武汉市新洲区学龄前儿童视力调查分析

目的:了解武汉市新洲区学龄前儿童视力发育状况及弱视患病率。方法:受检儿童3211例使用目前我国通用的国际标准视力表检查视力。3岁及以上视力低于0.5,4～5岁低于0.6,6～7岁低于0.7或双眼视力相差两行以上者,通知到医院门诊复诊。结果:受检儿童3211例视力异常检出率为7.51%。视力异常眼的屈光状态以远视为主;在屈光不正性弱视中,轻度弱视占比例最大,中度弱视次之,弱视患病率为6岁组3.68%,5岁组3.76%,4岁组7.93%,3岁组16.48%。各年龄组的视力随年龄增长而逐渐提高,各年龄组视力主要分布:3岁(0.5518±0.1910)、4岁(0.6444±0.1584)、5岁(0.6662±0.1544)、6岁(0.7601±0.1119)。视力异常率在3岁年龄组差异有统计学意义P<0.05,视力异常率在4～6岁年龄组差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。结论:儿童的视力呈动态发育过程,对弱视的诊断应考虑年龄因素。应加大弱视常识及危害性的宣传,提高家长、社会对弱视的认识和重视。     

视力低常的学龄前儿童屈光不正的分布规律研究

目的:观察与研究锦州市1 170例学龄前儿童视力低常的儿童屈光不正的分布规律.方法:抽取锦州市城区10所幼儿园,对3～6岁学龄前儿童进行视觉状况调查,分别进行视力检查、眼位检查、屈光状态检查、眼科常规检查以及立体视检查等.对于视力低于0.8的儿童进行散瞳验光.结果:(1)视力低常率:3岁为6.37％,4岁为7.79％,5岁为15.24％,6岁为8.93％,5岁儿童低常率明显高于其他年龄组,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);(2)视力低常眼病分布:视力低常患者中,屈光不正占95.61％.屈光不正分布:远视71.67％,其中3岁为75.00％,4岁为78.26％,5岁为75.44％,6岁为54.17％;近视17.50％,其中3岁为6.25％,4岁为13.04％,5岁为17.54％,6岁为29.17％;混合散光10.83％,其中3岁为18.75％,4岁为8.70％,5岁为7.02％,6岁为16.67％;(3)弱视情况:弱视患病率4.27％.对弱视相关因素调查显示,屈光参差性占36.00％,轻度66.67％,中度27.78％,重度5.56％;斜视性占16.00％,轻度25.00％,中度62.50％,重度12.50％;形觉剥夺性占2.00％,轻度0％,中度0％,重度100.00％.结论:学龄前儿童年龄较大者比年龄较小者视力较好,说明年龄的增长儿童视功能发育逐渐成熟.屈光不正中各组比例提示,远视是3～6岁学龄前儿童视力低下的主要原因.近视、斜视、弱视等因素所占比例提示普查手段十分重要,应早发现早治疗.     

中山市学龄前儿童斜视和弱视调查研究

目的:观察中山市学龄前儿童斜视和弱视调查情况及解决对策.方法:随机抽取中山市市区及镇区34所幼儿园3~7岁学龄前儿童7291名14582眼进行屈光筛查,对于屈光异常者采用浓度为10g/L阿托品眼膏散瞳检影,测定儿童的矫正视力,确定弱视.采用检影验光测定屈光性弱视,采用角膜映光法、交替遮盖法等完成斜视的筛查,分析中山市学龄前儿童的斜视、弱视情况.结果:入选的7291名学龄前儿童中有687名屈光异常,异常率为9.42%,236名弱视,检出率为3.24%,13名斜视,检出率为0.18%.3~<5岁及5~7岁年龄段屈光异常、弱视及斜视检出率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);236名弱视中215名屈光不正性弱视,占总弱视的91.10%;13名儿童斜视性弱视,其中8名共同性内斜视,5名共同性外斜视;8名形觉剥夺性弱视,斜视性弱视与形觉剥夺性弱视相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);236名中3~<5岁轻度弱视儿童构成比高于5~7岁,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),3~<5岁中度和重度弱视儿童构成比低于5~7岁,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:中山市学龄前儿童斜视弱视发生率相对较高,应该早期筛查,对于异常儿童尽早采取有效的措施进行干预,提高儿童视力.     

