儿童鼻窦炎性疾患的鼻窦CT影像表现

目的加深对儿童鼻窦炎性疾患鼻窦CT影像学表现的认识.方法对108例诊断为鼻窦炎的患儿进行CT扫描并进行分析. 结果儿童鼻窦炎多为上颌窦炎症,部分累及筛窦、额窦,全组鼻窦炎少见.急性鼻窦炎38例占35.2%,表现为上颌窦内高密度影,其中同时伴有筛窦炎症31例,额窦炎症9例,蝶窦炎症13例,上颌窦窦壁骨质吸收5例,腺样体肥大28例;慢性鼻窦炎56例占51.9%,表现为上颌窦内高密度影,其中同时伴息肉样鼻窦炎16例,黏膜下囊肿19例,鼻腔息肉6例,上颌窦窦壁骨质硬化增白3例,腺样体肥大41例;变态反应性鼻窦炎11例占10.2%,均表现为沿窦壁波浪状密度增高影;鼻窦正常发育变异患儿3例占2.8%. 结论儿童鼻窦炎性疾患治疗前做鼻窦CT检查能明确病变的性质,对临床治疗方法的选择以及判断预后有显著指导意义.     

腭裂患儿鼻腔和鼻窦的形态学观察

应用组织病理学、ＣＴ扫描、计算机图像处理和三维ＣＴ重建方法观察了８例先天性腭裂患儿鼻腔和鼻窦的形态学改变，发现①８例腭裂患儿中，３例有双侧上颌窦炎，１例双上颌窦和前组筛窦有分泌物潴留，提示咽帆关闭不全可能是腭裂患儿鼻窦炎高发的主要原因；②连续ＣＴ扫描的计算机图像处理，结合三维ＣＴ重建可以准确计算鼻窦的体积，显示鼻窦的形状，为今后深入研究儿童鼻窦的发育和解剖特点提供了一条新路。计算机三维ＣＴ重建可以在冠状、矢状和水平位显示鼻腔和鼻窦占位病变的大小和侵犯范围，对正确诊断鼻部疾病，辅助教学，合理设计手术方法有一定的参考价值。     

Diagnotsic efficacy of roentgenography and computed tomography of paranasal sinuses in children presenting with mucoviscidosis complicated by chronic rhinosinusitis

We examined 95 patients with mucoviscidosis admitted to the Russian Children's Clinical Hospital for ENT organ pathology. It was shown that pathology of paranasal sinuses is the most common condition diagnosed in 42% of the children, with chronic polypous sinusitis being its predominant form. A comparative analysis of the efficacy of the main radiodiagnostic techniques (standard roentgenography and computed tomography) in the patients of the study and control groups revealed the characteristic features of pathology of paranasal sinuses associated with mucoviscidosis and resulting from pathogenic processes characteristic of this severe disease. It is concluded that computed tomography is a valuable tool for diagnostics of pathology of paranasal sinuses; moreover, itcan be used to plan the extent of surgical intervention in children presenting with mucoviscidos is complicated by polypous sinusitis.     

儿童鼻窦正常气化规律初探

目的 利用磁共振成像探讨儿童鼻窦正常气化规律.方法 选取280例无鼻窦炎的年龄17 d(＜1岁患儿本研究中称为0岁)至14岁患儿的鼻窦MRI图像,观察各组鼻窦的气化规律,测量左侧上颌窦轴位与矢状位最大面积值.结果 0～1岁患儿上颌窦气化率为85%;至3岁时,气化率达95%,且男女患儿上颌窦气化率差异无统计学意义(x2=0.741,P=0.389);4岁以后全部气化.0～14岁患儿筛窦气化率达100%.＜1岁患儿蝶窦未见气化;至5岁时平均气化率为49%,且男女患儿气化率差异无统计学意义(x2=2.452,P=0.117);7岁以后气化率达100%.＜5岁患儿额窦未见气化;5～9岁额窦平均气化率为62%;10岁以后额窦气化率达到95%,男女患儿额窦气化率差异无统计学意义(x2=0.124,P=0.724).女性患儿上颌窦气化轴位、矢状位最大面积分别为(689.28±221.79)、(659.76±263.31)mm2,男性分别为(668.13±206.38)、(638.60±207.67)mmz,差异均有统计学意义(t=-19.78,P＜0.001;t=-19.89,P＜0.001).结论 了解儿童鼻窦正常气化规律有助于对不同年龄儿童鼻窦病变,特别是炎性病变的诊断提供参考.     

