurately monitored by analysis of the gas emerging from the exhaust port of a membrane oxygenator.     

心肺转流下冠状动脉搭桥术呼气末二氧化碳分压与心输出量变化的相关性

目的 探讨心肺转流(CPB)下行冠脉搭桥术PETCO2与心输出量(CO)变化的相关性.方法 选择择期CPB下行冠状动脉搭桥术的患者50例,男32例,女18例,年龄49～73岁,BMI 19～25 kg/m2,ASAⅡ—Ⅳ级,采用静-吸复合全身麻醉,丙泊酚、舒芬太尼、顺式阿曲库铵及七氟醚等常规剂量维持麻醉.麻醉后放置Sw...     

兔体外循环中聚乙二醇牛血红蛋白偶联物对平均动脉压、胶体渗透压及p50的影响

目的探讨在体外循环(CPB)预充液中加入聚乙二醇牛血红蛋白偶联物(PEG-bHb)对兔平均动脉压(MAP)、胶体渗透压(COP)及p50的影响。方法24只成年健康大耳白兔(2．59±0．19)kg,通过股动脉、颈静脉插管建立体外循环通路,转流1h。随机分成3组,对照组(n =8),以晶／胶体液作为体外循环预充液；实验组1(n=8),在预充液中加入PEG-bHb,PEG-bHb占总容量(兔循环血量+预充量)的5％；实验组2(n=8),预充液中加入PEG-bHb,占总容量(兔循环血量+预充量)的15％,体外循环开始后放出自体血(放血量占兔循环血量的20％),CPB结束后将自体血回输。每组监测CPB前和CPB中平均动脉压；在CPB前、CPB中15、50 min、CPB后1 h测胶体渗透压及动脉血p50值。结果实验组1和实验组2在CPB中的MAP均高于对照组,但只有实验组2在转中10 min时与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0．05)；实验组2在CPB中COP值均较高；实验组1动脉血p50值较对照组高。结论PEG-bHb占实验兔循环血量+预充量的5％对CPB中和CPB后MAP和COP无明显影响,并且由p50提示向组织释放O_2量增多,此量可安全用于CPB预充；另外,在CPB前放出部分自体血将对CPB中血液保护发挥一定作用。     

有创血压波形监测下体外循环搏动灌注效果初步评价

目的 探索桡动脉有创血压波形作为搏动灌注质控指标的可能性,并在此监测下评价搏动灌注的有效性.方法 选取2008年3月至12月需在体外循环下手术治疗的患者80例,随机分为搏动灌注组(P组)45例和非搏动灌注组(NP组)35例.主动脉阻断期间P组在桡动脉波形监测下建立搏动灌注,NP组采用常规平流灌注.将P组形成显著双峰波或单峰波(脉压差＞30 mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)的病例与NP组比较,检测手术前后肌酐、尿素氮、血尿酸、乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转氨酶、超敏C反应蛋白,术中乳酸、尿量,手术后尿隐血率、心跳自复率、凝血酶原时间等指标.结果 P组有35例形成显著的双峰波形或单峰波.与NP组比较:术中乳酸较低(P＜0.01),单位时间尿量较多(P＜0.01),术后乳酸脱氢酶上升幅度(P＜0.05)、超敏C反应蛋白(P＜0.05)和凝血酶原时间(P＜0.01)较低.P组术后血尿酸下降,而NP组上升(P＜0.01);尿隐血、手术前后谷草转氨酶差率、心跳自复率两组差异无统计学意义.结论 通过设备优化和搏动参数的调控,能建立有效的搏动灌注和能最传递;桡动脉有创血压波形监测是方便有效的搏动灌注指标;在桡动脉波形监测下的搏动灌注各项监测指标明显优于平流灌注.     

