首钢职工糖尿病视网膜病变流行病学调查

目的对首钢所属年龄在３０岁以上人群２９９３８例糖尿病视网膜病变的发生率及其危险因素进行调查。方法对确诊为糖尿病的９５５例（３．１９％）中的５３４例进行系统眼部检查，部分行眼底荧光血管造影。结果糖尿病患者５３４例中，９０例有糖尿病视网膜病变（１６．９％）。结论糖尿病视网膜病变与糖尿病病程、治疗方法和空腹血糖水平显著相关。多因素逻辑回归分析表明，糖尿病病程和空腹血糖水平是视网膜病变发生的最主要危险因素。     

糖尿病视网膜病变102例的临床分析

目的探讨糖尿病与视网膜病变发生发展规律及科学的防治方法。方法对102例糖尿病视网膜病变病人进行回顾性分析总结。结果102例糖尿病视网膜病变患者中61例早发现早治疗并坚持正规治疗，糖尿病视网膜病变发生较晚且轻，41例血糖控制差的患者视网膜病变程度较重。结论血糖控制达标可以减少视网膜病变，提高患者生活质量。     

糖尿病肾病对糖尿病视网膜病变手术治疗时机及疗效的评估价值

目的探讨肾脏疾病对2型糖尿病视网膜病变手术治疗时机及其疗效的评估价值。方法回顾性分析19例行眼底检查的2型糖尿病肾病的临床资料，并根据蛋白尿和肾功能情况，将有视网膜病变患者分为3组。分析糖尿病视网膜病变在各组2型糖尿病肾病中的发生情况和手术治疗效果。结果19例2型糖尿病肾病中15例（78．9％）伴有糖尿病视网膜病变，4例（21．1％）不伴有糖尿病视网膜病变。随着肾功能损伤程度的加重，糖尿病视网膜病变从非增生性进入增生性，重症患者激光或玻璃体切除手术后视功能无改善，病情仍会继续恶化。结论糖尿病视网膜病变的类型与分期与2型糖尿病肾病的严重程度相一致，后者可指导糖尿病视网膜病变手术时机的选择并有助于预后的判断，特别是在眼底无法查清的情况下，糖尿病肾病的临床表现对视网膜玻璃体手术的意义更为重要。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病性视网膜病变患者角膜内皮细胞结构变化的研究

目的：探讨非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病合并视网膜病变后其内皮细胞密度及形态学的变化。方法：选择40例糖尿病视网膜病变患者，分为增殖型视网膜病变组和非增殖型视网膜病变组。观察其内皮细胞密度及形态学变化，并与正常对照组进行比较，统计学分析。结果：糖尿病增殖型视网膜病变患者角膜内皮细胞密度及六边形细胞百分比明显降低，变异系数增加，糖尿病非增殖型视网膜病变患者角膜内皮细胞密度降低，形态学与下对照组比较差异无显著性。结论：非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病视网膜病变患者其角膜内皮细胞结构有异常变化。     

2型糖尿病患者发生糖尿病视网膜病变的调查分析

目的 通过对糖尿病视网膜病变的调查分析，提高对糖尿病视网膜病变的认识。强调糖尿病患者眼底常规检查的重要性，降低糖尿病视网膜病变的发病率。方法 观察2型糖尿病患者418例，眼科检查包括视力、裂隙灯、眼压、眼底、彩色眼底照相，视野。结果 418例糖尿病患者中有164例(39．2％)发生糖尿病视网膜病变，其中148例为单纯型，16例为增殖型。结论 (1)糖网的发生与病程长短、血糖的高低、治疗及时与否有关。(2)对糖尿病病程长及年龄大以及血糖持续高水平的患者，应定期检查眼科，做到早期发现、早期治疗，长期观察。以减少糖尿病视网膜病变的发生和糖尿病视网膜病变的致盲率。(3)减少糖尿病性盲的关键是积极防治糖尿病。     

