云南彝族2型糖尿病与HLA-DQA1等位基因多态性的关联研究

目的探讨云南彝族2型糖尿病与HLA—DQA1等位基因多态性的关联性。方法采用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物技术，对58例云南楚雄地区彝族2型糖尿病患者和同地区82名彝族正常对照者进行基因分型，做2型糖尿病与HLA—DQA1等位基因多态性的关联分析。结果云南彝族2型糖尿病组与彝族对照组比较，HLA-DQA1＊0301等位基因频率明显高于对照组（P=0．002，RR=3．097）；HLA—DQA1＊0601等位基因频率明显低于对照组（P=0．025，RR=0．429），差异有统计学意义。结论HLA—DQA1＊0301是云南彝族2型糖尿病的易感基因；HLA—OQAI＊0601是云南彝族2型糖尿病的保护基因。     

AITDs与HLA等位基因DQA1*0301、DR9的相关性研究

目的：探讨山东沿海地区自身免疫性甲状腺病（AITDs)与HLA－DQA1＊301，DR9的相关性。方法：采用多聚酶链式反应序列特异物分析（PCR－SSP）技术，扩增HLA等位基因DQA1＊0301，DR9的目的DNA片段（分别为199，236 bP)，分析2对等位基因在不同人群中表面频率的差异（χ^2检验），结果：山东沿海地区GD和HT女性患者组DQA1＊0301等位基因频率均显著高于对照组（分别为P＜0．001，OR＝4．89，P＜0．01，OR＝4．95）；DR9等位基因频率仅HT女性组显著高于对照女性组（P＜0．05，OR＝3．90），DQA1＊0301／DR9共同表达的频率，GD和HT女性组较对照女性组均显著性增高（分别为P＜0．05，P＜0．01），GD组和HT组2组间均无显著性差异（P＞0．05），结论：HLA－DQA1＊0301等位基因是山东沿海地区女性GD患者的易感基因；DQA1＊0301，DR9等位基因均是该地区女性HT患者的易感基因，2对等位基因在男性AITDs患者中的分布情况尚待进一步观察。     

动脉粥样硬化性血栓性脑梗死与HLA-DQA1肽结合基序的相关性研究

目的：针对动脉粥样硬化性血栓性脑梗死（atherothrombotic brain infarction,ABI)多基因致病特点,探讨ABI患者的分子免疫遗传学背景。方法：采用聚合酶链反应－序列特异性引物技术检测了81例ABI患者及99名正常对照的HLA－DQA1位点的等位基因频率。结果：（1）HLA－DQA1＊0301等位基因频率明显升高（χ^2=10.9610,P＜0．001）,差异有显著性;（2）有高血压家族史的ABI患者较无高血压家族史的ABI患者HLA－DQA1＊0301等位基因明显升高（χ^2=6.7472,P＜0．01),差异有显著性;（3）ABI患者的HLA－DQA1＊0103等位基因频率较正常对照明显降低（χ^2=5.6313,P＜0．05）,差异有显著性。结论：HLA－DQA1＊0301等位基因与ABI的发病有一定的关系,与有原发性高血压阳性家庭史的ABI的发病可能有关,而HLA－DQA1＊0103等位基因可能是ABI的保护性基因。     

HLA-DQA1*0301及*0103与腔隙性脑梗死和原发性高血压的遗传易感性研究

目的：针对腔隙性脑梗死（lacunar stroke,LS）和原发性高血压（essential hypertension,EH)及多基因致病特点,进行HLA－DQA1位点的基因分型,分析其遗传易感性。方法：采用PCR－SSP方法对62例LS、52例EH和64例正常对照进行HLA－DQA1位点的基因分型。结果：①HLA－DQA1*0301等位基因与LS及EH呈显著正相关。②HLA－DQA1＊0103等位基因与LS及EH呈显著负相关。结论：HLA－DQA1*0301等位基因与LS及EH的发病有一定的关联,而HLA－DQA1＊0103等位基因可能是LS及EH的保护性基因。     