Relationship between plasma neutrophil elastase and respiratory index of patients who had undergone cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

To evaluate the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on the release of polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase (PMN-E) and postoperative pulmonary function, the perioperative plasma levels of PMN-E in α₁-antitrypsin complex (EAC) and hydrogen peroxide concentration in the expired breath were measured in eight patients who underwent cardiac surgery with CPB, and the relationship between EAC levels and the respiratory index (RI) was studied. Although PMN, EAC, and the ratio of EAC to neutrophil (E/N) were elevated significantly after surgery, alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (A-aDO₂) and respiratory index (A-aDO₂/PaO₂) did not change when compared with those of the preoperative period. Hydrogen peroxide concentration in the expired breath also did not change (below 2.5 μmol·l⁻¹) during the perioperative period. These results suggest that the elevation of EAC immediately after cardiac surgery using CPB, which lasted less than 2h, was not a cause of postoperative pulmonary disorder. However, there was a significant positive correlation between E/N ratio and respiratory index (r=0.67,P<0.01). Thus excessive release of PMN-E during CPB may be implicated in the etiology of postoperative respiratory dysfunction. Part of this work was presented at the 41st annual meeting of the Japan Society of Anesthesiology, Tokyo, April 14, 1994     

A new model of centrifugal blood pump for cardiopulmonary bypass: design improvement, performance, and hemolysis tests

A new model of blood pump for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) application has been developed and evaluated in our laboratories. Inside the pump housing is a spiral impeller that is conically shaped and has threads on its surface. Worm gears provide an axial motion of the blood column. Rotational motion of the conical shape generates a centrifugal pumping effect and improves pumping performance. One annular magnet with six poles is inside the impeller, providing magnetic coupling to a brushless direct current motor. In order to study the pumping performance, a mock loop system was assembled. Mock loop was composed of Tygon tubes (Saint-Gobain Corporation, Courbevoie, France), oxygenator, digital flowmeter, pressure monitor, electronic driver, and adjustable clamp for flow control. Experiments were performed on six prototypes with small differences in their design. Each prototype was tested and flow and pressure data were obtained for rotational speed of 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 rpm. Hemolysis was studied using pumps with different internal gap sizes (1.35, 1.45, 1.55, and 1.7 mm). Hemolysis tests simulated CPB application with flow rate of 5 L/min against total pressure head of 350 mm Hg. The results from six prototypes were satisfactory, compared to the results from the literature. However, prototype #6 showed the best results. Best hemolysis results were observed with a gap of 1.45 mm, and showed a normalized index of hemolysis of 0.013 g/100 L. When combined, axial and centrifugal pumping principles produce better hydrodynamic performance without increasing hemolysis.     

体外循环复温速度对颅内血浆氨基酸、氧自由基及乳酸代谢的影响

目的观察复温期复温速度对颅内血浆中氨基酸、氧自由基及乳酸代谢的影响.方法21例行冠脉搭桥手术的患者,以复温时鼻咽温达到37℃时间为标准分为:快速复温组(A组,n=11,t≤20 min);缓慢复温组(B组,n=10,t＞20 min).分别于心肺转流(CPB)前、稳定的低温期、复温10、20、30min测定颈内静脉球部血中氨基酸[谷氨酸(Glu)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、甘氨酸(Gly)]、氧自由基[丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)]及乳酸(LAC)含量,进行组内与组间比较,并计算兴奋性毒性指数(EI)和静动脉血乳酸含量差(VADL).结果随着温度的升高,Glu上升,复温10minA组较B组显著增加(P＜0.01);GABA升高B组较A组复温20 min时显著(P＜0.05);EI逐渐上升,A组较B组上升明显增快(P＜0.05).A组MDA复温30 min时含量增高(P＜0.05),SOD无显著性改变;LAC复温30 min时A组较CPB前明显增多(P＜0.05),但两组比较无显著差异,VADL复温30min时达到高峰,A组比B组显著(P＜0.05).结论复温过程易造成脑氧供需失衡,引起颅内血浆氨基酸代谢紊乱,LAC、自由基大量生成,复温速度越快,脑损伤越严重.     

Complement activation during cardiopulmonary bypass: comparison between the use of large volumes of plasma and dextran 70

Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery may be complicated by a systemic inflammatory reaction, which has been ascribed to the activation of complement. For such activation, the choice of priming solution for the heart-lung machine may be of importance. The peripheral blood of two groups of 10 patients, either exposed to dextran 70 or to plasma as priming solutions, was therefore studied pre-, per-, and postoperatively. The study confirmed that activation of complement is a consistent phenomenon during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery and that the activation involves both the early and the late phase of the complement cascade. The increase in the plasma concentration of the C3 activation products C3c and C3dg was significantly higher in the plasma group than in the dextran group, while there was no difference in the increase in the concentration of the terminal complement complex SC5b-9.     