糖尿病眼病的防治要重视综合治疗

正确认识全身因素如高血糖、高血压和高血脂等对糖尿病视网膜病变的影响和糖尿病不同部位眼病的发生机制，才能正确处理糖尿病眼病，维护好糖尿病患者的视功能。当糖尿病视网膜病变患者发生严重非增生期或增生期改变时，及时行全视网膜光凝是控制视网膜病变的有效措施，对临床有意义的黄斑水肿进行光凝可阻止视力严重下降。在治疗合并青光眼或白内障的糖尿病视网膜病变患者时，应注意到青光眼、白内障手术是视网膜病变进展的高危因素，应采取联合手术。眼科各专业医师要整体认识糖尿病对眼部的影响，相互协作，综合治疗。     

早期糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变发生率的调查分析

为调查早期糖尿病患者（病程＜５年）糖尿病视网膜病变的发生率。对本院内分泌科住院治疗的糖尿病患者（经ＷＨＯＩＤＤＭ诊断标准确诊，病程＜５年）７２例１４４只眼，双眼散瞳详细检查眼底，对可疑及有明确病变的患者行ＦＦＡ检查确诊。结果：７２例患者１４４只眼中眼底镜下有明确病变的４例５只眼，可疑１４例，该１８例患者行眼底荧光血管造影（ＦＦＡ）检查，最后确诊有糖尿病视网膜病变的６例７只眼，占８．３％。结论：要高度重视早期糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变的发生     

基于社区健康管理档案视角下糖尿病视网膜病变危险因素分析

目的：：调查本地社区2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变情况,分析2型糖尿病视网膜病变的危险因素,为预防和治疗糖尿病视网膜病变提供参考。方法：随机选取2015-01/03社区健康档案2型糖尿病患者268例资料,通过远程阅片系统进行阅片,回顾性分析糖尿病视网膜病变患者人口学资料与实验室指标。结果：在268例2型糖尿病患者中,检出糖尿病视网膜病变85例(31.7%);糖尿病视网膜病变患者与非糖尿病视网膜病变患者性别、病程、收缩压、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、尿肌酐等比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析表明,病程、收缩压、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白是糖尿病视网膜病变的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论：糖尿病患者长病程、高血压、高血糖是发生糖尿病视网膜病变的主要危险因素,应加强对糖尿病患者血压、血糖指标的监测,预防糖尿病视网膜病变的发生。     

增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变的研究近况

随着人们日常生活水平的提高，糖尿病已经成为我国一种多发病和常见病，而作为糖尿病的并发症之一，糖尿病视网膜病变已经成为威胁人们视力的可怕杀手。在临床上，糖尿病视网膜病变分为单纯型及增殖型，尤以增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变对视力的威胁最大。本文分析了近10年增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变的研究，对其临床表现、病理机制以及治疗方法进行总结。     

老年糖尿病患者白内障术后视网膜病变的连续观察

目的评价白内障超声乳化摘出联合人工晶状体植入术后老年糖尿病患者的视力效果及视网膜病变的进展状况。方法对179例179眼老年糖尿病白内障患者行超声乳化白内障摘出联合人工晶状体植入术。术后对术眼及对侧非手术眼视网膜病变进行比较。结果术后最佳矫正远视力≥0．5者159眼，其中无糖尿病视网膜病变者78眼，单纯性糖尿病视网膜病变者80眼，增生性糖尿病视网膜病变者1眼；视力结果取决于视网膜病变特别是黄斑病变程度。术眼中79眼、非手术眼中27眼出现视网膜病变进展，表现为视网膜内出血，火焰状出血斑，硬性及棉絮状渗出斑不同程度的增多，视网膜水肿，黄斑病变加剧及进一步的新生血管形成。结论（1）早期手术效果好，与非糖尿病老年白内障术后无明显差别；（2）晚期手术效果差，白内障手术可加速糖尿病视网膜病变进展；（3）早期手术可提高视力，便于眼底观察及激光治疗。[眼科新进展2007；27（2）：140-141]     

Prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy. The Beijing Eye Study 2006

Background  To evaluate the prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy in adult Chinese with diabetes mellitus. Methods  The Beijing Eye Study 2006 is a population-based cross-sectional study that included 3,251 (73.2%) subjects (aged 45+ years) out of 4,439 subjects originally participating in the Beijing Eye Study 2001. Diabetes defined as fasting glucose concentrations ≥7.0 mmol/L or self-reported diagnosis of diabetes was detected in 381/3,251 (12.9%) subjects. Diabetic retinopathy was defined by the presence of at least one microaneurysm in the diabetic subjects according to the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). Results  Gradable fundus photographs were available for 362 (95.0%) subjects. Diabetic retinopathy was detected in 101 subjects (27.9%). Most of the diabetic retinopathy was of the mild type (74/101; 73%). Severe non-proliferative or proliferative diabetic retinopathy was present in 16 (16%) subjects, and clinically significant macular edema in four (4%) subjects. Presence of diabetic retinopathy was significantly associated with rural region (Odds ratio (OR): 3.52), duration of diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.08), fasting plasma glucose concentration (OR: 1.14), type of diabetes treatment (OR: 2.09), and marginally significantly, with hyperopic refractive error (OR: 1.13; P = 0.08). The stage of diabetic retinopathy was associated with rural region (P < 0.001), known duration of diabetes (P = 0.001), type of diabetes treatment (P = 0.001), concentrations of high-density lipoproteins (P = 0.004), and fasting glucose concentrations (P = 0.002). Conclusions  Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among adult diabetic Chinese was about 27.9%. The stage of retinopathy was mild in 75% of the subjects with diabetic retinopathy. Associated factors were diabetes duration, diabetic treatment type, low metabolic control, rural region, and marginally hyperopia. Supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation No. 7071003, Beijing, China.     

社区2型糖尿病视网膜病变的相关危险因素分析

目的:分析2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopthy,DR)相关危险因素。方法:2型糖尿病患者300例,根据有无DR及病变程度分为3组:正常视网膜(NDR)组、非增殖型视网膜病变(NPDR)组和增殖型视网膜病变(PDR)组进行临床分析。结果:和NDR组比较,NPDR、PDR组病程、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、空腹血糖(FPG)、2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、24h尿蛋白排泄量显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析表明:病程和SBP是DR发生的独立危险因素。结论:病程、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、空腹血糖(FPG)、2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、24h尿蛋白排泄量等因素与DR的发生有关,其中糖尿病病程及SBP是DR的独立危险因素。     

Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy among noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects.

In a population-based study in Taiwan, 11,478 subjects aged 40 years or older were screened for diabetes in one urban and five rural areas. Among the 715 subjects proven to have diabetes, 527 subjects underwent ophthalmoscopy. Diabetic retinopathy was present in 184 of the 527 subjects (35.0%), including background diabetic retinopathy in 157 subjects (30.0%), preproliferative diabetic retinopathy in 15 subjects (2.8%), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy in 12 subjects (2.2%). Diabetic retinopathy was correlated with the duration of diabetes and age at onset of diabetes, type of diabetes treatment, higher serum creatinine levels, and lower serum cholesterol levels. Several other factors, including gender, age, residential area, family income, educational level, control and family history of diabetes, body mass index, physical activity, exercise, cigarette smoking, stroke, ischemic heart disease, leg vessel disease, hypertension, and proteinuria, had no significant association with retinopathy. By multiple logistic regression analysis, duration of diabetes was the most important risk factor related to retinopathy. Diabetic subjects treated with insulin had a higher risk of developing retinopathy than those treated with dietary control (relative risk, 1.57; .05 < P < .10). The univariate analysis disclosed that proliferative diabetic retinopathy was related to older age at examination, older age at onset of diabetes, type of diabetes treatment, and presence of leg vessel disease. Insulin-treated diabetic subjects also had a higher risk of proliferative diabetic retinopathy than patients in whom diabetes was controlled by diet, with a relative risk of 2.51 (.05 < P < .10) in the multiple logistic regression analysis.     

Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in adult and elderly subjects: The Casteldaccia Eye Study

Purpose To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in subjects aged 40 years or older living in Casteldaccia, Sicily.Methods A population-based survey was performed on 1,588 subjects randomly enrolled among people aged 40 years or older. A total of 1,068 persons could be examined and in 1,019 the fundus of the eye was adequately observed (64.2% of the enrolled population). Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed by ophthalmoscopy and fundus photographs; fluorescein angiography was performed in 91% of retinopathic subjects. In addition, a case–control study was carried out in order to demonstrate the association of diabetic retinopathy with a number of variables.Results Diabetic retinopathy was found in 4.4% of the whole population studied and in 34.1% of the diabetics. Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy was found in 29.6% and proliferative diabetic retinopathy in 4.5% of the diabetics. Diabetic retinopathy was significantly associated with the following univariate variables: duration of diabetes, duration and type of antidiabetic treatment, and duration of alcohol intake. After multivariate logistic regression the only variable independently associated with diabetic retinopathy was duration of antidiabetic treatment.Conclusion Diabetic retinopathy affects more than one third of diabetics and represents a leading cause of retinal disease. The antidiabetic treatment is the most important risk factor for diabetic retinopathy, even stronger than the duration of diabetes.     

Five-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy in a defined older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study

AIMS: To determine 5-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy in an older Australian population-based cohort. METHODS: During the period 1992-1994, the Blue Mountains Eye Study examined 3654 residents aged 49+years (82.4% of those eligible), living in two urban postcode areas, west of Sydney, Australia. Participants were subsequently invited to attend 5-year follow-up exams. After excluding 543 (14.8%) who died during the follow-up period, 2334 persons (75.0%) were re-examined during 1997-1999. The examination included a comprehensive questionnaire, blood pressure measurement, standardised refraction, Zeiss stereo retinal photographs, and estimation of fasting blood glucose. Diabetic retinopathy was graded from the retinal photographs, using the modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Scale classification (15-step scale). RESULTS: Of participants with diabetes diagnosed at baseline, 150 were re-examined, including 139 with gradable fundus photographs. The cumulative 5-year incidence of diabetic retinopathy was 22.2% before 95% confidence interval (CI) 14.1-32.2%. Retinopathy progression (1+ steps) was documented in 25.9% (95% CI 18.8-34.0%) of participants with retinopathy and gradable photographs at both visits; in 58.3% of these cases, a 2+ -step progression was documented. Progression to proliferative retinopathy occurred in only 4.1% of those with retinopathy at baseline. The only baseline risk factors associated with retinopathy progression, after adjusting for age and gender, were increase in fasting blood glucose, odds ratio (OR) 1.2 (95% CI 1.1-1.4)/mmol/l, and increase in diabetes duration, OR 2.3 (95% CI 1.0-5.3)/10 years. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide 5-year cumulative incidence of diabetic retinopathy in a defined older population. Increase in diabetes duration and elevated baseline fasting blood glucose level predicted retinopathy incidence.     

2821例糖尿病患者发生糖尿病视网膜病变相关危险因素分析

目的通过分析糖尿病患者发生糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的相关危险因素,以达到预防和治疗早期DR的目的。方法对2821例糖尿病患者进行全面眼科检查,抽血检测:空腹血糖、甘油三脂、糖化血红蛋白;尿微量蛋白检验;测量血压;体重指数检查;询问病程。运用SPSS13.0软件进行统计分析,计数资料比较采用卡方χ2检验;DR与各种影响因素间相关性检验用Logistic回归分析,分别进行单因素和多因素回归分析。结果 DR的发生与性别、年龄、糖尿病病程、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、体重指数、血压、甘油三脂、尿微量蛋白存在明显相关性(P<0.05);糖尿病病程、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、甘油三脂、尿微量蛋白是DR的独立危险因素。结论 DR的发病是多因素作用的结果,应重视并加强糖尿病危险因素的防治,降低DR的发病率。     

Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in a rural Chinese population with type 2 diabetes: the Handan Eye Study

Purpose: To describe risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a population‐based sample of rural Chinese with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The Handan Eye Study is a population‐based cross‐sectional study surveyed 6830 Chinese people aged 30+ years from 13 randomly selected villages in 2006–2007. All participants underwent a standardized interview and extensive examinations including ophthalmologic and systemic conditions. Diabetic retinopathy was graded from fundus photographs according to the modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study classification system. Logistic regression models were used to assess risk factors associated with DR. Results: Of 7577 eligible persons, 6830 (90.4%) participated, of which 5597 (81.9%) had fasting plasma glucose (FPG) data. There were 387 (6.9%) participants with diabetes, and 368 (95.1%) had gradable fundus photographs. The age‐standardized prevalence of DR was 43.1%. In multivariable‐adjusted logistic regression models for all diabetic participants, independent risk factors for DR were longer duration of diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 3.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.94, 4.85, per 5 years of duration), higher FPG levels (OR 1.17; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.27, per mmol/l increase) and higher systolic blood pressure (OR 1.22; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.37, per 10 mmHg increase). For newly diagnosed diabetes, the only significant factor of DR was higher FPG levels (OR 1.17; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.29, per mmol/l increase). Conclusions: In rural Chinese persons with diabetes, longer diabetes duration, hyperglycaemia and elevated blood pressure are risk factors for DR. These findings underscore the importance of controlling classic risk factors for DR in developing countries, where diabetes prevalence is increasing.     

基于社区的2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变相关危险因素

目的:了解本地区社区2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)的相关危险因素,为社区2型糖尿病并发症的预防和治疗提供理论依据。方法:对本地区常住居民中2型糖尿病的住院患者,进行糖尿病视网膜病变的分期并对相关因素如病程、血压、血糖水平、血脂等进行统计学分析。结果:糖尿病患者176例中,DR者53例,患病率为30.1%,糖尿病病程、糖化血红蛋白是DR发生的危险因素(均为P<0.05)。年龄、收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、胆固醇、甘油三脂、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、尿肌酐、尿素氮未成为DR发生的危险因素(均为P>0.05)。结论:糖尿病的病程、糖化血红蛋白是糖尿病视网膜病变发生的主要危险因素。     

Circulating antipericyte autoantibodies: a novel modifier of risk of progression of diabetic retinopathy?

BACKGROUND: Antipericyte autoantibodies (APAAs) are present in high frequency among diabetic subjects with and without nonproliferative retinopathy. This study aimed to determine whether progression of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes was associated with the same medical risk factors in APAA-positive subjects as in APAA-negative subjects. METHODS: Type 2 diabetic patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy at baseline were followed prospectively for 2 years monitoring progression of retinopathy. Thirty-eight (21.7%) of 175 patients had progression in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grade by > or =2 steps in at least 1 eye. Serum APAAs were detected by immunofluorescence on tissue-cultured bovine retinal pericytes. RESULTS: Progression of retinopathy was associated with HbA(1c) level (P = 0.002), diabetes duration (P = 0.03), and albumin/creatinine ratio (P = 0.02) in APAA-negative subjects but not in APAA-positive subjects. The association between progression and APAAs was strongest in the upper quartile for HbA(1c) level (>8.0%), where 71.4% of patients negative for APAAs had progression of retinopathy while only 24.1% of patients positive for APAAs had progression (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that APAA presence is a modifier of risk of progression of retinopathy due to hyperglycemia and that it could be useful as a biochemical marker of risk of progression of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients with poor metabolic control.