SARS的CT表现及动态变化

目的 探讨严重急性呼吸综合征的CT表现及动态变化。方法 对60例严重急性呼吸综合征患者进行X线胸片(已有另文报道)和高分辨率CT(HRCT）的动态观察。患者在入院时及入院后连续进行CT观察检查，间隔4～6d。结果 发病初期进行影像检查者25例，CT表现为小片状影像者22例，占88.0％(22／25)；其中类圆形磨玻璃样影20例，占80．0％(20／25)。其余35例在进行影像检查时已发病3d，病变已经有所进展。3d后患者肺部均出现多发大片状影像，其中呈单一磨玻璃样影者10例，占16.7％(10／60)；磨玻璃样影合并实变影者4：5例，占75．0％(45／60)；主要呈肺实变影者5例，占8.3％(5／60)。入院10～14d内病变明显进展者50例，占83.3％(50／60)；病变范围减少者10例，占16．7％(10／60)；合并肺间质增生者4例，占6．7％。结论 HRCT可清楚反映SARS病变的密度、形态和范围，以及显示肺间质增生改变。因而，HRCT可以用于早期诊断和了解病变的动态变化。     

严重急性呼吸综合征患者的胸部X线分析

目的：分析严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS）患的胸部X线表现及其与临床经过的关系。方法：分析了2003年4月17日至2003年5月20日经临床确诊的74例SARS患的胸部X线表现并与其临床经过进行了对照一大部分病例是CR系列胸片资料结果SARS患的肺部影像表现有索条斑片影、磨玻璃样影、片状影、团块影及弥漫混合影，SARS患肺部病变的分布以两肺中、下部为主(81％)。肺部病变的转归有4种模式：a)在发现病灶后3d～7d内基本吸收占39％；b)病变进展扩大占28％；c)2周以内在吸收过程中有复发占22％；以及d)持续进展在2周以上占11％。结论：SARS患肺部病变的发展有其自身的规律性，病变首次出现时间与病程密切相关，胸部X线表现是其诊断的重要依据。     

重型SARS患者的转归及胸部影像学随访观察研究

目的 探讨重型SARS患者的转归并随访观察其恢复期胸部影像学表现。方法 回顾性分析54例重型SARS患者的转归，随访观察25例重型SARS患者恢复期的胸片、CT扫描表现。结果 54例重型SARS患者，死亡15例(其中1例尸检)，临床治愈39例。随访观察的25例中21例随访时间为发病后158—238d，CT扫描发现8例有肺间质增生(38．10％)；4例有纤维性病灶(19．05％)；12例有磨玻璃样密度病变残留(57．14％)；7例双肺未见异常改变(33．33％)。结论 肺间质增生、纤维性病灶、磨玻璃样密度病变残留是重型SARS患者恢复期的主要胸部表现，其发生率高于普通型SARS患者。     

SARS死亡病例影像表现及病理对照

目的 探讨SARS死亡病例的影像学表现及其病理基础。方法 搜集31例SARS死亡病例的影像资料，其中27例摄床旁x线胸片，8例行高分辨率CT（HRCT)扫描，并对其中9例尸检病例进行影像．病理对照研究。结果 SARS病人临终前胸部X线表现以大片状和多片融合阴影多见(19例)，白肺8例。病变呈多发、弥漫分布，密度高低混合，支气管气像常见(16例)。CT表现为多发的大片状磨玻璃样密度阴影(5例)，可合并其他部位的肺实变(3例)，病灶有融合趋势。病理对照研究提示影像表现的病理基础是肺组织广泛实变、淤血、出血，镜下可见肺泡内透明膜形成及支气管内膜脱落。结论 SARS病人临终前病变进展迅速，范围广，影像检查能够为评价病情、观察动态变化提供有价值的帮助。     

SARS的胸部X线表现特征

目的 探讨严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)，又称急性传染性非典型肺炎的胸部S线表现特征。方法 52例SARS患者，每隔l～3d摄胸部正侧位片，而且在7次以上；回顾性分析经临床、流行病学、放射学、实验室检查确诊的52例SARS患者的胸部X线表现。结果SARS患者的胸部X线表现为：3l例见两肺大片状、小片状密度增高阴影；18例见l侧肺叶或肺段有片状影；l例表现为肺段内结节影；2例见两肺纹理增粗，呈网格状及不规则线状影；16例见磨玻璃样影。动态观察并综合分析SARS的X线表现，可有如下特征：三片一间(病人出现大片状、小片状、斑片状阴影，有些病人出现间质性改变)；三多一个不相符(病灶在两肺中下野多；磨玻璃样影多；游走性多，即上下游走或左右游走；症状与X征象不相符；一快一慢(胸部X线表现病灶变化快，最终吸收慢)。结论SARS的胸部X线表现如单独和单次静态观察似乎无明显特征改变；但是，进行动态观察并综合分析胸部X线征象及变化，还是有其一定特征性。     

SARS患者康复过程中的胸部CT表现

目的　探讨严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)患者康复期的CT表现。方法　随访观察 6 5例确诊为SARS的康复者 ,根据病史分为重症 2 1例 ,轻症 4 4例 ,进行多层螺旋CT和高分辨率CT扫描、肺功能等检查。结果　 2 8例CT扫描未见异常。其余CT表现为 :(1)磨玻璃样密度灶 35例 ,包括 :局限斑片状磨玻璃样密度病灶 11例 ;多叶多段磨玻璃样密度灶 19例 ;双肺弥漫磨玻璃样密度病灶 5例。 (2 )小叶内间质及小叶间隔增厚 30例。 (3)胸膜下弧线影 9例。 (4 )不规则纤维索条影 19例。(5 )牵拉性细支气管扩张 3例。 (6 )结节状气腔实变病灶 2例。 (7)空洞病灶 1例。未见明显纵隔淋巴结肿大和胸腔积液。多次复查肺内影像及肺功能均有好转。比较重症组和轻症组CT表现及肺功能指标差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　部分SARS康复期患者肺部表现基本正常 (2 8/ 6 5 ,占 4 3 1% )。磨玻璃样密度病灶为康复期的主要CT表现 (35 / 6 5 ,占 5 3 8% ) ,并伴有程度不等的肺间质增生。重症组较轻症组患者肺内表现严重 ,肺功能差。随着时间的延长 ,肺内病变及肺功能逐渐好转。     