内蒙古汉族儿童过敏性紫癜与HLA-DQA1基因的关联性研究

目的 探讨内蒙古汉族儿童HLA－DQA1等位基因与过敏性紫癜（anaphylactoid purpura,AP）的遗传易感性及其与临床特点的关系。方法 用聚合酶链反应－序列特异性引物技术，对70例内蒙古汉族儿童AP和90名健康儿童HLA－DQA1等位基因进行对比分析。结果 （1）病例组DQA1＊0301基因频率为33.4%，明显高于对照组（10.6%）（P＜0.01）；DQA1＊0302基因频率为6.7%，明显低于对照组（19％）（P＜0.01)。（2）单纯皮肤紫癜病例组与对照组DQA1＊0301和0302基因频率比较，差异无显著性（P＞0.05）；伴有胃肠、关节、肾脏损害病例DQA1＊0301基因频率分别为26.7%、28.5%和29.3%，均明显高于对照组（10.6%）（P均＜0.01）；而DQA1＊0302基因频率分别为3.9%、5.7%和9.6%，分别与对照组（19％）比较，肾脏损害组差异无显著性（P＞0.05），胃肠和关节损害组均明显降低（P均＜0.01）。结论 HLA－DQA1＊0301等位基因可能是内蒙古汉族儿童AP发病单体型中一个遗传易感基因，具此基因者可能更易出现胃肠、关节和肾脏损害；而DQA1＊0302等位基因可能为其遗传保护基因，对出现胃肠、关节损害可能有拮抗作用。     

中国汉族人HLA-DQAl~*0601基因转录启动子区显示新的核苷酸序列

本文测定了中国汉族人HLA纯合细胞SMY-43A的DQA1~*0601基因启动子区(QAP)核苷酸序列,发现顺式作用元件W box中-215和-216位核苷酸组成与已报道的白种人DQA1~*0601的QAP序列不同,由于SMY-43A的Ⅱ类基因单倍型组成为中国人特有,提示相应的QAP多态性可能具有人种差异.     

HLA-DQA1、-DRB1等位基因与子宫内膜异位症和子宫腺肌病的比较性研究

目的 从免疫遗传学角度比较子宫内膜异位症和子宫腺肌症的异同。方法 采用顺序特异引物聚合酶链反应技术检测51例子宫内膜异位症和45例子宫腺肌病患者的HLA－DQA1和HLA－DRB1等位基因频率，并与44名正常人比较。结果 两患者组HLA－DQA1＊0301等位基因频率（8.8%,5.6%）均明显低于正常对照组，差异有显著性（Pc=0.00,Pc=0.00），而两患者组的HLA－DQA1＊0.0401等位基因频率（7.8％,10.0%）均明显高于对照组，差异有显著性（Pc=0.03,Pc=0.01）；两患者组之间HLA－DQA1、－DRB1各等位基因频率比较，差异无显著性。结论 子宫内膜异位症及子宫腺肌病均与HLA－DQA1＊0301、＊0401相关联，从HLA－DQA1、－DRB1角度分析，子宫内膜异位症与子宫腺肌病的发病机理可能有共同之处。     

上海地区汉族人HLA-DQA1启动子多态性以及QAP、DQA1单元型连锁分析

目的分析上海地区汉族人HLA-DQA1启动子(QAP)多态性,以及QAP与DQA1的连锁关系.方法采用PCR-RFLP分析DQA1等位基因多态性;采用PCR-SSO检测QAP多态性.结果在96个个体中检测到9种DQA1启动子(QAP)等位基因.QAP与DQA1之间有3种连锁格局①QAP与DQA1存在一对一关系;②一种QAP可与不同的DQA1组成多种单元型;③一种DQA1等位基因可受到多种类型的QAP调控.与意大利、德国人群比较发现QAP和QAP-DQA1单倍型频率在不同人群中存在差异.结论上海汉族人中未发现新的QAP等位基因,但QAP等位基因的频率以及与DQA1的连锁格局和白种人相比有明显差异.     

