新型主动脉旁与主动脉内球囊反搏对羊重度急性心力衰竭辅助的实验研究

目的比较新型主动脉旁反搏装置（paraaortic counterpulsation device,PACD）与主动脉内球囊反搏（intraaortic balloon pump,IABP）装置对羊重度急性心力衰竭的辅助效果。方法选成年小尾寒羊8只,将自制PACD（每搏量为55 ml）的无瓣人工血管吻合于降主动脉,同时于降主动脉内植入IABP（每搏量为40 ml）进行反搏辅助。结扎冠状动脉分支建立重度急性心力衰竭动物模型,观察PACD和IABP辅助对重度急性心力衰竭辅助后的血流动力学变化;实验结束后观察PACD辅助和羊主要器官的变化。结果成功建立了8只羊心力衰竭模型,心力衰竭后心排血量（CO）、肺毛细血管楔压（PCWP）、平均动脉压（MAP）和左心室舒张期末压（LVEDP）与基础值比较差异均有统计学意义（t=-8.466,34.083,25.767,-5.219,P=0.000）。应用IABP和PACD辅助后,平均动脉舒张压（MADP）较辅助前不明显或明显增高（38.34±7.13 mm Hg vs.38.42±6.81 mm Hg,P=0.418;38.34±7.13 mmHg vs.54.14±10.13 mm Hg,P=0.001）,IABP与PACD比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.010）;而LVEDP较辅助前无明显降低（7.43±2.54 mm Hg vs.7.32±2.14 mm Hg,P=0.498;7.43±2.54 mm Hg vs.6.53±1.91 mm Hg,P=0.821）,IABP与PACD比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.651）;冠状窦血流量（CSF）较辅助前不明显或明显增加（86.63±7.71 ml/min vs.87.04±6.53 ml/min,P=0.981;86.63±7.71 ml/min vs.110.52±11.03 ml/min,P=0.000）,IABP与PACD比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）;IABP辅助后,左侧颈动脉流量（LCAF）较辅助前无明显降低（131.07±21.26 ml/min vs.128.36±20.38 ml/min,P=0.689）,而PACD辅助后较辅助前增加（131.07±21.26 ml/min vs.151.29±18.37 ml/min,P=0.008）,IABP与PACD比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.002）。PACD后血囊、人工血管内及动物心脏、肝、肾、肺等器官未见血栓、栓塞和缺血坏死;病理切片在光学显微镜下观察未见明显异常。结论 IABP对羊重度急性心力衰竭无辅助作用,而PACD辅助明显提高了MADP,增加了冠状窦血流量,改善了脑灌注流量,对重度心力衰竭具有良好的循环辅助效果。     

心脏反搏辅助装置研究进展

目前,全球心力衰竭患者的发病率及病死率逐年增加。机械辅助循环已成为治疗心力衰竭的主要方法之一,其中反搏法辅助心脏的实验研究及临床应用已成为热点,具有代表性的主动脉球囊反搏已成为目前临床最常用的治疗心功能不全的短期机械辅助装置。近年来,主动脉旁反搏装置及其它各种新型反搏装置的研发也取得了快速发展,现对反搏原理、发展历史及各种不同反搏装置的进展进行综述。     

主动脉内气囊反搏临床应用213例

1998年 4月至 2 0 0 1年 12月 ,我们 6 0 78例体外循环(CPB)心脏手术中 2 13例 ( 3 5 %)应用了主动脉内气囊反搏(IABP) ;其中冠心病 (CAD)手术 16 88例 ,应用IABP 172例( 10 2 %)。资料和方法　本组男 15 5例 ,女 5 8例 ;年龄 12～ 76岁 ,平均 5 8 8岁。术前射血分数 (EF) 0 13～ 0 79,平均 0 48;心胸比率 0 4～ 0 95 ,平均 0 5 6 ;心功能≥III级 135例。重症病人术前预防性应用IABP 11例 ;术前发生急性心肌梗死(AMI)、低心输出量综合征 (LOS)应用 14例 ;心脏手术中发生LOS ,无法脱离CPB、鱼精蛋白后诱发的低血压、关…     

