过表达泛素偶联酶E2C对293T细胞增殖的影响

目的:构建稳定过表达人类泛素偶联酶E2C(UBE2C)的293T人胚肾细胞株,初步探讨其对293T细胞增殖的影响。方法:采用脂质体法将已成功构建的pcDNA3.1(-)/UBE2C真核表达质粒转入293T人胚肾细胞株中,随后经G418筛选4周,得到阳性克隆细胞株;用Western blot技术检测并鉴定UBE2C基因在293T细胞中的表达情况;用MTT法检测UBE2C对293T细胞增殖的影响。结果:Western blot检测显示,转pcDNA3.1(-)/UBE2C组293T细胞的UBE2C蛋白表达水平明显高于转pcDNA3.1(-)组(P<0.01)。MTT法检测结果显示转pcDNA3.1(-)/UBE2C组293T细胞的增殖速度明显快于转pcDNA3.1(-)组(P<0.01)。结论:成功建立稳定过表达UBE2C的293T细胞株,过表达UBE2C可促进293T细胞的增殖。     

肠道病毒71 型通过下调IRF9 的蛋白水平抑制干扰素的抗病毒作用

目的:初步探讨肠道病毒71 型抑制干扰素(IFN)信号通路的具体机制,为以后EV71 的治疗提供理论基础。方法:采用EV71 感染人横纹肌肉瘤细胞(RD 细胞)模型,实验组分正常对照组(Control)、EV71 病毒对照组(EV71 组)、仅有IFN-β处理组(IFN-β组)、EV71+IFN-β处理组(EV71+IFN-β组)。采用Real-time PCR 法检测IFN 诱导基因(ISGs)的表达。细胞核蛋白和胞浆蛋白分离后应用免疫印迹法检测p-STAT1 在细胞中的分布。采用免疫印迹法检测STAT1、IRF9 的表达。结果:EV71+IFN-β组与IFN-β组相比,OAS1、MX1、ISG54 mRNA 表达水平明显降低,分别降低约47%、50%、48%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),提示EV71 感染抑制了IFN-β诱导的ISGs mRNA 的表达。EV71 感染并不影响STAT1 的蛋白水平和磷酸化过程。IFN-β组,p-STAT1 主要定位在胞核中,而EV71+IFN-β组的p-STAT1 主要定位在胞浆中,提示EV71 可能抑制了p-STAT1 的核转位。检测细胞总裂解液中IRF9 的蛋白水平,结果发现,在IFN-β处理的细胞中,IRF9 的表达明显上调;而与IFN-β组相比,EV71+IFN-β组IRF9 的蛋白水平明显降低,提示EV71 感染抑制了IFN-β诱导的IRF9 的表达。结论:EV71 通过降低IRF9 来抑制ISGF3 的核转位,进而阻断IFN 的抗病毒作用。     

肠道病毒71型抵抗Ⅰ型干扰素诱导的抗病毒作用

目的 研究肠道病毒71型(EV71)抵抗Ⅰ型干扰素(interferon,IFN)诱导的抗病毒作用.方法 将1000 U/ml的Ⅰ型干扰素(α,β)加入HeLa细胞后,去除上清中的干扰素,感染带有GFP的重组单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-1)和EV71,观察GFP的表达和PCR检测HSV-1核酸,判断Ⅰ型干扰素对HSV-1的作用.通过RT-PCR方法检测EV71 2A基因的表达从而判断EV71病毒的复制能力.结果 Ⅰ型干扰素(α,β)诱导HeLa细胞产生抗病毒蛋白而有效地抑制重组HSV-1 GFP的表达和核酸扩增.而EV71 2A的RT-PCR结果证实EV71可在Ⅰ型干扰素(α,β)作用后的HeLa细胞中有效增殖.结论 Ⅰ型干扰素(a,β)诱导产生抗病毒蛋白;EV71可在Ⅰ型干扰素(α,β)诱导产生抗病毒蛋白的HeLa细胞中有效增殖.     