用聚合酶链反应-直接测序分型法研究江苏汉族人群HLA-DQA1和DQB1基因多态性

目的检测江苏地区汉族人群HLA-DQA1和DQB1等位基因及单倍型的频率，分析该人群DQA1、DQB1基因多态性和DQA1-DQB1单倍型特点。方法应用聚合酶链反应-直接测序分型法（PCR-sequence-based typing ，PCR-SBT）方法对100名健康、无血缘关系的江苏汉族人群的HLA-DQA1和DQB1进行基因分型。结果共检出7个DQA1等位基因和13个DQB1等位基因。DQA1等位基因中，DQA1＊0301／02／03的基因频率最高（29．5％），其次为DQA1＊0501（18．5％）、DQA1＊0102（17．0％）、DQA1＊0201（12．5％）；DQB1等位基因中，DQB1＊0201／02（21．5％）、DQB1＊0301／09（14．5％）、DQB1＊0303（13．5％）和DQB1＊0603（11．5％）最为常见。分析得出30种DQA1-DQB1单倍型，DQA1＊0301／02／03-DQB1＊0303（12．5％）、DQA1＊0201．DOB1＊0201／02（10．5％）、DQA1＊0501-DQB1＊0201／02（9．5％）、DQA1＊0501-DQB1＊0301／09（7．0％）为常见的单倍型。结论江苏汉族人群HLA-DQA1和DQB1基因具有较为丰富的多态性，基因频率分布具有中国北方群体的特征且具有一定的独特性。     

山西地区HLA-Ⅱ类基因多态性与妊娠期糖尿病的相关性研究

目的探讨本地区人群HLA-Ⅱ类基因多态性与妊娠期糖尿病的相关性。方法以序列特异引物聚合酶链反应技术，对本地区39例GDM孕妇及42例同期正常健康孕妇的瑚A-Ⅱ类基因进行检测。结果GDM组DRB1＊0301、DQB1＊0201等位基因频率分别为38．5％和28,2％，明显高于对照组的16．7％和915％，两组比较有统计学意义；GDM组DQA1＊0103等位基因频率为7．7％，明显低于时照组的14．3％，两组比较有统计学意义。结论HLA—DRB1＊0301、DQB1＊0201等位基因可能是该地区妊娠期糖尿病的易感基因，而DQA1＊0103等位基因可能是该地区妊娠期糖尿病的保护基因。     

Highly polymorphic promoter regions of HLA DQA1 and DQB1 genes do not help to further define disease susceptibility in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

HLA DQA1, HLA DQB1 genes confer susceptibility to insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Since variants of their upstream regulatory regions are linked to the exons, we investigated their promoter polymorphisms (QAP and QBP) by a combination of PCR-based typing protocols in 136 IDDM patients, 167 controls and 6 families with an IDDM proband to identify possible additional susceptibility markers. Of major interest for IDDM susceptibility are the promoter "splits" of HLA DQA1*0301 (QAP3.1 and QAP3.2) and HLA DQB1*0302 (QBP3.2 and QBP3.3). QAP 3.1 (96% in patients vs 98% in controls) and QBP3.2 (100% vs 99%) were found to be the most frequent promoter variants for HLA DQA1*0301 and DQB1*0302, respectively, whereas QAP3.2 and QBP3.3 were very rare. Furthermore the promoter "splits" were equally distributed on the respective exon alleles in all groups and cosegregated in families as expected. In conclusion, HLA DQ-mediated susceptibility and protection in IDDM is not restricted to the exon but extends to the promoter region without further defining the genetic risk.     

