2型糖尿病骨质疏松大鼠骨重建研究

目的 通过建立2型糖尿病骨质疏松大鼠模型,探讨其骨重建特点.方法 雌性Wistar大鼠分为假手术组(NS组);去卵巢组(NOVX组);2型糖尿病假手术组(DS组)和2型糖尿病去卵巢组(DOVX组).糖尿病组大鼠造模成功后行双侧卵巢切除术,0、4、8和12周测血糖(FPG)、胰岛素(FINS)、雌激素(E2)及血清骨特异...     

成纤维细胞生长因子23和骨形态发生蛋白7介导维生素D受体表达下降在2型糖尿病并发骨质疏松大鼠发病中的作用

目的 探讨2型糖尿病并发骨质疏松大鼠肾和骨组织维生素D受体(VDR)、成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)23、骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)7的表达及意义.方法 雌性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术对照组(NS组)、单纯去卵巢组(NOVX组)、2型糖尿病假手术组(DS组)、2型糖尿病去卵巢组(D0VX 组).糖尿病组大鼠予高脂高糖饲料联合小剂量链脲佐菌素腹腔注射制备2型糖尿病模型,模型成功后去卵巢组行双侧卵巢切除术,去卵巢后4周、8周、12周末随机分批处死.用RT-PCR法观察各组肾和骨组织VDR、FGF23、BMP7的mRNA表达,Western免疫印迹法观察各组肾组织VDR、FGF23、BMP7蛋白表达.结果 成功制备2型糖尿病并发骨质疏松模型.随着时间延长,DS组和DOVX组肾和骨组织VDR、BMP7的mRNA表达和肾组织VDR、BMP7蛋白表达均较NS组和NOVX组降低,且以DOVX组表达最低(P＜0.05)；DS组和DOVX组骨组织FGF23的mRNA表达明显低于NS和NOVX组(0.566±0.059,0.452±0.057比1.008±0.068,0.520±0.049,P＜0.05),而DS组和DOVX组肾组织FGF23的mRNA和蛋白(1.034±0.071,1.136±0.112比0.919±0.086,0.952±0.143)表达明显高于NS和NOVX组,以DOVX组表达最高(P＜0.05).结论 FGF23和BMP7在肾和骨组织共同介导2型糖尿病并发骨质疏松大鼠维生素D受体表达中起不同作用.     

健骨颗粒对去卵巢骨质疏松模鼠骨组织结构的影响

目的 :观察健骨颗粒对去卵巢骨质疏松模鼠股骨颈超微结构的影响以及同期骨密度 (BMD)的改变 ,探讨该药药效及作用机制。材料和方法 :SD雌性大鼠去卵巢造模 ,随机分成健骨颗粒预防组和治疗组 ,并设生理盐水和骨松宝对照组。术后 2 4周处死 ,分别行骨密度检测及股骨颈骨粒透射电镜观察。结果 :去势 1 2周 ,骨细胞以吸收相和退变相为主 ,BMD明显降低。生理盐水组骨细胞多表现为退变相 ,骨细胞性溶骨更加明显 ,且出现破骨细胞性溶骨现象。健骨颗粒治疗组和骨松宝组多见成骨相骨细胞 ,成骨细胞活性加强 ,BMD明显升高。健骨颗粒预防组活跃的成骨细胞数量明显增加 ,可见成骨细胞成骨过程 ,BMD接近假手术组。结论 :健骨颗粒能有效防治骨质疏松的发生和发展。本文还就其作用机制进行了讨论。     

