经皮经肝穿刺胆囊置管引流术的研究进展

【摘要】 急性胆囊炎是临床上常见的疾病。随着医学的进步、设备的升级和临床经验的积累,近年来,经皮经肝穿刺胆囊置管引流术（PTGBD）不断发展,为急性胆囊炎的微创介入治疗提供了新的选择。PTGBD为高风险、高龄急性胆囊炎患者提供了疗效好、安全性高的治疗手段。但介入治疗的适应证和禁忌证、PTGBD的优点和缺点、PTGBD的术前准备、引导方式和操作方法、穿刺路径的选择、其疗效和安全性等方面仍然存在争议。急性胆囊炎的治疗方式已经由传统创伤大的腹腔镜下胆囊外科切除向PTGBD等微创的介入治疗转变。相关指南将急性胆囊炎分为轻、中、重3型,对于中重度的急性胆囊炎推荐先行PTGBD。本文介绍了急性胆囊炎的介入诊疗进展,为临床工作提供参考。     

改良COPE穿刺导引系统在经皮穿肝门静脉中的应用

目的：经皮穿肝门静脉是介入放射学中的常见操作方法之一，现仍存在一定的并发症，且大多与操作损伤有关。采取改良ＣＯＰＥ穿刺导引系统可望进一步减少并发症。材料与方法：１４例患者用改良ＣＯＰＥ穿刺导引系统经皮穿肝门静脉，其中３例肝脏体积很小，且伴大量腹水。改良ＣＯＰＥ穿刺导引系统包括：①２２Ｇ千叶针，内可通过０．０１８″导丝；②０．０１８″导丝；③改良ＣＯＰＥ穿刺套管，内芯为２２Ｇ不锈钢套管，中间为Ｆ４扩     

经皮扩张气管穿刺置管术的临床应用与护理

目的：探讨吸入性损伤建立人工气道的简单易行的手术方式。方法：临床对23例烧伤伴发吸入性损伤病人应用经皮扩张气管穿刺置管术建立人工气道，对其手术时间、出血、并发症发生率、美学效果等进行分析比较。结果：经皮扩张气管穿刺置管术创伤小、时间短、出血少、并发症发生率低、切口愈合快、瘢痕轻。结论：经皮扩张气管穿刺置管术是吸入性损伤病人建立人工气道的简便、安全的手术方式。     

经皮肝穿刺置管引流治疗肝脓肿5例

目的：了解经皮肝穿刺置管引流治疗肝脓肿的临床观察。方法：5例在影像引导下经皮肝穿刺置管引流治疗,本组5例,男3例,女2例;年龄46~68岁。均进行CT及临床确诊。结果：成功为5例患者在影像引导下经皮肝穿刺置管引流治疗肝脓肿,总有效率100%。结论：经皮肝穿刺置管引流治疗肝脓肿方法直接、安全、简便、有效,是目前治疗肝脓肿最有发展前景、值得推广的好方法。     

超声引导下颈内静脉穿刺置管术应用体会

颈内静脉穿刺置管术在临床工作中有广泛用途,目前多采用传统盲穿法,并发症多,成功率低,彩色多普勒超声可清晰显示颈部血管及毗邻关系,准确显示定位颈内静脉,指导临床穿刺,明显提高成功率,减少并发症。1资料与方法     

快速深静脉穿刺置管术在抢救急危重症患者中的应用

回顾分析256例深静脉穿刺置管术的急救对象、穿刺结果、操作特点、并发症及处理等临床资料。本组穿刺均获成功,在4~10分钟内建立静脉通道,留置导管时间最长45天,未出现血气胸、脓毒症、心肌穿孔、空气栓塞等严重并发症,是急危重病患者抢救中的一项常用技术,为危重病人救治提供了方便,术中需细心操作,防止并发症发生。     

超声引导下经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流在梗阻性黄疸病人中的应用

目的　评价超声引导下经皮经肝穿刺胆管置管引流 (UPTBD)对梗阻性黄疸病人的治疗价值。方法　对 1995年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 7月期间的 4 17例梗阻性黄疸病人进行 4 97次UPTBD治疗 ,并回顾总结他们的临床资料。结果　接受PTBD治疗共有 4 17例 (5 1例病人进行了两个胆管枝的PTBD) ,穿刺成功率达 93.2 % (4 36 / 4 6 8) ,32例首次穿刺失败的病人有 2 9例进行了第二次穿刺置管 ,全部成功。发生胆汁漏 /胆汁性腹膜炎 9例 ,胆道出血 8例 ,感染性休克 1例 ,无腹腔出血、后腹膜血肿、气胸等其他并发症。对 6 4例置管引流患者进行肝功能检测 ,与穿刺前相比 ,引流后 1周和 3周检测病人血清胆红素、转氨酶均显著下降。结论　UPTBD是一项姑息性治疗梗阻性黄疸的快捷、安全、有效的方法     