中国南方汉族人群HLA—DQB1基因对系统红斑狼疮的易感性研究

应用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ核苷酸分型方法，探讨了我国南方浙江沪汉族人群ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＢ１基因多态性与系统红斑狼疮（ＳＬＥ）的遗传关联性，对４８例ＳＬＥ患者的血样分析表明，ＳＬＥ患者具有显著高的ＤＱＢ１＊０６０１等位基因频率（３０．２１％，ＲＲ＝２．８９１９，Ｐｃａｒｒ＝０．０１１２，ＥＦ＝０．２０），ＤＱＢ１＊０６０１可能是一易感基因，而ＤＱＢ１＊０３０１（２．０８％，ＲＲ＝０．１１０８，Ｐｃｏｒｒ＝０，     

Polymorphism of DQA1 promoter in Italian population

We have investigated polymorphism in the 5′-URR of the DQA1 gene by PCR-SSO method in a group of 55 Italian healthy individuals olygotyped for DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 genes and in 20 10th IHWS cell lines as controls. We used primers and oligos (X and Y box) supplied by 12th IHWS and a DIG-11-ddUTP/AMPPD method. We have detected eight QAP variants (1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,2.1,3.1,4.1,4.2) in our samples. As far as the association of DR/DQ haplotype and QAP sequences, we observed cases of one to one relationship (DQA1^*0201 and QAP2.1, DQA1^*0301 and QAP3.1, DQA1^*0401 and QAP4.2, DQA1^*0501 and QAP4.1); cases in which the same QAP allele was present in different DQA1-DRB1 haplotypes (QAP1.2 with DQA1^*0102 in DRB1^*15-DQB1^*0602 and DRB1^*16-DQB1^*0502 haplotypes or with DQA1^*0103 in the DRB1^*15-DQB1^*0601 haplotypes; QAP1.3 linked to DQA1^*0102, DQA1^*0103 or DQA1^*0104 in different haplotypes; QAP4.1 linked to DQA1^*0501 in DRB1^*11-DQB1^*0301, DRB1^*0301-DQB1^*0201, DRB1^*1303-DQB1^*0301 haplotypes or to DQA1^*0601 in DRB1^*0803-DQB1^*0301); cases where the same DQA1 allele is associated with different QAP sequences according to the DRB1 specificity (DQA1^*0102 allele with QAP1.2 or QAP1.4 in DRB1^*1302). Besides, we have observed that the QAP1.3, previously reported associated with DQA1^*0101-DRB1^*1401 haplotype, is really linked to DQA1^*0104-DRB1^*1401 haplotype. An intriguing data is that sometimes the same QAP is linked to different DQA1 alleles but to the same generic DRB1 allele: DRB1^*02 haplotype includes always the QAP1.2 variant but can bring different DQA1 alleles (^*0102 or ^*0103) and DRB1^*08 haplotype has always the QAP4.2 variant with different DQA1 alleles (^*0401 or ^*0601). The variability of linkage QAP-DQA1 can give further informations about HLA susceptibility in autoimmune diseases and in regulation of immune response in transplantation and oncology.     

Polymorphism of the DQA1 promoter region (QAP) and DRB1, QAP, DQA1, DQB1 haplotypes in the Dai minority population in South-Western China

We have investigated the polymorphism of the DQA1 promoter region (QAP) and we have deduced four point (DRB1, QAP, DQA1, DQB1) haplotypes of 60 unrelated healthy Dai minority individuals using the polymerase chain reaction and Dig-ddUTP labeled oligonucleotides. A total of eight QAP alleles (QAP1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1 and 4.2) were detected and two QAP alleles, QAP1.5 and QAP2.1 were absent in this population. The most predominant allele was QAP1.2 with 80% allele frequency. We also found that QAP alleles are in strong linkage disequilibrium with certain alleles of the neighboring loci DQA1 and DQB1. Complete positive association was found for QAP4.1-DQA1^*05, QAP4.2-DQA1^*0601, QAP1.2-DR2 group, QAP3.2-DRB1^*09, QAP4.1-DRB1^*03. A total of 28 different four point (DRB1-QAP-DQA1-DQB1) haplotypes were deduced and the most frequent haplotypes were DRB1^*1602-QAP1.2-DQA1^*0102-DQB1^*0502 (N = 18, H.f. = 15%) and DRB1^*09-QAP3.2-DQA1^*03-DQB1^*03032 (N = 18, H.f. = 15%) followed by the haplotypes DRB1^*1401-QAP1.3-DQA1^*01-DQB1^*0502, DRB1^*1202-QAP4.2-DQA1^*0601-DQB1^*0301 and DRB1^*1502-QAP1.2-DQA1^*0101-DQB1^*0501 with H.f. 9.1%, 6.7% and 5.0% respectively. The other 23 haplotypes were all less than 5% (H.f. 0.8%-5%). The relationship between the QAP alleles and DQA1 in the Dai minority is the same as that in the Chinese and the Caucasoid population.     