Paranasal sinus disease could be a reason for unsuccessful immunotherapy of inhalant allergy in children

PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the role of paranasal sinuses condition assessed in computed tomography on inhalant allergen desensitization effects.Materials & methodsRetrospective analysis of medical records of children undergoing allergen immunotherapy in outpatient otolaryngology clinic of University Children Hospital in Lublin was performed. Control group consisted of children who underwent allergen immunotherapy and obtained satisfying effects; study group consisted of children who did not experience significant improvement after desensitization therapy.ResultsComputed tomography of nose cavity and paranasal sinuses exposed numerous pathologic changes affecting both, control and study group. Blockage of ostiomeatal complex was twice more common in children who did not respond adequately to desensitization therapy. In our study group, radiological findings suggesting rhinosinusitis were found in 73% of patients, while retention cysts in maxillary sinuses were discovered in 27% of patients.ConclusionsPathological findings in paranasal sinuses in computed tomography may arise from uncontrolled allergic rhinitis. If chirurgical management is indicated, allergen immunotherapy should be postponed until total recovery from operational procedure and repeated.     

The role of computed tomography scans in evaluating sinus disease in pediatric patients

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence and severity of sinus abnormalities in children undergoing computed tomography (CT) of the sinuses for suspected chronic sinusitis. To compare these findings with abnormalities noted on random CT scans. METHODS: Sixty CT scans, performed for evaluation of sinus disease in symptomatic children aged 2-12, were compared with 50 CT scans of children aged 2-12 of the orbits or sinuses obtained for indications other than sinusitis. A staging system was applied to assess the severity of abnormalities. RESULTS: Mucoperiosteal thickening was present in 60% of symptomatic and 46%, of random CT scans (logistic regression, P = 0.144). Children aged 2-4 and 9-12 had an increased prevalence of abnormalities in both groups, although these findings were not statistically significant (logistic regression, P = 0.817). Early stage sinus disease was present in the majority of random (96%) and symptomatic (85%) children. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high incidence of mucoperiosteal thickening in the paranasal sinuses of children. CT scans of the sinuses should be obtained from children who are being considered for sinus surgery after failing the appropriate medical therapy. Decisions regarding the need for sinus surgery should not be solely based on imaging abnormalities.     

Clinical significance of incidental magnetic resonance image abnormalities in mastoid cavity and middle ear in children

OBJECTIVE: Magnetic resonance imaging of the head may reveal incidental findings in paranasal sinuses. The purpose of this study was to discover whether similar changes could be identified in the mastoid cavity and middle ear as well. METHODS: A group of 50 children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging of the head for suspected intracranial pathology were prospectively gathered. Their parents completed a questionnaire concerning each child's medical history connected with acute otitis media. Otoradiologists evaluated the pictures for mastoid cavity and middle ear and paranasal sinus abnormalities. RESULTS: In six (12%) children, magnetic resonance imaging detected abnormalities resembling acute inflammatory changes, although none had had acute otitis media during the preceding last 3 months. Abnormalities detected in the paranasal sinuses were not correlated with abnormalities in the mastoid cavity and middle ear. CONCLUSIONS: High signal intensity in magnetic resonance images from the mastoid cavity and middle ear may be incidental and without any clinical significance. These findings must be interpreted together with knowledge of the child's medical condition and clinical examination of the ears.     

Traumatically-induced foreign bodies of the paranasal sinuses

Foreign bodies of the nose and its related sinuses are a common feature in otorhinolaryngology. Particularly in small children, one will find unilateral rhinorrhea as an initial symptom. In the adult, foreign bodies of the nose or paranasal sinuses are mainly caused by traumatic events. In the present paper the authors report two cases of foreign bodies of the paranasal sinuses. In one case the patient had been suffering from unilateral cephalgia for more than 40 years. The other patient had a short history prior to the extraction of the foreign body from the sphenoid sinuses. Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are discussed and compared with the relevant literature.     