主动脉内球囊反搏的护理

对主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）的工作原理、应用指征、术前准备、术后及并发症的护理进行了综述,旨在保证IABP有效实施,提高其对心脏病患者的治疗效果,减少并发症的发生。     

主动脉内球囊反搏的临床应用进展

主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)作为一种机械循环支持方法最早应用于急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的治疗,是目前抢救急危重症病人的有效手段,目前已广泛应用于临床.     

主动脉内球囊反搏的护理

对主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)的工作原理、应用指征、术前准备、术后及并发症的护理进行了综述,旨在保证IABP有效实施,提高其对心脏病患者的治疗效果,减少并发症的发生.     

冠脉搭桥术围术期应用主动脉内球囊反搏的观察与护理

冠状动脉旁路移植术 (简称“搭桥”) ,为缺血的心肌提供足够的氧合血 ,缓解缺血症状 ,改善心肌功能。主动脉内球囊反搏 (intra -aorticballoonpump ,IABP)是机械辅助循环方法之一 ,系通过动脉系统置入一根带气囊的导管到降主动脉内 ,在舒张期气囊充气 ,在心脏收缩前气囊排气 ,通过增加冠脉充盈压和降低心脏后负荷 ,从而起到增加心肌血供、减少心肌氧耗的辅助作用[1] 。1　临床资料我科于 2 0 0 0年 1月～ 2 0 0 4年 1月共实施冠脉搭桥 2 0 6例 ,其中体外循环下 175例 ,非体外循环下 3 1例。男 192例 ,女 14例 ,平均年龄 61岁。在 2 0 6例…     

主动脉内球囊反搏在主动脉瓣轻、轻中度反流患者中的应用

目的探讨主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)在主动脉瓣轻度和轻中度反流患者中使用的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析2006年9月至2011年1月上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院心脏手术后15例主动脉瓣轻中度反流伴左心室射血分数(LVEF)显著减低(40.00%)患者行IABP辅助的临床资料,其中男11例,女4例;平均年龄63.60(50～74)岁。主动脉瓣轻度反流9例,轻中度反流6例,LVEF均40.00%。术后放置IABP,比较患者使用IABP前后的平均动脉压(MAP)、心脏指数(CI)、全身血管阻力指数(SVRI)、肺循环阻力指数(PVRI)、LVEF、主动脉瓣反流等指标。结果本组患者无死亡,患者使用IABP后CI较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义[(3.30±0.29)L/(min.m2)vs.(1.99±0.23)L/(min.m2),t=48.30,P=0.00],LVEF高于使用IABP前,差异有统计学意义(37.20%±1.37%vs.42.60%±2.87%,t=11.34,P=0.00),SVRI较使用IABP前改善,差异也有统计学意义[(2 347.00±190.00)dyn s/(cm5 m2)vs.(2 128.00±204.00)dyn s/(cm5.m2),t=20.60,P=0.00],主动脉瓣反流未见明显增加(χ2=0.60,P=0.44)。结论对主动脉瓣轻度和轻中度反流伴LVEF显著减低患者心脏手术后进行IABP辅助具有明显的循环支持效果,且未增加主动脉瓣反流的风险。     

急性心肌梗死主动脉球囊反搏治疗患者的早期心脏康复

目的 探讨早期心脏康复方案在经主动脉球囊反搏辅助循环治疗急性心肌梗死患者的应用效果。方法选择100例经主动脉球囊反搏辅助治疗的急性心肌梗死患者,随机分成对照组和干预组各50例。对照组给予常规康复训练,干预组在此基础上给予早期心脏康复训练,康复训练内容包括呼吸锻炼、肺部体疗、主动和被动肌力训练,营养支持及心理干预等。结果干预后,干预组血栓栓塞发生率以及疼痛、焦虑及抑郁程度显著低于对照组,日常生活能力评分、左心室射血分数显著优于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论早期心脏康复方案的实施,可促进经主动脉球囊反搏辅助治疗的急性心肌梗死患者康复,减轻焦虑抑郁情绪,提高生活质量。     