宜昌市15686名学龄前儿童弱视调查

目的调查宜昌市学龄前儿童弱视的患病率,为制定群体防治措施提供客观依据。方法对4-6岁15686名学龄前儿童用国际标准视力表检查视力,排除器质性疾病后,视力≤0.8和有斜视的患儿点1%阿托品眼药水,每日3次,3天后检影验光,3周后复查,矫正视力≤0.8者为弱视。结果3385名年龄4岁的儿童中弱视患病率5.35%,5882名年龄5岁的儿童中,弱视患病率4.28%,6149名年龄6岁的儿童中弱视患病率2.91%。各年龄组儿童弱视患病率的差异有高度统计学意义(x2=37.3101,P<0.01)。结论宜昌市4-6岁儿童弱视患病率与全国平均水平基本相符,调查中弱视首次检出率57.74%,因此应加强学龄前儿童弱视检查,力争在视觉发育敏感期发现弱视,及时治疗,建立良好的视功能。     

江门市17201名学龄前儿童屈光不正性弱视普查

目的 探讨学龄前儿童屈光不正性弱视的患病率以及与屈光不正的关系等.方法 对广东省江门市10所幼儿园17201名学龄前儿童进行了视力普查、医学验光及屈光状态的调查等,分析视力异常儿童的屈光状态.结果 在17201名学龄前儿童中,视力低常率15.44%.弱视患病率为2.96%,以3～4岁组视力低常率和弱视患病率为最高,分别为19.28%和4.16%.6岁以上组视力低常率最低,为13.35%,5～6岁组弱视患病率最低,为2.45%.远视患病率为79.59%,随着年龄增长,远视发病率渐趋降低.近视患病率为2.05%,随着年龄的增长,近视患病率逐渐增加,3岁儿童近视患病率为1.83%,6岁为4.35%.散光患病率为58.00%,各年龄组散光患病率较为稳定.屈光不正性弱视以轻中度居多,引起弱视的最小远视度为+1.75 D,近视为-3.25 D,散光为1.0D.屈光参差性弱视的球镜最小差值为1.25 D,柱镜最小差值为0.75 D.但也有个例近视性届光参差达6.75 D,远视性屈光参差达3.00 D也未形成弱视.结论 视力低常率15.44%.弱视患病率为2.96%,随着年龄增长,远视患病率逐渐降低,近视患病率逐渐增加,散光则较稳定.屈光不正性弱视以轻中度居多,多为远视和散光引起.导致弱视的最小远视度为+1.75 D,近视为-3.25 D,散光为1.0 D.屈光参差球镜最小差值为1.25 D,柱镜最小差值为0.75 D.     

福州市21952名学龄前儿童视力调查

目的探索学龄前儿童视力低常状况,及弱视患病率,为临床治疗提供依据.方法对福州市3～7岁21952名学龄前儿童进行视力普查,将单眼或双眼视力低于1.0者,通知到门诊复查,将矫正视力＜0.9,定为弱视.结果视力低常与年龄密切相关,患病率14.35%,其中男14.11%,女14.58%;弱视患病率3.38%,各年龄组弱视患病率差异无显著性(P＞0.05);视力低常者屈光不正分布远视81.96%,近视8.43%,混合散光9.61%,三者差异有显著性.结论学龄前儿童年龄越小,视力低常率越高;各年龄组弱视患病率无差异;对3～4岁儿童进行弱视诊断时应注意年龄因素.     

海口市8326名3～6岁儿童弱视调查

目的　调查海口市 3～ 6岁儿童弱视患病率 ,为弱视的防治提供客观依据。方法　对海口市 3～ 6岁的 83 2 6名儿童进行视力调查 ,将裸眼视力低于 1 0列为视力低常。对视力低常和有斜视者进行散瞳验光 ,将眼部无器质性病变 ,无斜视 ,双眼矫正视力平衡 ,而 4～ 5岁矫正远视力在 0 6～0 8之间 ,3岁在 0 5～ 0 8之间 ,且屈光度 <+ 2 2 5D者定为可疑弱视。将眼部无器质性病变而矫正远视力低于上述标准者定为弱视。结果　视力低常率为 12 83 % ,可疑弱视发生率为 0 81% ,弱视患病率为 2 0 2 %。视力低常和可疑弱视的病因以屈光不正为主 ,弱视病因以屈光不正和斜视为主。初次诊断弱视者为 90 48%。结论　海口市 3～ 6岁儿童弱视的患病率与全国平均水平相符 ,但漏诊、漏治情况相当严重 ,应对其产生的严重后果有足够认识 ,早期治疗弱视患儿     