静脉全身麻醉在经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术中的应用

目的 通过局部麻醉与静脉全麻比较,探讨静脉全麻在经皮经肝胆道引流(PTBD)手术中的安全性与有效性.方法 收集2012年10月至2015年8月125例行PTBD治疗患者的临床资料.其中48例患者采用局部麻醉,77例采用静脉全麻.观察患者术中及术后疼痛情况、心率及血压,随访观察手术操作时间,患者术后疼痛持续时间及穿刺相关并发症发生率.结果 静脉全麻组术中仅5例(6.5％)出现轻度疼痛,术后8例(10.4％)轻度疼痛,明显低于局部麻醉组(P＜0.01),疼痛评分亦低于局部麻醉组(P＜0.05).局部麻醉组术中患者心率、血压较术前、术后明显升高且波动较大,静脉全麻组术中患者心率、血压较术前、术后降低,但波动较小.局部麻醉组手术操作时间长于静脉全麻组(P＜0.05).静脉全麻组术后疼痛持续时间明显短于局部麻醉组(P＜0.05).手术相关并发症方面,局麻组3例患者发生肝动脉损伤,2例出现胆心反射综合征,2例出现胸膜损伤,静脉全麻组仅2例出现肝动脉损伤,无患者出现其他手术相关并发症.2组患者均无手术相关性死亡.结论 PTBD术中应用静脉全麻可有效降低手术风险,缩短手术时间并减轻手术痛苦,增加舒适性,值得临床应用推广.     

经皮脾穿刺门静脉插管技术及临床应用

目的 探讨经皮脾穿刺门静脉插管(PTSPC)技术的可行性.方法 30例门静脉高压症患者接受经PTSPC行食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术,其中2例同时接受门静脉支架植入术.病例纳入标准:门静脉主干阻塞(癌栓或血栓)和肝硬化严重肝萎缩患者;排除标准:凝血酶原时间(PT)＞20 s的严重凝血功能不良患者.17例患者为原发性肝癌合并门静脉主干癌栓、13例为肝硬化合并严重肝萎缩和(或)小至中量腹水.30例患者术前均有食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血病史;术前凝血功能正常(PT＜14 s)16例,轻度降低(PT 14～17 s)10例,中度降低(PT 18～20 s)4例;均接受上腹部CT增强检查,并依据CT结果确定脾静脉分支的穿刺位置、方向及深度.术后回顾性分析PTSPC要点、并发症及临床应用价值.结果 30例患者,28例成功应用PTSPC进行门静脉插管;2例插管未成功者均为脾静脉脾内分支细小.发生与PTSPC相关并发症6例(20.0%),均为不同程度血红蛋白浓度下降(15～50 g/L);其中4例需要输血治疗,包括1例腹腔大出血,在术后2 h出现血压严重下降,经输入4个单位红细胞和补充血容量后好转.PTSPC成功的28例均行食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术,其中2例在栓塞曲张静脉的基础上放置门静脉覆膜支架.28例患者术后中位随访时间6个月(1～42个月),死亡16例,其中14例为肝癌患者在术后1～12个月死亡,2例肝硬化患者分别在术后14、23个月死于肝功能衰竭.随访期间,发生静脉曲张再出血4例,累积再出血率为14.3%.结论 PTSPC是可行的,为经导管门静脉腔内治疗提供了一条新路径,但穿刺部位出血应引起足够重视.     