主动脉内球囊反搏对冠状动脉旁路血管血流量的影响

目的 探讨主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)应用前、后冠状动脉旁路移植术(cABG)各心动周期血流量变化特点,为临床合理应用IABP增加CABG术后旁路血管血流及心肌灌注提供理论基础.方法 2006年9月至2008年3月,302例CABG中22例术前或术中置入IABP,置人者均有明显应用IABP指征,共做旁路血管52支,其中动脉旁路血管24支,静脉旁路血管28支.52支旁路血管均在鱼精蛋白中合肝素后应用瞬时血流测量技术(TTFM)记录IABP起搏前、后各心动周期即心脏收缩期、舒张期、全心动周期血流变化指标:血流波形、平均血流量(Vmean)、每分钟速度时间积分(VTI)、弹力指数(PI值),同时记录桡动脉收缩压、舒张压及心率.结果 52支旁路血管均通畅,与不用IABP相比舒张期平均血流量[(58.05±29.10)ml/min对(46.14±40.48)ml/min,P<0.05]、每分钟速度时间积分[(34.54±14.25)ml对(27.44±14.25)ml,P<0.05]均明显增加;收缩期平均血流量[(31.58±18.94)ml/min到(23.52±19.9)ml/min,P<0.05],收缩期每分钟速度时间积分[(12.09±6.71)ml到(8.25±5.44)ml,P<0.05]下降;整个心动周期的平均血流量[(40.85±4.17)ml/min对(39.36±4.00)ml/min,P>0.05]、每分钟速度时间积分[(42.77±22.25)ml对(39.65±20.03)ml,P>0.05]没有明显变化;PI值没有明显变化(2.78±1.37对3.21±2.82,P>0.05).IABP应用前后心率[(83±13)次/min对(86±11)次/min,P>0.05]、桡动脉收缩压[(91.12±11.73)mmHg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)对(88.23±15.47)mmHg,P>0.05]、桡动脉舒张压[(56.33±9.25)mmHg对(52.81±10.11)mmHg,P>0.05]无明显变化.结论 IABP不能明显增加旁路血管总的血流量,但心动周期各时期血流分布有较大变化,IABP增加旁路血管血流量主要是心脏舒张期,而心脏收缩期旁路血管血流量有一定下降.     

The acute effect of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation during extracorporeal life support: an experimental study

Hemodynamically unstable patients supported by an extracorporeal life support (ECLS) circuit often receive additional support by intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). However, it is not established whether support of the failing heart is improved by adjunctive IABP in both peripheral cannulation (PC) and central cannulation (CC) settings. Seven sheep were supported by an IABP and an ECLS system which were cannulated centrally as well as peripherally. In each cannulation configuration, hemodynamic and cardiac function indices were measured at baseline, ECLS, and ECLS plus IABP. The primary variables were mean coronary artery flow (Qcor), diastolic pressure time index (DPTI), left ventricular (LV) pressure-volume area (PVA), and tension time index (TTI). Additional IABP with ECLS support (CC/PC) decreased LV afterload (LV systolic peak pressure -4%, P<0.05/-8%, P<0.02), as well as TTI -2%/-10% and PVA -10%/-12% (P<0.03). Coronary perfusion was increased by additional IABP: CC, Qcor, +9%, and DPTI, +18% (P<0.02); PC, Qcor,+6%, and DPTI, +11% (P<0.05). IABP augmented the myocardial oxygen supply/demand ratios (CC/PC): Qcor/(PVA.heart rate) (+21%/+22%, P<0.02) and DPTI/TTI (+27%/+24%, P<0.03). In case of low arterial pressure (<50 mm Hg) and reduced ECLS flow, the overall hemodynamic profile improved only with central cannulation. We conclude that in both central and peripheral ECLS cannulation settings, adjunctive IABP improves the myocardial oxygen supply demand balance. In case of low cardiac output and insufficient extracorporeal flow with PC, adjunctive IABP may be contraindicated.     