POLYMORPHISM OF THE 5’ FLANKING REGION OF THE HLA-DQA1 GENE IN COELIAC DISEASE

Coeliac disease (CD) is associated with particular HLA genotypes. The susceptibility gene (or genes) has been mapped to the class II region, most probably to the DQ loci. Polymorphism of the upstream promoter region of the DQA1 gene (QAP) has been recently reported. At least ten variants or QAP alleles have been found, some of which are present in the as-acting regulatory sequences. Allelic differences in DQ molecule expression may play a role in susceptibility to CD. We investigated the QAP polymorphism in 102 CD patients and 142 unrelated healthy controls of Czech origin using polymerase chain reaction amplification (PCR) of genomic DNA and oligonucleotide probes. We found a significant frequency increase of the alleles QAP 4.1 (RR = 10.3, p.c. = 10-⁶) and QAP 2.1 (RR = 2.4, p.c. = 0.017) in patients over controls. An increased susceptibility is provided by the presence of both alleles, as is shown by the higher proportion of QAP 4.1, 2.1 heterozygotes among patients than expected from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and by the comparison of the odds ratios for these alleles. There is a strong linkage disequilibrium between the QAP alleles and the DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1 loci. Two haplotypes carrying the QAP alleles whose frequency is increased are predominant in this group of CD patients: DQB1* 0201, DQA1* 0501, QAP 4.1, DRB1* 0301 and DQB1* 0201, DQA1* 0201, QAP 2.1, DRB1* 0701. Thus, the QAP variants are increased as part of these haplotypes and we cannot discriminate if they are responsible for the primary association.     

用PCR-SSP方法研究广西壮族HLA-DQA1和B1基因多态性

目的　检测广西壮族ＨＬＡＤＱＡ１ ,Ｂ１ 基因的多态性。方法　应用ＰＣＲＳＳＰ 方法对１４０ 名健康、无血缘关系广西壮族人的ＨＬＡＤＱＡ１ 和ＤＱＢ１ 进行基因分型。结果　共检出７ 个ＤＱＡ１ 等位基因和１６ 个ＤＱＢ１ 等位基因。在检出的ＤＱＡ１ 等位基因中,０３０１ 的基因频率最高（３５ ％ ） ,０４０１ 的基因频率最低（１ ．１ ％ ） 。在ＤＱＢ１ 等位基因中,０６０１（２２ ．１ ％ ） ,０３０１（２０ ．７ ％ ） ,０５０１（１３ ．９ ％ ） 最为常见。未检出的等位基因包括ＨＬＡＤＱＡ１ ＊ ０２０１ ,０３０２ ,０６０１ ,ＤＱＢ１ ＊ ０６０３ ,０６０５ 和０６０８ 。结论　广西壮族ＨＬＡＤＱＡ１ ,Ｂ１ 基因的多态性不仅有中华民族的特点,而且也有其独特性。     

