先天性上斜肌麻痹手术治疗的临床疗效观察

目的探讨先天性上斜肌麻痹的手术治疗效果.方法将我院近两年来先天性上斜肌麻痹患者35例,采用下斜肌断腱术、下斜肌部分切除术或联合上斜肌折叠术,对侧下直肌后退术或同侧上直肌后退术治疗;如合并内、外斜视可联合内外直肌手术.结果垂直斜视完全矫正29例(82.85%),术后残留上斜度数1.7△～3.4△5例(14.28%),无效1例.术后随访1年,代偿头位完全消失16例(80%),代偿头位改善4例(20%).结论先天性上斜肌麻痹的手术治疗效果良好,应尽早进行手术治疗,对于矫正代偿头位有利.     

儿童先天性上斜肌麻痹的手术治疗

目的：对儿童先天性上斜肌麻痹的麻痹的手术治疗临床探讨及疗效的观察。方法：对52例先天性上斜肌麻痹患儿采取了各种检查,如同视机、三棱镜加遮盖、Parks三步法及代偿头位的试验,确诊无误时我们主要采用了下斜肌后徒前转位手术治疗。结果：随访结果,治愈25例（48．07％）,改善23例（44．23％）,失败4例（7．7％）。总有效率（92．3％）;代偿头位术前38例,术后消失32例（84．2％）。结论：治疗先天性上斜肌麻痹主要目的是矫正斜视,尽可能获得最大的融合功能,消除代偿头位,并认为下斜肌后徒前转位术治疗上斜肌麻痹是目前较为理想的手术方式之一,也是近年来人们对该手术方式疗效评价较高的一种术式。     

先天性上斜肌麻痹手术疗效分析

目的　探讨先天性上斜肌麻痹的有效手术治疗方法 ,总结临床经验。方法　我院近 3年手术治疗的先天性上斜肌麻痹患者 1 43例 ,根据患眼下斜肌亢进程度和垂直斜度大小选择下斜肌徙后术、下斜肌断腱术、下斜肌前转位术 ,以及联合对侧眼下直肌或患眼上直肌手术。结果　 1 43例患者术后随访 1～ 3 6个月 ,治愈 1 0 7例 ,占 74 83 % ;好转 2 9例 ,占 2 0 2 8% ;无效 7例 ,占 4 89%。结论　先天性上斜肌麻痹手术术式选择按减弱直接拮抗肌和配偶肌 ,加强麻痹肌及间接拮抗肌原则进行。手术根据患眼下斜肌亢进程度和垂直斜度大小选择下斜肌徙后术、下斜肌断腱术、下斜肌前转位术 ,以及联合对侧眼下直肌或患眼上直肌手术 ,可取得较好的效果。术后随眼位矫正和视功能恢复 ,代偿头位逐渐好转或消失 ,年龄越小 ,恢复越快。有手术指征者应尽早手术     

下斜肌转位术治疗先天性上斜肌麻痹

先天性上斜肌麻痹是先天性眼外肌麻痹中最常见的一种,临床上主要以上斜视和代偿头位为特征,其治疗方法为早期手术矫正,手术设计以原在位垂直斜角≤15△行患眼下斜肌减弱手术,垂直斜角≥25△行患眼下斜肌减弱和健眼的下直肌后徙术[1].本文总结原在位垂直斜角在15△～25△之间的先天性上斜肌麻痹12例12眼行下斜肌转位术,手术治疗效果满意.     

上斜肌手术方式的探讨

目的 探讨上斜肌折叠或肌腱切断手术的特殊性，掌握其手术适应证。方法 对18例先天性上斜肌麻痹施行上斜肌折叠术；对7例外斜视A征和7例动眼神经麻痹施行上斜肌肌腱切断术。观察手术中上斜肌解剖的特点及手术前后眼位、斜视角和临床特征的改变。结果 先天性上斜肌麻痹单侧12例、双侧6例行上斜肌折叠手术，均联合下斜肌减弱术。术中见上斜肌异常者9／18（50．00％），表现为肌腱松弛、肌止端附着点位于上直肌的鼻侧止端。手术矫正了原在位上斜视15^△～25^△，矫正鼻侧方向最大上斜视15^△～40^△。术后眼位恢复正位15眼，欠矫3眼，无过矫。外斜视A征伴双上斜肌亢进7例行双眼上斜肌肌腱切断术联合水平直肌手术，矫正了上下外斜角之差别20^△～30^△，消除了A征，未发现过矫，术后4例恢复双眼视觉。单侧动眼神经麻痹7例行上斜肌肌腱切断术矫正了原在位下斜视平均15^△，术后垂直斜视矫正6例，欠矫1例。结论 上斜肌肌止端解剖异常是先天性上斜肌麻痹发病原因之一；上斜肌折叠或肌腱切断术主要改善旋转功能和矫正鼻下方垂直斜角，宜联合下斜肌或水平直肌手术。     