应用A型超声鼻窦诊断仪诊断鼻窦疾病

目的：了解Ａ型超声鼻窦诊断仪在鼻窦疾病诊断中的作用,方法：通过临床诊断和使用Ａ型超声鼻窦诊断仪,对１１５例鼻窦疾病患者和２２例正常人进行对比观察。结果：Ａ型超声检测与临床诊断的符合率,正常人为１００％,鼻窦疾病为６２．５％￣９２．０％,结论：Ａ型超声鼻窦诊断仪具有操作简便,价格便宜,可多次重复使用和相对人体无害的优点,能辅助诊断上颌窦,额窦疾病。     

Current diagnostic and therapeutic principles in orbital rhinosinusitis complications

86 cases of orbital rhinosinusogenic complications (ORC) have been analysed. The authors suppose that severity of orbital lesion depends on purulent or non-purulent inflammation and pre- or postseptal location of the process. In addition to adequate examination of general and local ORC symptoms it is necessary to conduct x-ray of the paranasal sinuses. Indications for ultrasound investigation and CT of the orbit and paranasal sinuses are formulated. A diagnostic algorithm is proposed for ORC identification and specification of therapeutic measures.     

Interdisziplinäres Therapiemanagement maligner Nasennebenhöhlentumoren im Kindesalter

BACKGROUND: Malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses, such as rhabdomyosarcoma or Ewing's tumors, often have a mesenchymal origin. In the recent years, several prospective, randomized, multicenter studies have demonstrated a better outcome after new oncology therapy protocols. PATIENTS AND RESULTS: In the period from January 2000 to June 2001, we operated 610 patients with sinus disease. Only 23/610 were children or teenagers (3.8%). Half of the juvenile group suffered from chronic sinusitis, but 5/23 (22%) had a malignoma of the paranasal sinuses. In the adult population, malignoma was diagnosed in less than 1% of cases. We diagnosed and treated, in cooperation with our radiology, pathology and children's hematooncology department, one rhabdomyosarcoma, two malignant peripheral neuroectodermal tumors (PNET), one myelosarcoma and one malignant lymphoma in the paranasal sinuses. Two patients died. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: These five cases of paranasal sinus malignomas are discussed in relation to their history and clinical course. We suggest that interdisciplinary treatment involving otorhinolaryngology, pathology, children's hematooncology, radiology and radiation therapy is obligatory for the therapy and for the best possible outcome of such cases.     

Radiologic diagnosis of inflammatory and tumorous disorders of the paranasal sinuses

In a retrospective study, 158 patients with therapy resistant symptoms of paranasal sinus affections were investigated with conventional tomography, 39 patients in addition underwent computed tomography (CT) examination. From conventional tomography films, inflammatory affections limited to the paranasal sinuses were clearly diagnosed in 99%, and benign tumours in 76%. The dignity of malignant neoplasms was correctly recognized in 100%. CT provided additional information in 10% with regard to bone destruction, in 28% with regard to brain involvement, and in 17% with regard to tumour extension into the orbita. Considering the precise diagnosis and economical factors, conventional tomography is indicated as the primary investigation procedure in the evaluation of inflammatory and benign disease of the paranasal sinuses. CT gives definite additional information in cases of suspected bone destruction and in affections extending beyond the paranasal sinuses because of its more detailed depiction of the paranasal sinus structures.     

Unilateral pathological lesions of paranasal sinuses removed by endoscopic surgery

Introduction

The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and nature of unilateral pathological lesions of paranasal sinuses in patients who had endoscopic sinus surgery performed in ENT. Materials and methods: In the years 2006–2011 endoscopic sinus surgery for unilateral pathological lesions of paranasal sinuses was performed in 1847 patients (838 women and 1009 men). The enrollment of patients was based on the findings of otolaryngological clinical and subjective examinations, assessment of the paranasal sinuses on three-dimensional CT scans, and laboratory examinations. Based on the analysis of medical history data, including gender, age, the type of surgical procedure performed, and histopathological findings the cases were finally analyzed.