T7RNA聚合酶真核表达质粒的构建及其病毒拯救功能的鉴定

目的 建立T7RNA聚合酶真核表达质粒细胞内病毒拯救系统.方法 利用分子生物学技术,以大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3)的T7RNA聚合酶基因为目的 基因,构建T7RNA聚合酶真核表达质粒VR-1a并鉴定,然后将VR-1a和EV71病毒感染性克隆质粒共转染Vero细胞并传代,观察其细胞病变,同时用RT-PCR检测EV71病毒核酸和用ELISA检测EV71病毒抗原.结果 酶切和测序显示成功构建T7RNA聚合酶真核表达质粒VR-1a,和EV71病毒感染性克隆共转染Vero细胞后出现明显的病变,RT-PCR检测EV71病毒核酸阳性并测序证实,ELISA检测显示有EV71病毒抗原.结论 此方法可以用于细胞内拯救EV71病毒,有望应用于EV71病毒的核酸疫苗免疫研究.     

蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶SHP-2对去血清培养诱导的293T细胞凋亡的作用

目的：探讨蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶SHP－2对去血清培养诱导人胚肾293T细胞凋亡的作用。方法:将pIRES-GFP空载体、pIRES-GFP-SHP-2(WT)野生型及pIRES-GFP-SHP-2C459S突变体通过脂质体法转染293T细胞，MTT测定去血清培养对293T细胞增殖的抑制情况，去血清培养293T细胞3 d后，电镜观察超微结构、流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率、免疫组织化学方法测定caspase-3表达。结果:去血清培养293T细胞3 d，转染pIRES-GFP-SHP-2(WT)野生型组的293T细胞凋亡率明显低于对照组和pIRES-GFP-SHP-2C459S突变体组；而2转染组超微结构均发生早期凋亡，但并无明显差异；caspase-3免疫组化结果显示SHP-2(WT)野生型组的caspase-3表达率明显低于SHP-2C459S突变体组。结论:SHP-2可能参与到去血清培养诱导细胞凋亡的信号转导通路中并通过caspase-3依赖途径，对细胞的生存起到正向调节作用。     

T7RNA聚合酶真核表达质粒的构建及其病毒拯救功能的鉴定

目的 建立T7RNA聚合酶真核表达质粒细胞内病毒拯救系统.方法 利用分子生物学技术,以大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3)的T7RNA聚合酶基因为目的 基因,构建T7RNA聚合酶真核表达质粒VR-1a并鉴定,然后将VR-1a和EV71病毒感染性克隆质粒共转染Vero细胞并传代,观察其细胞病变,同时用RT-PCR检测EV71病毒核酸和用ELISA检测EV71病毒抗原.结果 酶切和测序显示成功构建T7RNA聚合酶真核表达质粒VR-1a,和EV71病毒感染性克隆共转染Vero细胞后出现明显的病变,RT-PCR检测EV71病毒核酸阳性并测序证实,ELISA检测显示有EV71病毒抗原.结论 此方法可以用于细胞内拯救EV71病毒,有望应用于EV71病毒的核酸疫苗免疫研究.     

人细胞因子受体样因子3在真核及原核细胞中的表达

目的:观察CRLF3蛋白在293T细胞中的表达及亚细胞定位,并在大肠杆菌中表达和纯化了重组CRLF3蛋白.方法:将真核表达载体pCMV-myc-CRLF3瞬时转染293T细胞,转染24 h和48 h后免疫荧光染色,共聚焦显微镜观察蛋白表达及定位;构建原核表达质粒pGEX-4T-1-CRLF3,实现插入基因的融合表达,经GST亲合层析纯化蛋白.结果:CRLF3蛋白在293T细胞中高效表达,主要分布在细胞质和细胞膜;成功构建了表达CRLF3融合蛋白的原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌内高效表达,纯化后得到Mr约为74 000的融合蛋白.结论:在真核细胞中过表达的CRLF3蛋白主要定位在细胞质和细胞膜;获得了重组GST-CRLF3融合蛋白,为进一步探讨CRLF3的功能奠定基础.     

过表达Sprouty2分子促进HEK293T细胞增殖与存活

目的构建表达人Sprouty 2(SPRY2)基因的重组表达载体pDC315/hSPRY2,转染人胚肾(HEK)293T细胞表达目的蛋白,初步探讨其对HEK293T细胞增殖与存活的影响。方法构建hSPRY2重组腺病毒表达载体,体外转染HEK293T细胞,以Western blot法检测目的蛋白的表达,以CCK-8法检测SPRY2对HEK293T细胞增殖或去血清条件下细胞存活的影响。结果成功构建重组表达载体pDC315/hSPRY2,在转染的HEK293T细胞中检测到目的蛋白hSPRY2的表达,转染pDC315/hSPRY2组HEK293T细胞的增殖率及存活率均明显高于对照组即转染pDC315/EGFP组(P0.05)。结论成功构建了hSPRY2重组表达载体,过表达hSPRY2可促进HEK293T细胞的增殖与存活。     