学龄前儿童斜视、弱视普查分析

目的:探讨学龄前儿童斜、弱视治疗的关键因素。方法:对银川市新市区18所幼儿园中3～7岁儿童进行视力、眼位、屈光检查。结果:在1531例3062眼中,视力<0.9者,经散瞳验光不能矫正者52例78眼,诊断为弱视。弱视患病率为3.4%。男27例,女25例,弱视与性别无明显差异。按全国儿童弱视斜视防治组(1987-10)标准弱视分为五类,并按程度分为轻、中、重三度。结论:弱视是一种发育性紊乱,常伴有斜视、屈光参差或高度屈光不正。弱视和斜视使得患者不仅视力低下,还缺少完善的立体视,即缺少适应科技高速发展所必备的最高级视觉功能。弱视和斜视的疗效及立体视的建立与治疗年龄密切相关。年龄越小,治疗后效果越好,达成人后基本无望。     

成都市郊区学龄前儿童斜弱视调查

目的通过普查,早期发现并及时治疗成都郊区儿童斜弱视及其它眼病,以减少可预防盲及低视力。方法成都市东郊区18家幼儿园2680例学龄前儿童,检查视力、屈光、眼位、眼前节及眼底。结果2680例2～6岁学龄前儿童中屈光不正患病率6.16%,弱视患病率1.57%,斜视患病率0.30%,弱视中有80.95%为远视,主动就诊率为4.17%。结论主观检查法查视力和客观检查法小瞳检影都可作为幼儿园筛查斜弱视的方法,筛出后进一步确诊和治疗。对幼儿尽早进行眼科普查意义重大,尤其是在郊区及农村。     

天水市儿童视力及斜视调查

目的了解天水市少年儿童屈光不正、斜视、弱视的患病、防治现状。方法对15所学校及幼儿园的7499名儿童进行眼科调查,年龄3-15岁。结果视力低常率为25．70％,弱视患病率3．43％,斜视患病率为 2．20％。弱视首次检出率为88．72％。视力低常者中近视、远视的患病率分别为34．56％和52．21％。结论家庭和学校对少年儿童视力低常及其原因不够重视,需进一步宣传教育,使儿童屈光不正、斜视、弱视能够早发现、早检查、早治疗。     

Original papers: Prevalence of amblyogenic diseases in a preschool population sample of Valladolid, Spain

Objectives: Amblyopia is the leading cause of monocular vision loss in people under 40 years, and especially in children. The purpose of the present investigation is to determine the prevalence of amblyopia and ocular pathology, specially the most common causes of amblyopia, in a population of 3-to 6-year-old children. Patients and methods: From a total of 8167 children, a geographically defined population of 3-to 6-year-old children, 2000 were randomly selected, and 1179 (58.9%) examined. Ophthalmologic examination included: Personal and familial history, visual acuity, extraocular motility, cover test at near distance, cycloplegic refraction with autorefractometer and fundus eye examination. Amblyopia was considered when corrected visual acuity was < 0.5 with Marquez optotypes and difference in visual acuity of 0.2 or more between eyes. Pathology considered as amblyogenic were strabismus, visual acuity asymmetry and anisometropia. Results: The family history showed amblyopia in 249 (21.1%), strabismus in 227 (19.2%), and refractive errors in 808 (65.5%). Cover test was positive in 78 children (6.7%). A visual acuity difference of 0.2 or more between eyes was present in 88 (7.5%) children, and anisometropia over 1.5 diopters (in spherical equivalent) was present in 17 (1.4%) subjects. One hundred and twenty-two (10.35%) children did not achieve a normal visual acuity: visual acuity in the better eye was less than 0.5 in 55 children under 5 years and less than 0.6 in 67 children over 5 years. The prevalence of amblyopia was 7.5%. Conclusions: The data support the importance of early detection and treatment of amblyopia and the need for visual screening at an early age.     

学龄前儿童弱视及斜视的调查

目的早期发现并及时治疗弱视、斜视及其他眼病,减少可预防盲及低视力。方法济南市部分幼儿园内随机检查健康3～6岁6085例学龄前儿童,检查其标准远视力、近视力、屈光、眼位、眼前节及眼底。结果3～6岁儿童远视力低常率为12．16%,近视力低常率为4．40%；弱视患病率为5．23%,其中初次发现者占86．48%；共发现斜视患儿96例,其治疗率仅为14．58%。结论近视力可作为发现患儿视力不佳的线索之一,发现后重点核实其远视力。我市3～6岁儿童的弱视斜视的漏诊漏治情况相当严重,对幼儿尽早进行眼科普查意义重大,保健预防及宣教工作亟待加强。     