Results

Pathological lesions of the paranasal sinuses were localized on the left side in 132 (57%) patients, and on the right side in 100 (43%) patients. Of the 232 patients with unilateral pathological changes, 41.8% subjects underwent endoscopic sinus surgery for polypotic changes in the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses; 28.4% for the maxillary sinus; 10.8% for the ethmoid, maxillary and frontal sinuses; and 8.6% patients for all paranasal sinuses on one side. The number of operations of only one sinus was considerably lower: sphenoid sinus, 4.7%; ethmoid sinus, 2.2%; and frontal sinus, 1.7% patients. The histopathological analysis of unilateral pathological lesions removed by endoscopic surgery showed chronic paranasal sinusitis with polyps in 56.5% patients; chronic paranasal sinusitis in 22.8% patients; and maxillary sinus cyst was confirmed in 11.6% patients. In 5.1% patients inverted papilloma was diagnosed and in 2.2% patients the presence of osteoma was found.

Conclusions

Unilateral paranasal pathological lesions, leaving aside rather typical maxillary sinus cysts, require a particularly thorough pre-operative diagnosis and a precise histopathological assessment.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the paranasal sinuses: incidental abnormalities and their relationship to patient symptoms.

OBJECTIVES: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is able to demonstrate a wide range of abnormalities in the paranasal sinuses, which are often reported as incidental findings on scans performed for indications other than the evaluation of paranasal sinus pathology. However, the clinical significance of these findings remains undefined. We present a prospective study that determines the prevalence of abnormalities in the paranasal sinuses in a population undergoing MRI scans for suspected intracranial disease. These findings are correlated with clinical data pertaining to nasal and sinus symptoms. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. METHODS: Patients undergoing MRI scans for suspected intracranial pathology were asked to complete a questionnaire pertaining to symptoms of nasal/sinus pathology. The T2-weighted scans of 86 patients (mean age = 51 years) were then reviewed for evidence of paranasal sinus pathology using a standardized method for evaluation and reporting of results. These results were then correlated with those obtained from the patient questionnaire. RESULTS: Radiologic abnormalities were found in the paranasal sinuses of 33 (38%) patients. Abnormalities were most commonly seen in the ethmoid sinuses (44.8%) followed by the maxillary (38%), sphenoid (14%), and frontal (3%) sinuses. Analysis of the clinical data revealed no significant relationship between the presence of clinical symptoms of nasal and sinus pathology and abnormalities on MRI scan. CONCLUSION: The assessment of inflammatory sinus pathology remains controversial. Based on the results of this study, incidental abnormalities of the paranasal sinuses detected on MRI scan do not appear to be related to clinical symptoms.     

鼻窦炎患者鼻窦骨结构变异和鼻窦粘膜异常的CT扫描分析

对109例临床疑为鼻窦炎患者的CT冠状扫描结果进行了分析,鼻窦粘膜异常改变者93例(85.3％),16例粘膜呈正常影像(14.7％),93例鼻窦粘膜异常改变者中,发现鼻窦骨结构变异60例(64.5％)。通过对鼻窦骨结构变异和鼻窦炎情况的观察分析,认为鼻窦骨结构变异可能是鼻窦炎致病因素之一。鼻窦粘膜异常以前组筛窦和上颌窦发生率最高,同时伴有窦口鼻道复合体粘膜异常,支持了鼻窦口引流障碍可以继发鼻窦炎的观点。作者认为采用鼻窦CT冠状扫描对判断鼻窦炎的病因和临床诊断具有重要意义。     

Hyperaeration of the frontal sinus

The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses constitute an anatomical and functional unit. Paranasal sinuses communicate with the nasal cavities, which are covered by the same mucosa, via small openings and narrow ducts that allow both aeration and sinus drainage. Anatomical variations of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity are important in sinus diseases. Computerized tomography (CT) plays a critical role in evaluation of the patients with paranasal sinus pathology and variations. A 38-year-old man admitted to our clinic with headache and postnasal dripping for 1 year. His paranasal CT scanning revealed that there is hyperaeration of the frontal sinus which is in continuity with the sphenoid sinus. Hyperaeration of the sinuses may be kept in mind in a patient complaining of headache.     