过表达Sprouty2分子促进HEK293T细胞增殖与存活北大核心CSCD

目的构建表达人Sprouty 2(SPRY2)基因的重组表达载体pDC315/hSPRY2,转染人胚肾(HEK)293T细胞表达目的蛋白,初步探讨其对HEK293T细胞增殖与存活的影响。方法构建hSPRY2重组腺病毒表达载体,体外转染HEK293T细胞,以Western blot法检测目的蛋白的表达,以CCK-8法检测SPRY2对HEK293T细胞增殖或去血清条件下细胞存活的影响。结果成功构建重组表达载体pDC315/hSPRY2,在转染的HEK293T细胞中检测到目的蛋白hSPRY2的表达,转染pDC315/hSPRY2组HEK293T细胞的增殖率及存活率均明显高于对照组即转染pDC315/EGFP组(P<0.05)。结论成功构建了hSPRY2重组表达载体,过表达hSPRY2可促进HEK293T细胞的增殖与存活。     

α-1,2岩藻糖基转移酶基因293C＞T和658C＞T突变真核细胞稳定表达的研究

目的 建立α-1,2岩藻糖基转移酶基因(α-1,2-fucosyltransferase gene,FUT1)293C＞T和658C＞T突变真核表达细胞,阐明FUT1突变引起H抗原减弱的机制.方法 抽提类孟买型先证者基因组DNA扩增FUT1全长编码序列,扩增片段与真核表达载体pcDNA3.1连接构建重组表达质粒.采用脂质转染技术将重组质粒转染COS7细胞并进行稳定表达筛选.采用实时荧光定量PCR检测mRNA表达量,应用HPLC检测酶活性,采用十二烷基磺酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)和Western印迹技术鉴定蛋白.结果 构建了pcDNA3.1-FUT1野生型、pcDNA3.1- FUT1 293C＞T、pcDNA3.1-FUT1 658C＞T真核表达重组质粒,转染后通过G418筛选获得了稳定表达FUT1的COS7细胞.以野生型重组体转染细胞中FUT1 mRNA量作为对照,293C＞T和658C＞T重组体转染细胞FUT1 mRNA量分别为野生型的97.10％和104.74％.经SDS-PAGE电泳和Western印迹检测显示细胞表达相对分子质量约46000大小的目的蛋白片段,pcDNA3.1-FUT1野生型重组体转染细胞表达蛋白可催化相应的酶促反应,而pcDNA3.1-FUT1 293C＞T、pcDNA3.1- FUT1 658C＞T转染细胞蛋白完全失去酶活性.结论 体外实验提示293C＞T和658C＞T突变并不影响FUT1 mRNA转录和蛋白生成,但表达蛋白的酶活性明显下降,从而导致H抗原生成减弱.     

Association of EV71 3C polymorphisms with clinical severity

Objectives

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) may cause neurological and fatal cases. EV71 3C plays an important role on viral replication and possess proteolysis activity. To delineate pathogenesis of EV71 virulence, we studied EV71 3C genetics, protease activity and correlated the results with clinical severity.

RNA interference against enterovirus 71 infection

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a highly infectious major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) which could lead to severe neurological complications. There is currently no effective therapy against EV71. In this study, RNA interference (RNAi) is employed as a therapeutic approach for specific viral inhibition. Various regions of the EV71 genome were targeted for inhibition by chemically synthesized siRNAs. Transfection of rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells with siRNA targeting the 3'UTR, 2C, 3C, or 3D region significantly alleviated cytopathic effects of EV71. The inhibitory effect was dosage-dependent with a corresponding decrease in viral RNA, viral proteins, and plaque formations by EV71. Viral inhibition of siRNA transfected RD cells was still evident after 48 h. In addition, no significant adverse off-target silencing effects were observed. These results demonstrated the potential and feasibility for the use of siRNA as an antiviral therapy for EV71 infections.     