左心辅助对急性左心衰犬心肌局部AngII受体mRNA表达的实验研究

目的　用心脏局部AngII受体AT1和AT2mRNA表达评价左室辅助装置 (LVAD)的有效性。方法　 15只健康成年杂种犬 ,随机均分为 3组 :对照组只插管而不造成心衰 ,另两组制做急性左心衰模型 ,其中一组中等流量 (70ml·kg-1·min-1)对辅助组犬进行 3h辅助。于不同时段分别在梗死区左室游离壁钻取全层心肌以RT PCR法测定心脏局部AT1和AT2mRNA的表达。结果　心衰组AT1mRNA在急性左心衰竭后左室局部表达明显降低 (P <0 . 0 1) ,且随缺血时间延长进一步下降 ;AT2mRNA表达升高(P <0 . 0 1) ,且随缺血时间延长进一步上升。LVAD组左心室局部AT1mRNA表达于不同时段均显著高于心衰组水平 (P <0. 0 1) ;AT2mRNA表达均明显低于心衰组水平 (P <0. 0 5 )。结论　LVAD可逆转左室局部AT1mRNA表达下降及AT2mRNA表达上升 ,为临床治疗提供理论基础。同时亦证明了LVAD的有效性。     

机械辅助循环作为心脏移植前急诊过渡治疗的临床运用体会

目的 探讨机械辅助循环(MCS)急诊过渡治疗在心脏移植前的患者的应用.方法 回顾分析2005年2月至2007年8月间接受心脏移植前MCS急诊过渡治疗的10例患者的临床资料.其中男性7例,女性3例,平均年龄(40.0±16.2)岁,平均体重(70.8±18.1)kg.全组扩张型心肌病5例,致心律失常性右心室心肌病2例,缺血性心肌病2例,终末期瓣膜病1例.所有患者就诊时均合并急性充血性心力衰竭,药物保守治疗无效.遂急诊行MCS.8例实施体外膜氧合作用进行支持治疗,BVS5000左心室辅助和MEDOS左心室辅助各1例.结果 全组患者接受辅助治疗时间3～44 d,平均(11.5±13.9)d.4例患者成功过渡至行心脏移植,其中1例同期进行了肾移植.2例患者经MCS辅助后心功能好转,撤离MCS后等待心脏移植.2例患者因合并感染,放弃治疗,提前中止辅助;1例在辅助44 d后仍未获得供心,死于脑梗死;1例在辅助过程中死于多脏器功能衰竭.结论 对于合并急性心源性休克的移植前患者,应在患者出现多脏器损害前积极采用MCS急诊过渡治疗,并在辅助过程仔细甄别心功能状况,及时调整治疗策略,以提高救治成功率.     

心脏移植前采用体外膜肺氧合循环支持过渡二例

目的：探讨等待心脏移植患者发生心源性休克时采用体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）循环支持过渡的可行性和有效性。方法：2例患者在等待心脏移植期间发生心源性休克，1例为限制型心肌病，另1例为扩张型心肌病，并发肝功能异常，药物治疗均无法控制心力衰竭和呼吸衰竭，遂紧急使用ECMO支持，等待心脏移植。使用Medtronic成人ECMO系统，采用股动脉、股静脉插管，ECMO系统使用肝素涂层表面和离心泵，流量30～50ml·kg^-1·min，激活全血凝固时间维持在160s左右，血温维持在36～37℃。流量随心肺功能改善情况进行调整，支持期间监测动脉血气、血浆游离血红蛋白、血小板、出血及凝血指标，以及股动脉插管侧下肢血液循环情况。结果：经ECMO支持后，患者的血流动力学稳定，血气各指标改善，循环、呼吸平稳，X线显示双肺清晰，肝功能异常的1例肝功能好转。ECMO支持期间未发生严重的并发症。2例患者分别支持了5d和3d，均顺利过渡到心脏移植，术后心功能Ⅰ级，未发生排斥反应，患者痊愈出院。结论：等待心脏移植患者发生心源性休克时，可采用ECMO循环支持过渡，安全、有效。     