Natural history of amblyopia untreated owing to lack of compliance

AIMS: A prospective study of the efficacy of amblyopia treatment in preschool children has recently been called for, requiring an untreated control group. The present study assessed data from patients with amblyopia untreated owing to lack of compliance, or with amblyopia risk factors, to determine outcome. METHODS: Longitudinal data were obtained from 18 4-6 year old patients who had initially been screened for amblyopia, strabismus, and/or bilateral refractive error, failed to comply with prescribed treatment, and in whom amblyopia was detected at a rescreening approximately a year later. The data from three previous studies comparing outcome of patients compliant and non-compliant with amblyopia treatment were also reanalysed. RESULTS: One child of the 18, who wore glasses sporadically, showed some improvement in visual acuity in the amblyopic eye. Otherwise, no child showed an improvement, and seven of the 17 (41%) for whom visual acuities were available at both screenings showed a deterioration of visual acuity in the amblyopic eye, including three who apparently developed amblyopia for the first time. A child with an ametropic risk factor for amblyopia whose visual acuity was not obtained at the first screening and who was largely non-compliant presented with amblyopia at the second screening. The reanalysed data from the three previous studies demonstrated a significantly poorer visual acuity outcome in the amblyopic eye in the non-compliant patient groups than in the compliant groups in each study. CONCLUSION: Preschool children with amblyopia or its risk factors are at risk of having the current amblyopia deteriorate, or of developing amblyopia, if not treated. These results raise questions about the ethical acceptability of a prospective study of amblyopia treatment at these ages.     

Visual acuity, residual amblyopia and ocular pathology in a screened population of 12-13-year-old children in Sweden.

PURPOSE: To establish the distribution of visual acuity and the prevalence of residual amblyopia and other ocular disorders in a vision-screened population group of 12-13-year-old children. METHODS: In total 1046 children were examined in a field study in Sweden. The examination included visual acuity, stereopsis, cover testing, red reflex, refractive retinoscopy and examination of the posterior pole. In selected cases VEP was also performed. RESULTS: Visual acuity > or =1.0 in at least one eye was present in 98% of cases. Residual amblyopia (< or =0.5) was found in 1.1% of the population. Manifest strabismus was found in 2.7%. There were only a small number of ocular opacities and posterior pole abnormalities. Ocular albinism was found in 7 cases. In 15 children the cause of subnormal VA was unexplained. CONCLUSION: Results for visual acuity, residual amblyopia and other ocular disorders are very similar to previous Nordic, vision-screened populations.     

Relationship between anisometropia, patient age, and the development of amblyopia

PURPOSE: Previous studies evaluating the effect of anisometropia on amblyopia development have been biased because subject selection occurred as a result of decreased acuity. Photoscreening identifies anisometropic children in a manner that is not biased by acuity, and allows an opportunity to evaluate how patient age influences the prevalence and depth of amblyopia. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study of preschool children with anisometropia. METHODS: A statewide preschool photoscreening program screened 119,311 children and identified 792 with anisometropia >1.0 diopters. We correlated age with visual acuity and amblyopia depth. Results were compared with 562 strabismic children similarly identified. RESULTS: Only 14% (six of 44) of anisometropic children aged 1 year or younger had amblyopia. Amblyopia was detected in 40% (32 of 80) of 2-year-olds, 65% (119 of 182) of 3-year-olds, and 76% of 5-year-olds. Amblyopia depth also increased with age. Moderate amblyopia prevalence was 2% (ages 0 to 1), 17% (age 2), and rose steadily to 45% (ages 6 to 7). Severe amblyopia was rare for children aged 0 to 3, 9% at age 4, and 14% at age 5. Children with strabismus had a relatively stable prevalence (30% ages 0 to 2; 42% ages 3 to 4; and 44% ages 5 to 7) and depth of amblyopia. CONCLUSIONS: Younger children with anisometropia have a lower prevalence and depth of amblyopia than older children. By age 3, when most children undergo traditional screening, amblyopia has usually already developed. New vision screening technologies that allow early detection of anisometropia provide ophthalmologists an opportunity to intervene early, perhaps retarding or even preventing the development of amblyopia.     

Impact of amblyopia on vision at age 12 years: findings from a population-based study

AIMS: To report prevalence of amblyopia and long-term impact of its treatment on vision in a population-based sample of 12-year-old Australian children. METHODS: Logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity (VA) was measured in 2353 children (response rate 75.3%); visual impairment was defined as VA<6/12. Amblyopia was defined using various criteria of best-corrected VA, together with an amblyogenic factor and absence of significant organic pathology. Corroborative historical data on previous diagnosis and treatment were obtained from parental questionnaires. RESULTS: Forty-four children (1.9%) were diagnosed with amblyopia, unilateral in 40 and bilateral in four. Isolated anisometropia was the most frequent cause (41%), followed by strabismus (25%), combined anisometropia and strabismus (23%), and high ametropia (9%). Myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism were present in 28, 51, and 44% of amblyopic children, respectively, compared to 12, 4, and 9% of non-amblyopic children. Mean best-corrected VA in amblyopic eyes was 44.5 logMAR letters (Snellen equivalent 6/9), range: 11-60 letters. Most children with amblyopia (84%) had been treated. Only 27% were visually impaired in their amblyopic eye. CONCLUSIONS: This report documents a low amblyopia prevalence in a population of 12-year-old Australian children. Amblyopic visual impairment was infrequent in this sample despite absence of mandatory vision screening.     