肠道病毒71型感染人神经母细胞瘤细胞(SH-SY5Y)的miRNA表达谱

目的 研究肠道病毒71型(EV71)感染神经细胞的miRNA表达谱,探讨miRNA在病毒感染神经细胞中的可能作用.方法 建立EV71感染人神经母细胞瘤细胞(SH-SY5Y)模型,收集感染后48 h细胞.以Taqman低密度芯片检测miRNA表达谱,使用实时RT-PCR对芯片结果进行验证并在TargetScan和miRanda网站预测靶基因,采用GO和KEGG分析靶基因功能.结果 成功建立EV71感染SH-SY5Y细胞模型,通过低密度芯片筛选出215种显著升高的miRNA和25种显著下调的miRNA.经过RT-PCR验证,3种miRNA(MiR-10a*、miR-15b*和miR-195)显著下调,7种miRNA(miR-10a、miR-342-5p、miR-483-5p、Let-7b、miR-99a、miR-140-5p和miR-21)显著上调,与芯片结果相符.GO分析显示发展进程和信号调节条目最富集靶基因.KEGG路径分析显示靶基因在肿瘤路径、蛋白水解、Wnt信号传导、黑素形成、粘附连接、MAPK信号通道最富集.结论 EV71感染神经细胞48 h后miRNA表达谱发生改变,10种变化的miRNA靶基因预测在发展进程、信号传导及凋亡中起着重要的作用,可为后期机制研究提供参考.     

The 3C protease activity of enterovirus 71 induces human neural cell apoptosis

The human glioblastoma SF268 cell line was used to investigate the induction of apoptosis by the 3C protease of enterovirus 71 (EV71). Transient expression in these cells of the wild-type 3C protein encoded by EV71 induced morphological alterations typical of apoptosis, including generation of apoptotic bodies. Degradation of cellular DNA in nucleosomes was also observed. When two of the amino acids in the catalytic motif of 3C were changed by mutagenesis, the 3C protein not only lost its proteolytic activity, but also its ability to induce apoptosis in the SF268 cells. Twenty-four hours after 3C transfection, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, a DNA repair enzyme, was cleaved, indicating that caspases were activated by the expression of EV71 3C. The 3C-induced apoptosis was blocked by the caspase inhibitors DEVD-fmk and VAD-fmk. Our findings suggest that the proteolytic activity of 3C triggers apoptosis in the SF268 cells through a mechanism involving caspase activation and that this apoptotic pathway may play an important role in the pathogenesis of EV71 infection.     

Enterovirus 71 blocks selectively type I interferon production through the 3C viral protein in mice

Type I interferons (IFNs) represent an essential innate defense mechanism for controlling enterovirus 71 (EV 71) infection. Mice inoculated with EV 71 produced a significantly lower amount of type I IFNs than those inoculated with poly (I:C), adenovirus type V, or coxsackievirus B3 (CB3). EV 71 infection, however, mounted a proinflammatory response with a significant increase in the levels of serum and brain interleukin (IL)‐6, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, tumor necrosis factor, and IFN‐γ. EV 71 infection abolished both poly (I:C)‐ and CB3‐induced type I IFN production of mice. Such effect was not extended to other enteroviruses including coxsackievirus A24, B2, B3, and echovirus 9, as mice infected with these viruses retained type I IFN responsiveness upon poly (I:C) challenge. In addition, EV 71‐infected RAW264.7 cells produced significantly lower amount of type I IFNs than non‐infected cells upon poly (I:C) stimulation. The inhibitory effect of EV 71 on type I IFN production was attributed to the viral protein 3C, which was confirmed using over‐expression systems in both mice and RAW264.7 cells. The 3C over‐expression, however, did not interfere with poly (I:C)‐induced proinflammatory cytokine production. These findings indicate that EV 71 can hamper the host innate defense by blocking selectively type I IFN synthesis through the 3C viral protein. J. Med. Virol. 84:1779–1789, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Enterovirus 71‐induced autophagy detected in vitro and in vivo promotes viral replication