Acute effects of muscular counterpulsation therapy on cardiac output and safety in patients with chronic heart failure

Our aim was to investigate acute effects of muscular counterpulsation (MCP) on hemodynamic parameters and to evaluate its safety in regard to myocardial integrity and interferences with implanted rhythm devices in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). A total of 22 patients with CHF (16 male, 67.8 ± 9.5 years, New York Heart Association [NYHA] class II + III, left ventricular ejection fraction 29.6 ± 6.6%) were treated with MCP for 3 consecutive days for 45 min, while hemodynamic parameters were measured noninvasively by bioimpedance (Task Force Monitor). Laboratory control and a complete device testing were performed prior to the first and after the third treatment. In addition, continuous rhythm device interrogation was performed online during the first MCP application. During each application, a significant increase in cardiac output (CO; average change +2.08 ± 2.33 L/min, P < 0.05) was documented. This increase was due to a decrease of total peripheral resistance (?336 ± 530 dyn × s/cm⁵, P < 0.05), to an augmented stroke volume (+8.35 ± 20.86 mL, P = n.s.), and an increase in heart rate (+17.12 ± 21.12 bpm, P < 0.05). Cardiac markers and enzymes were within normal limits at all times and did not increase during treatment. MCP stimuli were monitored using surface electrocardiogram, and no abnormal sensing or pacing events occurred. MCP acutely improves CO in patients with stable CHF. No adverse influence on myocardial integrity was observed nor were any inappropriate sensing or pacing artifacts detected in patients with implanted rhythm devices.     

A new approach to assist postoperative heart failure in an animal model: juxta-aortic counterpulsation

Aortic counterpulsation is a useful technique frequently used in postcardiotomy heart failure. An acute heart failure model in open chest sheep was chosen to evaluate hemodynamic improvement with a counterpulsation balloon pump in juxta-aortic position. This was achieved with a manufactured Dacron prosthesis and a balloon pump placed between the prosthesis and the aorta. Juxta-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation in acute experimental heart failure resulted in a significant improvement of hemodynamic parameters: increase of cardiac output (from 0.86 +/- 0.04 to 1.29 +/- 0.09 L/min, p < 0.05) and cardiac index (from 0.03 +/- 0.01 to 0.04 +/- 0.01 L/min per kg, p < 0.05), and decrease of systemic vascular resistance (from 89.76 +/- 6.69 to 66.56 +/- 6.02 mm Hg/L per min, p < 0.05). The extent of aortic diastolic pressure change evaluated through the diastolic and systolic areas beneath the aortic pressure curve (DABAC/SABAC) index before cardiac failure induction showed a significant increase compared with unassisted values (from 0.81 +/- 0.10 to 1.12 +/- 0.09, p < 0.05). Assisted values of DABAC/SABAC index after heart failure induction also showed a significant increase compared with unassisted values (from 0.78 +/- 0.21 to 1.17 +/- 0.38, p < 0.05). Treatment of experimental acute heart failure by juxta-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation allows an effective hemodynamic improvement in open chest sheep.     

主动脉外气囊隔膜泵心脏辅助装置的动物实验

目的 探讨主动脉外气囊隔膜泵心脏辅助治疗对心肌梗死后犬的影响,观察主动脉外反向搏动辅助的有效性及可行性.方法 结扎冠状动脉左前降支制作急性心肌梗死心衰动物模型12只,随机分为辅助组和对照组各6只.观察心肌梗死后两组动物1～6 h血流动力学指标、梗死面积和血液形态学等指标变化.结果 辅助组6只犬全部存活,对照组死亡3只(50%).辅助组经反搏辅助后平均压,心输出量,心指数优于对照组(P＜0.05),但对血细胞有破坏.结论 主动脉外气囊隔膜泵反向搏动心脏辅助能显著地改善心肌梗死动物血流动力学,减少死亡,破坏血细胞是其不足之处.