热烧灼止血法在下斜肌减弱术中的应用

先天性上斜肌麻痹是最常见的麻痹性斜视[1],常伴代偿头位,不及时治疗,除了影响视觉发育外,还会引起面部、脊柱畸形.下斜肌减弱术是治疗上斜肌麻痹的主要方式.下斜肌减弱术包括下斜肌部分切除术,下斜肌后徙及下斜肌断腱术等[2].本文报告我科自2000年1月～2006年8月手术治疗的上斜肌麻痹患者48例,术后效果满意,现将手术方法介绍如下.     

先天性上斜肌麻痹手术治疗的临床观察

目的探讨应用不同手术方式治疗先天性上斜肌麻痹的效果。方法对46例先天性上斜肌麻痹患者,根据原在位垂直斜度和眼外肌的功能情况选择不同的手术方式,术后随访3～24个月,观察治疗效果。结果术后,37例眼位为正位,9例眼位较前改善。32例代偿头位消失,5例代偿头位减轻,2例代偿头位无变化。治愈32例（70%）,好转14例（30%）,总有效率100%。结论对于先天性上斜肌麻痹患者,根据斜度和眼外肌的功能情况选择不同的手术方式治疗可获得良好的效果。     

下斜肌前转位术后抗上转综合征的临床分析

先天性上斜肌麻痹是先天性眼外肌麻痹中最常见的一种,以患眼上斜视和代偿头位为特征,常合并DVD,手术设计以减弱患眼亢进的下斜肌为主,如垂直斜视在10△～15△选用下斜肌后徙术,15△～25△选用下斜肌前转位术,大于25△,联合对侧眼下直肌后徙术。本文总结我院2009年1月至2013年1月4年间对先天性上斜肌麻痹继发下斜肌功能亢进斜视度在15△～25△的患者,采取下斜肌前转位术的资料齐全的51例患者,随访发现,有10例出现抗上转综合征（发生率19％）,经随访观察6个月,症状无好转,7例行下斜肌探查＋断腱＋部分切除术,术后眼位满意,达到改善外观的目的,现总结如下。     

下斜肌部分切除术治疗先天性上斜肌麻痹

目的探讨下斜肌部分切除术治疗先天性上斜肌麻痹的效果。方法观察17例接受下斜肌部分切除术治疗的先天性上斜肌麻痹术前术后9方位眼位，歪头试验及代偿头位的变化。结果垂直眼位变化小于15^△的先天性上斜肌麻痹患者术后眼位及代偿头位均恢复，大于15^△的仍残留部分眼位异常及代偿头位。结论下斜肌部分切除术对垂直眼位变化小于15^△的先天性上斜肌麻痹有效。     

下斜肌前转位术治疗先天性上斜肌麻痹

目的 探讨下斜肌前转位术治疗先天性上斜肌麻痹的疗效。方法 对23例先天性上斜肌麻痹患者经各种检查确诊无误时采用下斜肌前转位手术治疗，术后随访6个月～2年，观察疗效。结果 治愈11例(47．82)，改善10例(39．13)。失败3例(13．04％)。结论 下斜肌前转位术治疗上斜肌麻痹术式简单。并且安全、可靠、有效。     

先天性双上转肌麻痹的临床特点和手术治疗

目的探讨先天性双上转肌麻痹的临床特征和有效的手术治疗方法。方法根据病情对11例先天性双上转肌麻痹患者行不同手术治疗,观察手术前后眼位、斜视度数及临床特征的变化。结果11例先天性双上转肌麻痹患者中,10例患眼下斜,1例健眼上斜。患眼向上、内上及外上活动受限,且合并假性上睑下垂。10例以健眼注视的患者中,2例行患眼下直肌后退,8例行患眼上斜肌切断及下直肌后退术,其中2例因第1次手术量不足,术后6个月再行健眼上直肌后退术。7例合并外斜视患者同时行外直肌后退术(单眼5例,双眼2例)。1例以患眼注视的患者行健眼下斜肌切断及上直肌后退术。9例患者第一眼位斜视完全矫正,2例斜视症状明显改善。7例合并外斜视者症状全部消失。患眼下斜肌和上直肌功能均无改善。上睑下垂症状9例患者消失,1例患者明显改善,1例患者无改善。结论先天性双上转肌麻痹是临床较为少见的一种眼球运动障碍性疾病,上直肌和下斜肌同时麻痹是其发病的主要临床特征;其有效的手术治疗方法是垂直直肌后退术和上斜肌切断术。(中华眼科杂志．2004,40：652-654）     