The influence of age at onset and gender on the HLA-DQA1, DQB1 association in Chinese children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Certain alleles of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR and -DQ genes have been strongly associated with susceptibility and resistance to insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). To further clarify the association of HLA DQ alleles with IDDM and the influence of age at onset and gender on the association with IDDM, we investigated the association of HLA-DQA1, -DQB1 in 54 childhood onset Chinese (21 male) IDDM patients and 65 normal controls by using polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP). The mean age plus or minus SD at onset of IDDM patients was 8.37+/-3.54 year old. Our results revealed that the frequencies of DQA1 *0301, *0302, DQB1 *0201, and *0302 in IDDM patients were significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.025, < 0.005, < 0.001, and < 0.001, respectively). The frequency of DQA1 *0301, *0302, DQB1 *0201, and *0302 were susceptible alleles to IDDM with relative risks of 2.0, 3.5, 5.0 and 4.3, respectively. The protective alleles to IDDM were DQA1 *0101, *0103, DQB1 *0301, *0503, and *0602. We divided IDDM patients into three groups according to age at onset (1-5, 6-10, and 11-15 years old). The frequency of DQA1 *0302 decreased as age increased, and the frequency of DQA1 *0501 increased as age increased. Our results also showed that male IDDM patients had higher frequencies of DQA *0501, DQB1 *0201 than female IDDM patients (p < 0.025 and < 0.025, respectively), while female IDDM patients had higher frequencies of DQB1 *0502 than male IDDM patients (p < 0.05). In our study significant susceptibility haplotypes to IDDM were DQA1 *0301-DQB1 *0302, DQA1 *0501-DQB1 *0201, DQA1 *0301-DQB1 *0201, and DQA *0302-DQB1 *0201.     

HLA microsatellite associations with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Singaporean Chinese.

Singaporean Chinese with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) have previously been shown to be associated with the DRB1*0301 haplotype and the joint occurrence of DRB1*0301/*0901 and DRB1*0301/*04. The present study extended previous HLA associations by investigating the HLA region using four microsatellites (TNFa, D6S273, TAP1, DQCARII). Seventy-five IDDM patients and 80 healthy controls were studied. TNFa*3 (RR = 2.26), TNFa*12 (RR = 3.30), TAP1*9 (RR = 2.55) showed increased frequencies while TNFa*11 (RR = 0.29), TAP1*4 (RR = 0.50) showed decreased frequencies in patients compared to controls. Linkage analysis suggested that the positive associations of TNFa*3 and TAP1*9 were secondary to that of DRB1*0301. However, TNFa*12 appeared to provide additional risks to IDDM besides the DRB1*0301 haplotype, whereas TNFa*11 and TAP1*4 conferred an independent protective effect against IDDM. Our findings reinforce the notion that susceptibility to and protection against IDDM may include TNF region. In the present study, TNFa*12 seemed to be the primary association in the DRB1*0405 haplotype and may play an independent role in the pathogenesis of IDDM through TNF-alpha function.     

The HLA-DRB1*0405 haplotype is most strongly associated with IDDM in Algerians.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in Caucasians is strongly associated with HLA-DR3-DQ2 and DR4-DQ8. In order to investigate the HLA class II associations with IDDM in Algerians, we have used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence specific oligonucleotide analysis (SSO) to identify DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1 alleles, haplotypes and genotypes in 50 unrelated IDDM patients and 46 controls from a homogeneous population in Western Algeria. Both DRB1*0301-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201 (DR3-DQ2) and DRB1*04-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302 (DR4-DQ8) haplotypes were found at increased frequencies among the patients compared to controls (45% vs. 13%, RR = 5.5, Pc < 10(-5) and 37% vs. 4%, RR = 12.9, Pc < 10(-4), respectively). Among the latter, in contrast to other Caucasian populations, only DRB1*0405-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302 was significantly increased in the Algerian patients (25% vs. 1% in controls, RR = 30.3, Pc < 10(-3). Accordingly, the highest risk of disease was observed in DRB1*0301-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201/DRB1*0405-DQA1+ ++*0301-DQB1*0302 heterozygotes (34% in patients vs. 0% in controls; RR = 49; Pc < 10(-3). This observation and its comparison with DR-DQ haplotypes in other ethnic groups suggest that the DRB1*0405 allele which encodes an Asp57-negative beta chain may contribute to IDDM susceptibility in a similar way as Asp57-negative DQ beta chains.