胸片和CT诊断SARS价值的对比研究

目的 :评价CT对胸片正常严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)患者的诊断价值。材料和方法 :对临床疑似SARS而X线胸片正常的 2 1例患者进行了胸部螺旋CT扫描及系列床边X线胸片复查。分析肺部病变的CT表现特征。结果 :2 1例疑似SARS患者中CT显示 12例有肺部病变 ( 5 7.1% )。根据系列复查胸片结果将 12例患者分成 2组 :第一组 ,复查胸片异常组 ,共 7例。其中单发磨玻璃样影 3例、多发磨玻璃样影 4例 ;第二组 ,复查胸片正常组 ,共 5例。其中单发磨玻璃样影 1例、多发磨玻璃样影 3例和左下叶实变影 1例。磨玻璃样影多位于肺周边部 ( 2 7/ 3 5 ) ,均为圆形 ,直径小于 3cm。结论 :胸片阴性SARS患者肺部病变的CT特点是以周围性分布为主的磨玻璃样影。CT可早于胸片发现肺部病变 ,并可提高SARS的肺部病变检出率。     

SARS的临床与影像学分析

目的 探讨严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)的临床表现和影像学特征及其关系。方法 回顾性分析46例符合《广东省医院收治非典型肺炎病人工作指引》诊断标准的SARS患者的临床和影像学资料。所有病例均有全胸站立后前位和侧位片；6例行胸部CT扫描。结果 97．8％(45／46)的SARS患者以发热为首发表现，其体征较轻，与影像学改变不符。X线表现：(1)病变分布：两侧肺17例(37．0％)；一侧肺29例(63．0％)，其中右肺14例(14／29)，左肺15例(15／29)。病变局限于1个肺叶者28例(60．9％)，分布于2个肺叶者9例(19．6％)，3个肺叶者4例，4个肺叶者4例，5个肺叶者1例。多肺叶分布中，局限于一侧肺者1例(1／18)，两侧肺分布者17例(17／18)。(2)病灶类型：以肺间质性改变为主，表现为密度不均的斑片状阴影，其内可见增粗和紊乱的肺纹理结构；肺纹理改变型3例(6．5％)；间质型18例(39．1％)；实质型9例(19．6％)，混合型16例(34．8％)。此外还可见肺门模糊1例，少量胸水1例，轻度胸膜反应1例。6例CT扫描，3例急性期表现为磨玻璃样高密度灶或大片状渗出和实变，3例吸收期可见条索状残留灶。结论 SARS的临床与影像学表现有一定的特征，其预后与病变的严重程度相关。     

甲型H1N1流感肺炎的影像学表现

目的 探讨甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎的影像表现.方法 回顾性分析15例甲型H1N1流感并发肺炎患者的临床及影像资料,按照肺内病变程度分为轻度型(3例)、中度型(5例)、重度型(7例),所有患者均行X线检查,其中3例行CT检查.结果 轻度型患者3例,X线表现为肺内局限性小片状阴影;中度型5例,X线表现为肺内片状阴影超过2个肺野,单侧病变1例,双侧病变4例;重度型(7例),X线表现为双侧肺野中内带分布的、边缘模糊的小斑片和结节状阴影,1例CT表现为左下肺大片状实变影,2例CT表现为双肺弥漫分布的、沿支气管走行的斑片状磨玻璃密度影,胸腔积液.成人呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)4例,并发皮下气肿1例.结论 甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎以片状影及磨玻璃密度阴影为主,可见间质病变,重型患者部分可进展为ARDS.     

SARS的胸部CT早期表现

目的 探讨SARS胸部CT早期表现及其在早期诊断中的作用。方法40例符合临床诊断标准的SARS患者在发病后1周内进行胸部CT扫描，同时行常规计算机摄影(CR)胸片检查。回顾性分析这些胸部平片和CT图像，重点观察胸部有无异常表现，并对胸部CT异常阴影的数目、位置、密度、形态和分布进行分析。结果 胸部CT扫描发现40例SARS患者均有不同程度的肺部异常阴影。而CR胸片未见异常者9例，可疑者6例，明确有异常者25例。SARS肺部CT异常表现主要是不同程度的肺部炎性浸润，病灶密度低、不均匀，以磨玻璃样改变多见，为25例(62．5％)(此类改变胸片容易漏诊)，实变11例(27．5％)，两者均有4例(10％)。70．0％的病例(28例)只有l～2个病灶，30．0％的病例(12例)有3个以上病灶或两肺多发。病灶彤态以斑片状和球形为常见，占82．5％(33例)，也可累及整个肺段(4例，10．0％)或表现为坠积性肺炎样(3例，7．5％)。病灶常位于肺的周边部位(28例，70％)，同时累及周边和中心者11例(17．5％)。25．0％的病例(10例)出现支气管气像。结论胸部CT扫描能早期发现SARS患者肺部异常阴影，明显优于胸片。SARS患者肺部CT异常早期表现有其特点，但非特异性。因此，胸部CT检查在SARS病人的早期诊断和鉴别诊断中有重要作用。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）