先天性单侧上斜肌麻痹的手术方式分析

目的：探讨先天性单侧上斜肌麻痹的手术治疗方法。

方法：本研究回顾分析对68例先天性单侧上斜肌麻痹患者,根据患眼的下斜肌功能亢进程度和原在位垂直斜度大小选择下斜肌切断并部分切除、下斜肌切断并前转位、下斜肌部分切除联合对侧眼下直肌或同侧眼直肌手术。伴有水平斜视者按水平斜视矫正原则一期或分期手术矫正。

结果：治愈58例,治愈率85.3%,好转7例,好转率10.3%,无效3例,无效率4.4%。

结论：根据下斜肌亢进程度、垂直斜视度及水平斜度选择不同手术方式,通过一期或分期手术,可有效获得较高治愈率。     

One stage vertical rectus muscle recession using adjustable sutures under local anaesthesia.

AIMS: To assess the results of visual axis alignment following one stage adjustable suture surgery to correct vertical diplopia. METHOD: Eight patients with a mean age of 44.9 years (range 16-80 years) complaining of vertical diplopia underwent rectus muscle recession under local anaesthesia with intraoperative adjustment of sutures. Diplopia was secondary to superior oblique paresis in four patients, dysthyroid eye disease in two patients, superior rectus paresis in one patient, and one developed a consecutive deviation after previous squint surgery. The surgery consisted of seven single muscle recessions (six inferior recti and one superior rectus) and one two muscle recession (inferior and lateral recti). The surgery was performed under topical anaesthesia supplemented with a subconjunctival injection of local anaesthetic over the muscle insertions. RESULTS: The patients remained comfortable throughout their surgery. All had a reduction in their vertical deviation. Six were asymptomatic and were eventually discharged. One had residual diplopia which was well tolerated without further intervention. One had persistent troublesome diplopia which was corrected by temporary Fresnel prisms. He became asymptomatic after further surgery of a 1 mm inferior rectus advancement. CONCLUSION: One stage adjustable suture surgery is recommended in all cases of strabismus surgery when postoperative results would otherwise be unpredictable.     

Indications for and the methods of surgical treatment of oblique strabismus

The authors present a group of 3500 patients treated surgically in the years 1961-1986 for disturbances of function of the oblique muscles. Two forms of these disturbances are discussed. The first one--acquired paresis of the trochlearis muscle, most frequently a sequelae of injury, the second one--congenital disturbances of action of the superior oblique, with hyperfunction of the inferior oblique, determined as "strabismus sursoadductorius". When the healthy eye was the master eye one the authors performed operations weakening the inferior oblique which was in hyperfunction (recession, partial marginal tenotomy, myectomy, elongation) or they strengthened the superior oblique (plication) because of its paresis. In patients with the affected eye as the master one they weakened the opposite inferior rectus (recession) or strengthened the opposite superior rectus (resection). In cases of a coexistence of a horizontal deviation also this deviation was treated surgically. Five thousand seven hundred four operations had been performed. The vertical deviation was corrected in 75.5 p.c. and diminished in 24 p.c. Binocular single vision without compensatory positioning of the head was attained in 55.4 p.c. of patients, with a small compensatory positioning of the head--in 10.8 p.c.     

Motor mechanisms of vertical fusion in individuals with superior oblique paresis.

PURPOSE: We wanted to determine the mechanisms of motor vertical fusion in patients with superior oblique paresis and to correlate these mechanisms with surgical outcomes. METHODS: Ten patients with superior oblique paresis underwent 3-axis, bilateral, scleral search coil eye movement recordings. Eye movements associated with fusion were analyzed. RESULTS: Six patients had decompensated congenital superior oblique paresis and 4 had acquired superior oblique paresis. All patients with acquired superior oblique paresis relied predominantly on the vertical rectus muscles for motor fusion. Patients with congenital superior oblique paresis were less uniform in their mechanisms for motor fusion: 2 patients used predominantly the oblique muscles, 2 patients used predominantly the vertical recti, and 2 patients used predominantly the superior oblique in the hyperdeviated eye and the superior rectus in the hypodeviated eye. The last 2 patients developed the largest changes in torsional eye alignment relative to changes in vertical eye alignment and were the only patients to develop symptomatic surgical overcorrections. CONCLUSION: There are 3 different mechanisms for vertical fusion in individuals with superior oblique paresis, with the predominant mechanism being the vertical recti. A subset of patients with superior oblique paresis uses predominantly the superior oblique muscle in the hyperdeviated paretic eye and the superior rectus muscle in the fellow eye for fusion. This results in intorsion of both eyes, causing a large change in torsional alignment. The consequent cyclodisparity, in addition to the existing vertical deviation, may make fusion difficult. The differing patterns of vertical fusional vergence may have implications for surgical treatment.     