经皮肝门脉导管药盒系统植入术

目的：研究经皮肝门脉导管药盒系统（ＰＣＳ）植入术治疗少血性肝转移癌的可行性。材料与方法：对８例不能手术的肝转移瘤患者和２例原发性肝癌肝动脉化疗栓塞术后肝动脉闭塞的患者，行经皮肝穿门脉，沿导丝送入留置管，导管留置于肠系膜上静脉或脾静脉内，药盒植入右上腹壁皮下。术后定期用５－氟尿嘧啶、阿霉素、卡铂经药盒导管系统内滴注或推注化疗。结果：所有患者门脉ＰＣＳ植入术均成功，未见手术并发症。术后随访无门脉血栓形成，２例术后留置管移位脱入腹腔。术后定期行Ｂ超或ＣＴ复查，显示５例肝转移瘤明显缩小，２例无变化，２例肿瘤增大，１例术后１２个月死亡。结论：作者认为经皮肝穿门脉导管药盒系统植入术是可行的，其创伤小、安全、操作技术简单，为少血性肝转移癌及原发型肝癌经门脉内的化疗灌注提供了一种有效的途径。     

经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术的临床应用

目的评价经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术的临床应用价值。方法肝硬化门静脉高压合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者30例(24例为食管静脉套扎及硬化治疗术后再次出血；6例为消化道出血未行内镜治疗者)。电视透视下取右腋中线或剑突下方穿刺进入门静脉分支。用弹簧钢圈、无水乙醇和明胶海绵栓塞食管胃底静脉。2例栓塞后门静脉内留置导管-药盒系统行区域性药物灌注治疗。结果30例患者胃冠状静脉超选择插管、栓塞全部成功。胃短静脉超选择插管栓塞成功率90％。27例患者术后得到随访，随访2～18个月。17例患者术后胃镜复查显示胃底曲张静脉完全消失者13例，明显改善者4例。2例于栓塞术后1周、2个月再出血，再次栓塞后无再出血。2例门静脉留置药盒行区域性中西药物灌注者治疗后门静脉压力分别下降10cmH2O(1cmH2O=0．098kPa)和8cmH2O。结论经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术创伤小、止血效果肯定，在急诊止血方面更具优势，应该成为门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的常规治疗方法之一。经留置药盒行门静脉区域性中西药物灌注治疗肝硬化值得进一步探讨。     

Percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization: effectiveness of absolute ethanol infusion with balloon catheter in a pig model

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of portal vein embolization (PVE) with absolute ethanol using multidetector-row computed tomography (CT) angiography in a pig model.

Material and Methods: Percutaneous transhepatic PVE with 10 ml absolute ethanol was performed in liver segments (n = 5) or subsegments (n = 5) in 10 pigs. CT images and volumetric data were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed to determine future liver remnant (FLR) hypertrophy and to correlate with histopathologic changes 2-6 weeks after PVE. Effectiveness evaluation was based on changes in absolute FLR size and ratio of FLR to total estimated liver volume (TELV).

Results: Occlusion of the embolized vessel was achieved immediately after injecting absolute ethanol within a range of 0.25-0.33 ml/kg. The TELV prior to PVE was 660.49±103.66 cm³ (range 527.22 to 833.70 cm³) and after PVE 769.51±29.36 cm³ (range 685.95 to 887.34 cm³). The mean FLR/TELV ratio increase after PVE was 14.2%. No statistically significant difference was found in the increase of TELV between segmental or subsegmental PVE. On microscopic observation, atrophy of the embolized liver was noted in all animals and was seen distinctly at 3 weeks after PVE in 2 animals.

Conclusion: Both regenerative response and histopathologic changes of the liver were seen after PVE with absolute ethanol with a mean FLR/TELV ratio of 14.2%.     

Percutaneous transhepatic angioplasty and stent implantation for prehepatic portal vein obstruction

Twenty-nine months after a Whipple procedure for pancreatic carcinoma, a 47-year-old woman developed esophageal variceal bleeding. Percutaneous transhepatic portography revealed a severe stenosis of the portal vein with prehepatic portal hypertension and collateral circulation mainly to the gastric and esophageal veins. Percutaneous transhepatic balloon angioplasty was used to dilate the stenoses, but it did not remove the stenosis sufficiently. Therefore, an 8-mm, self-expandable stent was implanted, creating a nearly normal lumen without a pressure gradient. Portal hypertension was relieved, and the patient had no recurrent variceal bleeding for the 5 months up to her death.     

肝移植术后门静脉狭窄内支架治疗的价值

目的 探讨内支架治疗技术在肝移植术后门静脉狭窄治疗中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析肝移植术后发生门静脉狭窄的7例患者资料,所有患者均采用内支架置入治疗,对患者临床资料、影像随访资料、介入治疗的并发症和预后等情况进行总结.结果 7例均成功置入门静脉内支架,所有患者术后均无与门静脉治疗相关的并发症发生.患者随访3～34个月.除1例因同时合并肝动脉闭塞、缺血性胆道损伤于术后3个月死于多脏器功能衰竭,其余6例患者影像随访显示门静脉通畅.结论 肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的介入内支架治疗是一种安全、有效的治疗方法.     