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an important pathogen causing death in children under 5 years old worldwide. However, the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. This study reveals that EV71 infection in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and neuroblastoma (SK‐N‐SH) cells stimulated the autophagic process, which was demonstrated by an increase of punctate GFP‐microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3 (GFP‐LC3), the level of autophagosome‐bound LC3‐II protein and double‐membrane autophagosome formation. EV71‐induced autophagy benefited EV71 replication, which was confirmed by the autophagic inducer rapamycin and the inhibitor 3‐methyladenine. Signaling pathway investigation revealed that the decreased expression of phosphorylated mTOR and phosphorylated p70S6K is involved in EV71‐induced autophagy in a cell‐specific manner. The expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (Erk) was suppressed consistently in EV71‐infected cells. However it did not participate in the autophagic response of the cell. Other signaling pathway molecules, such as Erk, PI3K/Akt, Bcl‐2, BNIP3, and Beclin‐1 were not affected by infection with EV71. Electron microscopy showed co‐localization of autophagosome‐like vesicles with either EV71‐VP1 or LC3 protein in neurons of the cervical spinal cord in ICR mice infected with EV71. In conclusion, EV71 infection triggered autophagic flux and induced autophagosome formation both in vitro and in vivo. Autophagy induced by EV71 is beneficial for viral replication. Understanding the role of autophagy induced by EV71 in vitro and the formation of autophagosome‐like vesicle in vivo provide new insights into the pathogenesis of EV71 infection. J. Med. Virol. 81:1241–1252, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

EV71 VP1人源单克隆抗体筛选

目的 通过建立新型人源化单克隆抗体制备技术平台,筛选抗EV71 VP1单克隆抗体.方法 使用耦联EV71 VP1抗原的磁珠对EV71感染者外周血淋巴细胞进行分选,得到分泌EV71VP1特异性抗体的B淋巴细胞.有限稀释后,低渗裂解细胞,采用逆转录和巢式PCR扩增免疫球蛋白重链和轻链基因,经测序鉴定后克隆到真核表达载体Cloning vector AbVec-hIgG1、Cloning vectorAbVec-hIgKappa、Cloning vector AbVec-hIgLambda中.通过瞬时转染293T细胞得到重组抗体.结果 成功筛选到1对抗EV71 VP1的人源单克隆抗体基因.结论 本研究初步成功地建立了人源化单克隆抗体的筛选方法,为手足口病早期诊断、治疗以及筛选其他人源化单克隆抗体奠定了基础.     

肠道病毒71型诱导Bax依赖的细胞凋亡

目的研究肠道病毒71型（EV71）诱导细胞凋亡的分子机制。方法采用CCK8比色法检测EVT1感染对于人横纹肌肉瘤细胞RD增殖的影响,通过Hoechst33342染色和Caspase3活性测定检测细胞凋亡特征,用WesternBlot方法检测凋亡相关蛋白Caspase3和8的激活。同时通过免疫共沉淀检测EV71感染后细胞内Bax的活化。结果EV71感染RD细胞可以明显抑制细胞增殖,引起Caspase3、8和PARP蛋白的激活,同时引起Bax蛋白表达增加并发生构象变化。结论EV71通过Bax构象变化诱导Caspase依赖的细胞凋亡。     

A novel finding for enterovirus virulence from the capsid protein VP1 of EV71 circulating in mainland China

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a neurotropic virus that causes various clinical manifestations in young children, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal. Different pathotypes of EV71 notably differ in virulence. Several virulence determinants of EV71 have been predicted. However, these reported virulence determinants could not be used to identify the EV71 strains of subgenotype C4, which mainly circulate in China. In this study, VP1 sequences of 37 EV71 strains from severe cases (SC-EV71) and 192 EV71 strains from mild cases (MC-EV71) in mainland China were analyzed to determine the potential virulence determinants in the capsid protein VP1 of EV71. Although most SC-EV71 strains belonged to subgenotype C4a, no specific genetic lineages in C4a were correlated with EV71 virulence. Interestingly, amino acid substitutions at nine positions (H22Q, P27S, N31S/D, E98K, E145G/Q, D164E, T240A/S, V249I, and A289T) were detected by aligning the VP1 sequences of the SC-EV71 and MC-EV71 strains. Moreover, both the constituent ratios of the conservative or mutated residues in the MC-EV71 and SC-EV71 strains and the changes in the VP1 3D structure resulting from these mutations confirmed that the conservative residues (22H, 249V, and 289A) and the mutated residues (27S, 31S/D, 98K, 145G/Q, 164E, and 240A/S) might be potential virulence determinants in VP1 of EV71. Furthermore, these results led to the hypothesis that VP1 acts as a sandwich switch for viral particle stabilization and cellular receptors attachment, and specific mutations in this protein can convert mild cases into severe cases. These findings highlight new opportunities for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.