Abstract：

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a new method of cardiac assistant therapy with an extra-aortic balloon pump on the experimental dogs in which myocardial ischemia or infarction were induced, and to ob serve its effectiveness and feasibility. Methods Twelve animal models of myocardia 1 infarction were established with the method of left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. They were divided randomly into two groups, six in the experimental group and six in the untreated group. The end points observed were the differences between the two groups in the blood pressure, cardiac function, myocardial enzymes, infarction size and routine blood variables before procedure, 1,2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours after myocardial infarction. Results All six dogs in the experimental group were survived, with a mortality rate of 0.The number of death in the control group was three, with a mortality rate of 50%. Measurements such as mean blood pressure,cardiac output, cardiac index in the experimental group were better than those in the control group ( P ＜ 0.05 ). Mean heart rate before myocardial infarction in the experimental group was 156 beats per minute, as compared with 148 beats per minute in the control group, and was 128 vs. 67 beats per minute respectively six hours after myocardial infarction. The cardiac output was 3.48 vs. 4.98 liters per minute before myocardial infarction and was 6.10 vs. 0.85 liters per minute six hours after myocardial infarction. The average pressure was 94 mm Hg vs. 99 mm Hg before myocardial infarction and was 70 mm Hg vs. 33 mm Hg six hours after myocardial infarction. Conclusion The extra-aortic balloon pump significantly improved the hemodynamic variables of the experimental animals after myocardial infarction and reduced mortality. Injury to the blood cells may be the potential disadvantage.     

Hemodynamic support with the pulsatile catheter pump in a sheep model of acute heart failure

This study was aimed to mimic clinical heart failure (HF) conditions and to assess the effect of pulsatile catheter (PUCA) pump support on hemodynamics and tissue perfusion in a sheep model of acute HF. In 14 sheep, HF was induced by partial occluding the middle left circumflex coronary artery combined with pacemaker-induced tachycardia. PUCA pump was then activated to support the HF for 3 h. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded at baseline, HF, and then every 30 min during experiments. Blood samples were taken in carotid artery (CA), pulmonary artery (PA), and coronary sinus (CS) for the determination of oxygen saturation (SO2) and lactate concentration as markers of tissue perfusion. Results showed that HF model was induced successfully in 10 sheep and failed in four sheep due to refractory ventricular fibrillation. PUCA pump support was successful in seven out of 10 sheep for 3 h. Three cases failed due to technical problems. After HF (n = 10), cardiac output (CO) was decreased from 3.7 +/- 0.5 to 2.0 +/- 0.5 L/min (P < 0.001). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was lowered from 116.1 +/- 14.2 to 68.1 +/- 14.7 mm Hg (P < 0.001). In seven sheep supported with PUCA pump, MAP rose from 68.9 +/- 15.2 to 94.7 +/- 14.7 mm Hg (P = 0.005), systolic blood pressure increased from 86.6 +/- 17.0 to 112.6 +/- 17.1 mm Hg (P = 0.009), and diastolic blood pressure increased from 57.7 +/- 12.6 to 79.9 +/- 13.9 mm Hg (P = 0.011). CO remained at about 2.0 L/min. SO2 in CA, PA, and CS decreased significantly after HF (P < 0.001), with an increase after support (compared with HF, P < 0.001, 0.066 and 0.114, respectively). Lactate concentrations increased gradually in CA, PA, and CS toward the end of experiments without difference among different sampling sites. This HF model in sheep is simple, easy to manipulate, reproducible and reflecting clinical HF conditions. PUCA pump can maintain the hemodynamic status for 3 h in this acute HF model.