运动联合福善美对去卵巢大鼠骨密度和神经传导的影响

目的: 观察运动是否可增强福善美对卵巢切除大鼠骨质疏松的治疗作用。方法: 将90只6月龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(sham,18只)和卵巢切除模型组(OVX,72只)。大鼠卵巢切除8周后,测定大鼠第4腰椎骨密度(BMD)和血清雌二醇含量。随后,存活的OVX大鼠分为模型组(OVX)、福善美治疗组(OVX+FOX)、运动治疗组(OVX+EX)和福善美与运动联合治疗组(OVX+FOX+EX),分别给予1 mg·kg^-1·d^-1福善美灌胃和(或)跑台运动干预治疗12周后,双能X线骨密度仪测定各组大鼠第4腰椎BMD;肌电图机检测大鼠左侧股神经传导速度(MCV)、运动末端潜伏期(ML)和复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP);ELISA法测定大鼠血清Ⅰ型前胶原羧基端前肽(PICP)及Ⅰ型胶原羧基端交联端肽(ICTP)含量。结果: 卵巢切除大鼠福善美和(或)运动干预治疗12周后,OVX组与sham组相比,BMD显著降低(P<0.05),血清PICP和ICTP明显增高(P<0.05),左侧股神经ML未见明显改变。福善美和运动均可显著提高骨质疏松大鼠BMD,降低ICTP;福善美可显著降低骨质疏松大鼠ICTP,而运动对ICTP无明显影响。运动可明显缩短模型组左侧ML(P<0.05),福善美对ML无显著改善作用。运动与福善美联合对BMD、PICP、ICTP及ML的改善作用较两者单用效果显著(P<0.05);福善美与运动两治疗组间未见明显差异。各组大鼠左侧股神经MCV和CMAP未见明显差异。2×2析因设计的方差分析显示,福善美与运动2种处理方式之间不存在交互作用(P>0.05)。结论: 福善美和运动可能通过抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收而抑制大鼠卵巢切除对骨密度的影响。     

中等强度运动对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松及骨形态发生蛋白2信号通路的影响

目的 探讨中等强度运动对去卵巢大鼠骨密度、骨质代谢、骨生物力学及骨形态发生蛋白2(BMP-2)信号通路的影响。 方法 将24只成年雌性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、手术组与运动组，每组8只，假手术组仅切除双侧卵巢周围脂肪组织，手术组、运动组摘除双侧卵巢，摘除卵巢1周后运动组进行中等强度运动训练，共训练12周。12周后，进行股骨骨密度、生物力学、骨代谢、组织学检测，Western blotting检测股骨组织BMP-2、Runt相关转录因子2（Runx2）、Osterix及Smad1/5/8蛋白表达。 结果 手术组、运动组血钙、血磷、血抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRACP)浓度高于假手术组(P<0.05)，而运动组上述指标低于手术组(P<0.05)。手术组和运动组骨密度低于假手术组(P<0.05)，而运动组高于手术组(P<0.05)。手术组和运动组骨组织生物力学性能低于假手术组(P<0.05)，而运动组高于手术组(P<0.05)。组织学显示，运动组骨质疏松程度轻于手术组，骨组织内BMP-2表达量多于手术组。手术组和运动组BMP-2、Runx2、Osterix及Smad1/5/8蛋白表达低于假手术组(P<0.05)，而运动组上述蛋白表达高于手术组(P<0.05)。 结论 中等强度运动可改善去卵巢大鼠股骨的骨密度、生物力学性能与骨代谢，这一作用可能与BMP-2信号通路有关。     

六月龄大鼠去卵巢后建立骨质疏松症模型的可行性

背景：目前关于鼠龄对去势雌性大鼠建立骨质疏松模型影响的报道较少。 目的：验证6月龄大鼠去卵巢对构建骨质疏松症模型的可行性。 方法：6月龄雌性大鼠48只,分为2组,去卵巢组摘除双侧卵巢建立大鼠骨质疏松模型,假手术组不摘除卵巢,切除卵巢周围少量脂肪组织。建模后1,2,3个月测定大鼠体质量、子宫湿质量、碱性磷酸酶、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶、骨矿密度和骨矿含量等指标变化。 结果与结论：建模后1,2,3个月,去卵巢组比假手术组大鼠体质量明显增加(P < 0.05),子宫湿质量较假手术组量明显下降(P < 0.05)。建模后1个月,去卵巢组大鼠血清碱性磷酸酶指标显著高于假手术组(P < 0.05);建模后3个月,去卵巢组抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶指标显著高于假手术组(P < 0.05);碱性磷酸酶指标和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶指标随大鼠月龄增加有轻度增高趋势。建模后2,3个月去卵巢组骨矿密度显著低于假手术组(P < 0.05)。表明6月龄大鼠去卵巢可成功建立骨质疏松症模型。     

人甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白（1-34）对去卵巢大鼠骨密度和骨生物力学性能的影响