Survey anatomy of the paranasal sinuses in the normal mouse

OBJECTIVE: To provide researchers with a survey atlas of normal paranasal sinus anatomy in the mouse as well as to standardize the reporting of data within the murine nose and sinuses. STUDY DESIGN: Histologic and radiographic study in mice. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were killed and their heads sectioned in the axial and coronal planes as well as imaged using a small animal micro-computed tomography (CT) scanner. Distinctive regions within the nose and paranasal sinuses were delineated and labeled A to G for identification. RESULTS: Definable regions within the normal murine nose and paranasal sinuses include A) the nasal airway, B) the superior nasal vault, C) the osteomeatal complex, D) the anterior ethmoid sinuses, E) the posterior ethmoid sinuses, F) the true maxillary sinus, and G) the secondary maxillary sinus. Mice also possess discernible sphenoid sinuses. CT scans confirmed the histologic plane of section. CONCLUSIONS: A survey atlas of normal murine sinonasal anatomy shall provide laboratories seeking to use mice in sinus research a reference for beginning their work. As new transgenic and gene knockout mice become available, phenotypic changes in sinonasal architecture can be more easily discerned using such a reference. Defining specific regions (A-G) within the sinuses will standardize the nomenclature used for reporting data.     

Magnetic resonance imaging patterns of the development of the sphenoid sinus: a review of 800 patients.

Accurate knowledge of age-related development and pneumatisation of the paranasal sinuses has become an important issue in diagnosing paranasal sinus diseases in infants and young adults. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to assess bone marrow conversion and pneumatisation of the paranasal sinuses. We retrospectively reviewed 800 children aged 0-14 years undergoing brain MRI for various indications. T1-weighted sagittal and T2-weighted axial scans were evaluated for bone marrow conversion and development of pneumatisation of the sphenoid sinus. The sphenoid sinus had a uniformly low signal intensity on T1-weighted images in all children less than four months old. Signal intensity began to change to hyperintense marrow at the age of four months. Onset of pneumatisation was observed in 19% at the age of 12-15 months. Pneumatisation was complete in all patients older than 10 years. In conclusion, these data can be used as baseline standards of normal age-related development of the sphenoid sinus and can be of great value for the diagnostic and therapeutic management of pathologic conditions of the child's sphenoid sinus and its surrounds.     

Epidemiologic analysis of 72 carcinomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to define the epidemiological aspects of carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinusesMaterial and methodsWe performed a retrospective study of 72 carcinomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Various sites, age and sex distribution, drug consumption, TNM stage grouping and treatment were reported.ResultsThe average age was 63. Seventy- five percent of patients (54/72) were male and 25% (18/72) female. The site of origin was paranasal sinuses in 46 patients (64%), 30 in ethmoid sinus, 15 in maxillary sinus and 1 in sphenoid sinus. Twenty-six patients (36%) were located in nasal cavity.Squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent histological type in both localizations. The 5-yea adjusted survival rate for all patients was 60% (IC: 54-66), 36% (IC: 28-44) for paranasal sinus carcinoma and 86% (IC: 79-93) for nasal cavity carcinoma. The 5-year adjusted survival rate according to the T distribution in 46 carcinomas paranasal sinus was 80% T2, 71% T3, 19% T4a and 6% T4b.(p=0.0002).ConclusionsCarcinoma of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses represent a group of tumors that differ from the rest of carcinomas of the head and neck.     

Pediatric functional endonasal sinus surgery

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery has been used to treat children in whom medical and traditional surgical therapy have failed. Special approaches are necessary in children because of the small size of the paranasal sinuses. Modifications of the techniques used in adults that are appropriate for use in children are fully explained.