Surgical treatment in strabismus with a vertical component

In the paper we studied 87 patients with vertical or combined deviations treated in Eye Clinic from Cluj-Napoca between 1994-1998. The most patients show vertical deviation due to inferior muscle overaction (70 patients). 17 patients had a vertical deviation due to another causes (superior oblique paresis, III-nerve paresis and dissociated vertical deviations). We treated vertical deviation due to superior oblique muscle overaction only when was an important deviation in the primary position of gate. In superior muscle paresis we did a superior oblique muscle resection or weaken of inferior oblique muscle secondary overacting. In III-nerve paresis with contralateral superior rectus muscle overaction we did recession of this muscle. The results are favourable: the deviation disappear in the primary position of the gaze and decrease or disappear in the lateral gaze.     

先天性双上转肌麻痹的临床表现和手术治疗探讨

目的 探讨先天性双上转肌麻痹的临床表现和不同手术方式的疗效.方法 回顾性分析1987年10月～2011年1月收治的先天性双上转肌麻痹的病例.结果 共20例,临床表现和相关检查结果分别为(例/例):弱视:16/20;真、假性、混合性上睑下垂:4、8、1;代偿头位:3/20;合并水平斜视:13/20;同视机检查同时视、融合和立体视:10/20,7/20,4/20;随机点图立体视检查8例仅1例阳性.17例接受下直肌徙后或/和上斜肌鞘内切腱术为主选术式共计25次手术.结论 对视力和双眼视机能损害较重,应尽早手术.分期手术为常规.下直肌徙后或/和上斜肌鞘内切腱联合垂直肌手术疗效满意.     

Outcomes of surgical management in adults with unilateral superior oblique muscle palsy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the outcomes of surgical management in adult patients with unilateral superior oblique muscle palsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 82 patients who underwent surgical correction at the Department of Strabismology, Cracow Eye Hospital over a 20 years period (1982-2003) was done. The patients were divided into 2 groups: congenital (group I) and acquired (group II) of superior oblique muscle palsy. Group I consisted of 43, group II of 39 patients. The mean age at surgery was 34 years in the congenital and 38 years in the acquired group. Preoperative and postoperative vertical deviation and excycloduction was measured in diagnostic positions of gaze using a major synoptoscope. RESULTS: There were a total of 97 operations: inferior oblique muscle recession was performed in 61 patients, superior oblique muscle tuck in 33, contralateral inferior rectus muscle recession in 1 patient, superior rectus muscle recession in 1 patient and inferior rectus muscle resection in 1 patient. 83% of patients underwent muscle surgery once, 16% were operated twice and 1 patient was operated three times. An average of 1.1 surgeries were performed per patient in the congenital group and 1.2 in the acquired group. In both groups, in all diagnostic positions of gaze, the mean preoperative vertical deviation in patients operated twice was found to be significantly greater than in patients operated once. There was no such relationship found for excyclotorsion. In both groups high and statistically significant correlation was found between the amount of vertical deviation and excyclotorsion before treatment and their reduction in the inferior oblique muscle recession group. For the superior oblique muscle tuck, such a relationship was found only in the acquired group. For both groups (congenital and acquired) recession of the inferior oblique muscle was found to be more effective than superior oblique muscle tuck in the reduction of vertical deviation and excyclotorsion for primary position, downward gaze and downward gaze in adduction. Only in upward gaze in adduction the superior oblique muscle tuck, proved to be more effective than inferior oblique muscle recession. Hypercorrection (vertical and torsional) was found only in the upper field of binocular gaze. Postoperative Brown's syndrome was found to be more frequent after a superior oblique muscle tuck than after recession of the inferior oblique muscle. The risk of postoperative Brown's syndrome after the superior oblique muscle tuck was particularly high in the congenital group. CONCLUSIONS: Recession of the inferior oblique muscle was found to be not only more effective but also safer than superior oblique muscle tuck.     

分离性垂直斜视手术治疗的临床观察

探讨分离性垂直斜视有效的手术治疗方法。 方法:回顾性分析38例61眼分离性垂直斜视患者行上直肌大量后徙,合并下斜肌亢进者同时行下斜肌后徙转位术的临床资料。观察术后效果。 结果:术后满意46眼,满意率75%,术后改善14眼,改善率23%,无效1眼。 结论:上直肌大量后徙术和下斜肌后徙转位术是治疗分离性垂直斜视的有效方法。合并有下斜肌亢进者,首选下斜肌后徙转位术,无下斜肌亢进者,首选上直肌后徙术。