乌司他丁对体外循环犬血浆可溶性细胞间粘附分子-1、血管性假性血友病因子及MDA水平的影响

目的评价不同剂量乌司他丁对体外循环(CPB)犬血浆可溶性细胞间粘附分子-1 (sICAM-1)、血管性假性血友病因子(vWF)及丙二醛(MDA)水平的影响。方法成年健康杂种犬18只,体重10～15 kg,雌雄不拘,随机分成3组(n=6):对照组(C组)、乌司他丁Ⅰ组(U1组)和乌司他丁Ⅱ组(U2组)。U1组于CPB前经股静脉注射乌司他丁2 500 U/kg(溶于20 ml生理盐水中),CPB预充液中给予乌司他丁2 500 U/kg;U2组于CPB前经股静脉注射乌司他丁5 000 U/kg(溶于20 ml生理盐水中),CPB预充液中给予乌司他丁5 000 U/kg;C组在CPB前经股静脉注射生理盐水20 ml。3组于CPB前即刻(T1)、升主动脉阻断后15 min(T2)、45 min(T3)、升主动脉开放后30 min(T4)、60min(T5)取股静脉血5 ml,4 000 r/min离心5 min,分别用酶联免疫吸附双抗体夹心法测定血浆sICAM-1和vWF水平、生物化学发光法测定MDA水平,相同时点截取股动脉做光镜下病理学检查,观察血管内皮细胞的变化。结果与T1相比,C组各时点血浆sICAM-1、vWF、MDA的水平均增高(P<0.05或0.01),经乌司他丁处理后,虽然各指标水平也增高,但与C组相比,U1组T5时血浆MDA水平降低(P<0.05),U2组T4.5时血浆sICAM、T2～5时血浆vWF、T3-5时血浆MDA水平降低(P<0.05或0.01)。光镜下病理学检查发现C组各时点血管内皮细胞损害程度较U1组、U2组严重,U2组内皮完整性好于U1组。结论乌司他丁10 000 U/kg可一定程度地抑制体外循环犬血浆sICAM-1、vWF、MDA的水平,对血管内皮细胞起到保护作用。     

The detection of microemboli in the middle cerebral artery during cardiopulmonary bypass: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound investigation using membrane and bubble oxygenators

Twenty-seven patients were examined who were undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery with either a bubble oxygenator or a capillary membrane oxygenator. The latter incorporated an arterial filter and bubble trap. A noninvasive Doppler ultrasound technique is described for monitoring irregularities in the Doppler flow signals attributable to gaseous microemboli detected in the middle cerebral artery during CPB. The ultrasound index for detecting gaseous microemboli (MEI) indicated the presence of such microemboli in 22 of the 27 patients during insertion of the aortic cannula. Measurements during CPB showed the MEI ranged from 4 to 39 in the 17 patients with a bubble oxygenator. However, all 10 patients with a membrane oxygenator had an MEI of 0. Varying the gas flow rates in 3 patients with bubble oxygenators showed a change in MEI from 4 +/- 4 (SD) at a flow rate of 2 L/min to 17 +/- 9 at a flow rate of 5 L/min. This observation supports the assumption that the MEI is providing quantitative information regarding the presence of gaseous emboli in the middle cerebral artery.     

Perceived stress,psychological well‐being and the activity of neutrophils in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery

This study explored relationships, before and after surgery, between perceived stress and the activity of white‐blood cells (neutrophils) in 82 patients undergoing heart surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (CPB). On the evening before surgery and at follow‐up, 6‐weeks after discharge, patients completed self‐administered standard psychological measures. Small peripheral blood samples were taken, from which neutrophil activity was quantified using nitro‐blue tetrazolium (NBT) and luminol‐dependant chemiluminescence (phagocytic capacity). There were consistent, statistically significant associations between stress and percentageNBT cells at baseline and at follow‐up. Regression analysis showed that perceived stress was a predictor of neutrophil activity at follow‐up suggesting that higher levels of stress are associated with higher levels of activity. Results from the phagocytic capacity data support and strengthen the NBT findings; in response to stimuli the phagocytic capacity of the neutrophils is reduced at baseline (high stress) and increased at follow‐up (lower stress). Significant decreases were found on perceived stress, anxiety, depression, negative affect and health‐related stress at follow‐up. Patients' self‐efficacy was high at baseline and remained high throughout the study. Results highlighted a consistent, significant relationship between perceived stress and the ‘activity’ of neutrophils. The implications of this finding are worthy of exploration given that stress‐activated neutrophils may adversely influence health outcomes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.