Percutaneous transhepatic intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for variceal bleeding with chronic portal vein occlusion after splenectomy

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to introduce a modified transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), a percutaneous transhepatic intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (PTIPS), and to evaluate its feasibility and efficacy in patients with variceal bleeding with chronic portal vein occlusion (CPVO) after splenectomy.

Methods

Twenty-four cirrhotic patients with CPVO after splenectomy who received PTIPS between 2010 and 2015 were included in this retrospective study. The indication was elective control of variceal bleeding. Success rates, effectiveness and complications were evaluated, with comparison of the pre- and post-portosystemic pressure gradient (PPG). Patients’ clinical outcomes and shunt patency were followed periodically.

Results

PTIPS was successfully placed in 22 patients (91.7%) and failed in two. The mean PPG fell from 22.0 ± 4.9 mmHg to 10.6 ± 1.6 mmHg after successful PTIPS (p < 0.05). No fatal procedural complications occurred. During the median follow-up of 29 months, shunt dysfunction occurred in five cases and hepatic encephalopathy in four cases. Three patients died because of rebleeding, hepatic failure and pulmonary disease, respectively. The other patients remained asymptomatic and the shunts patent.

Conclusions

We conclude that PTIPS, as a modified TIPS procedure with a high success rate, is safe and effective for variceal bleeding with CPVO after splenectomy.

Key Points

? Portal vein occlusion used to be contraindication to transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. ? Portal vein thrombosis is common in patients with previous splenectomy. ? We developed a new method, percutaneous transhepatic intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (PTIPS). ? PTIPS is feasible in patients with portal vein thrombosis and splenectomy. ? PTIPS is effective and safe for these kind of complicated portal hypertension.

     

Percutaneous transhepatic portal vein angioplasty and stent placement after liver transplantation: early experience

In four patients who underwent liver transplantation, portal vein thrombosis was associated with esophageal varices and significant gastrointestinal bleeding. In a fifth liver transplant patient, portal vein stenosis was suspected when evidence of hepatic ischemia was revealed at liver biopsy. Four patients were treated with percutaneous transhepatic portal vein angioplasty. Percutaneous recanalization was precluded by technical factors in the remaining patient. Early in the series, one patient required surgical excision of what proved to be a thick cuff of fibrous tissue and lymph nodes after angioplasty failed to widen the stenosis significantly. Later, a patient with residual stenosis was treated successfully by means of intravascular stent placement. Of the four patients treated, three eventually died secondary to multiple problems unrelated to the percutaneous procedure. This early experience suggests that transhepatic portal vein interventions are feasible in patients who have received liver transplants and may prove useful at least in the early postprocedure period.     

Percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the portal vein: A combined CT- and fluoroscopy-guided technique

Combined CT- and fluoroscopy-guided transhepatic portal vein catheterization was performed in 44 patients selected for pancreatic islet cell transplantation. The method allowed catheterization with a single puncture attempt in 39 patients. In four patients two attempts and in one patient four attempts were necessary. One minor hematoma of the liver capsule occurred that required no further treatment. Compared with other methods the average number of puncture attempts was reduced.     

Percutaneous ipsilateral portal vein embolization using a modified four-lumen balloon catheter with fibrin glue: initial clinical experience

Purpose The purpose of the present study was to show the feasibility and safety of ipsilateral portal vein embolization (PVE) using an improved four-lumen balloon catheter with fibrin glue. Materials and methods To improve the ipsilateral PVE with fibrin glue, we modified a commercially available four-lumen balloon catheter to create a catheter comprising one lumen with a catheter tip for a guidewire, one lumen for an occlusion balloon, and two lumens, each with a side-hole just proximal to the balloon. Eight patients had hepatobiliary disease (three with bile duct carcinoma, two with gallbladder carcinoma, one with hepatocellular carcinoma, one with Caroli disease, and one with metastatic carcinoma). Results All embolization procedures were technically successful. After embolization, the volume of the future remnant liver increased a mean of 131%. There was no inadvertent embolization of portal vein branches and no major procedure-related complications. Conclusion Our method is potentially easier and safer than the traditional ipsilateral method with fibrin glue using a three-lumen balloon catheter because the fourth lumen makes possible the use of a guidewire to access the targeted portal vein and measurement of any portal vein pressure elevation following PVE via the fourth lumen.