山东滕州市农村小学生弱视斜视及立体视锐度调查

目的 调查滕州市农村小学生的视力、立体视锐度及弱视和斜视的患病情况,并对Titmus立体视图检查法、视力检查法、Titmus立体视图联合视力检查法三种弱视筛选试验进行评价.方法 应用随机整群抽样调查方法,共抽取滕州市8所农村小学,共有小学生2742人,年龄5～14岁,平均(9.3±2.3)岁.进行Titmus立体视图、裸眼视力、眼位及眼球运动检查,对任一眼裸眼视力<1.0者进行视网膜检影验光.结果 (1)小学生视力低常率为13.83%,从7岁至13岁视力低常率呈逐渐上升趋势;视力低常的首位原因为屈光不正,弱视,其中近视占79.67%(486眼/610眼);(2)弱视患病率为1.50%.97.5%(39/40)的弱视患儿为首次被筛查出来;斜视患病率为1.72%;(3)非弱视/斜视儿童的立体视锐度5岁年龄组为60″,6岁年龄组为50″,7岁及以上年龄组均为40″;弱视患者中立体视锐度异常者占77.5%(31140),斜视患者中立体视锐度异常者占28.3%(13/46);(4)Titmus立体视图联合视力检查法筛选弱视的特异度(99.47%)及粗一致性(99.06%)最高,误诊率(0.53%)最低;其次为Titmus立体视图检查法(特异度为97.98%;粗一致性为97.59%;误诊率为2.02%);视力检查法的特异度(87.47%)及粗一致性(87.66%)最低,误诊率(12.53%)最高.结论 滕州市农村小学生视力低下的首位原因为近视;弱视和斜视是影响立体视觉发育的主要因素;Titmus立体视图联合视力检查法可提高学龄儿童弱视筛选的效率.     

Visual screening of Swedish children: an ophthalmological evaluation

PURPOSE: This study describes the various ophthalmological conditions detected in the Swedish visual screening program for children. METHODS: The study was longitudinal and retrospective. All children (3126) born in 1982 in three Swedish municipalities have been followed from birth to ten years of age. Visual acuity was examined at the ages of 4, 5.5, 7 and 10 years. Before the age of 4, a gross examination of the eyes was performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of ametropia in the population was 7.7%, the prevalence of strabismus 3.1%, and the prevalence of organic lesions 0.6%. Seven children (0.2%) were visually handicapped (visual acuity 相似文献   

Change in vision disorders among Hong Kong preschoolers in 10 years

Background: To determine the change in refractive error and the prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus among preschool children in Hong Kong over a period of 10 years. Design: Two cross‐sectional population‐based studies conducted in 1996 to 1997 (part A) and 2006 to 2007 (part B) Participants: Children attending randomly selected kindergarten participated in the study. Methods: Ocular alignment, visual acuity, cover and uncover tests, cycloplegic refraction, slit‐lamp and fundi examination were performed under a standardized testing environment. Main Outcome Measures: The prevalence of amblyopia (best‐corrected visual acuity ≤6/12 in one or both eyes, or a bilateral difference of ≥2 best‐corrected visual acuity lines), strabismus and significant refractive error (hyperopia ≥+2.50 D; myopia ≥?1.00 D; astigmatism ≥2.00 D) among preschool children. Results: Of the 601 children in part A of the study, reduced visual acuity was presented in 3.8%; whereas strabismus was found in 1.8%. The commonest type of refractive error was astigmatism in 6.3% of children, followed by hyperopia (5.8%) and myopia (2.3%). Among 823 children in part B, reduced visual acuity was presented in 2.7% of children, and strabismus was found in 1.7%. The commonest type of refractive error was myopia (6.3%), followed by astigmatism (5.7%) and hyperopia (5.1%). The percentage of children having myopia has significantly increased (P = 0.001). Conclusion: A significant increase in myopia has been noted in Hong Kong preschoolers. Visual screening programmes may need to be tailored to correspond to the local population and be adjusted accordingly from time to time.