目的：观察人甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白氨基端肽(PTHrP 1-34)对去卵巢的骨质疏松大鼠骨密度(BMD)和骨生物力学性能的影响。 方法： 80只4月龄Wistar健康雌性大鼠，其中60只行双侧卵巢摘除术，20只做假手术，6周后各处死10只证实骨质疏松造模成功。剩余50只骨质疏松模型鼠随机分为5个治疗组，每组10只，其它10只假手术组作对照。PTHrP治疗组（PTHrP 20组， PTHrP 40组， PTHrP 80组）分别用20、40、80 μg/kg剂量，每日皮下注射1次PTHrP 1-34；雌二醇治疗组（E2组）用苯甲酸雌二醇40 μg/kg, 每3 d注射1次；安慰剂组及假手术对照组分别用生理盐水，每3 d注射1次。治疗3个月后，测定并比较股骨、腰椎BMD、骨生物力学参数及血清钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）水平。结果： 双侧卵巢摘除6周后，大鼠腰椎BMD及腰椎压缩最大载荷明显低于假手术组(P<0.05)。3个月治疗后，PTHrP 40组和PTHrP 80组大鼠股骨、腰椎BMD及骨生物力学性能明显高于安慰剂组，与雌二醇治疗组无显著差异，腰椎BMD明显高于PTHrP 20组（P<0.05）； PTHrP 40组与PTHrP 80组无明显差异。结论： 每日每公斤体重皮下注射40和80 μg PTHrP 1-34对去卵巢骨质疏松大鼠有明显治疗作用。     

健果颗粒对去卵巢骨质疏松模鼠骨组织结构的影响

目的：观察健骨颗粒对去卵巢骨质疏松模鼠股骨颈超微结构的影响以及同期骨密度（BMD）的改变,探讨该药药效及作用机制。材料和方法：SD雌性大鼠去卵巢造模。随机分成健骨颗粒预防组和治疗组,并设生理盐水和骨松宝对照组。术后24周处死,分别行骨密度检测及股骨颈骨粒透射电镜观察。结果：去势12周,骨细胞以吸收相和退变相为主,BMD明显降低。生理盐水组骨细胞多表现为退变相,骨细胞性溶骨更加明显,且出现破骨细胞性溶骨现象,健骨颗粒治疗组和骨松宝组多见成骨相骨细胞,成骨细胞活性加强,BMD明显升高,健骨颗粒预防组活跃的成骨细胞数量明显增加,可见成骨细胞成骨过程,BMD接近假手术组。结论：健骨颗粒能有效防治骨质疏松的发生和发展;本文还就其作用机制进行了讨论。     

卵巢切除股骨骨折大鼠骨愈合中降钙素的作用

背景：降钙素可活化腺苷酸环化酶蛋白激酶A通路及磷脂酶C通路,抑制破骨细胞的活性,可能治疗骨质疏松性骨折。 目的：观察降钙素对去卵巢大鼠股骨骨折愈合的作用。 方法：构建双侧卵巢切除骨质疏松右股骨骨折SD大鼠模型,然后分别皮下注射生理盐水和降钙素(16 IU/kg),隔日1次,于骨折后3周和6周测量右股骨行骨密度,苏木精-伊红及抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色,骨形态发生蛋白2及血管内皮生长因子免疫组化染色。 结果与结论：骨折后给予降钙素治疗的大鼠抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色阳性细胞积分吸光度值较生理盐水治疗的大鼠显著减少(P < 0.05)。骨折后3周,两组骨折线均较清晰,骨痂体积无明显差别,骨折愈合以软骨内化骨过程为主,骨密度无显著性差异(P > 0.05)。骨折后6周,两组骨折线较模糊,骨痂体积无差别,骨小梁排列较有序,用药组股骨骨密度较对照组升高(P < 0.05)。两组在骨折后3周和6周的骨形态发生蛋白2及血管内皮生长因子差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。证实降钙素可以抑制去卵巢大鼠骨折部位破骨细胞活性,但无明显促进大鼠股骨骨折愈合的作用。     

雌性去卵巢大鼠体脂、瘦素与骨密度关系的初步探讨

本文旨在探讨体脂与骨量的关系,以及调节体脂的瘦素对骨的作用。选用6月龄雌性Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为两组,一组切除双侧卵巢,另一组行假手术。饲养2月后采用ELISA检测血清中瘦素浓度,检测大鼠体质量、腹腔内脂肪含量,DEXA测定大鼠股骨骨密度(BMD)。结果提示大鼠体质量在去卵巢组增加明显(P<0.05),腹腔内脂肪量在去卵巢后增加不明显(P=0.499),脂肪细胞分泌的瘦素两组之间没有差异(P=0.166),去卵巢组单位体质量的骨矿含量(BMC)较假手术组明显降低(P=0.003)。第8周体质量在假手术组与单位体质量BMC负相关,在去卵巢组与BMD正相关,假手术组腹腔内脂肪含量及瘦素浓度与单位体质量的BMC呈负相关关系。因此,体脂、瘦素与单位体质量BMC相关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.