Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis: a retrospective observational study of 138 patients

Background

We analyzed cases of bronchiectasis; its presentation, etiology, diagnosis, indications for surgery, surgical approach, and the outcome.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 138 patients who underwent surgery for bronchiectasis.

Results

The mean age was 30.2±15.7 years. 55.8% patients were males. Symptoms were recurrent infection with cough in all patients, fetid sputum (79.7%), and hemoptysis (22.5%). The etiology was recurrent childhood infection (38.4%), pneumonia (29%), TB (9.4%), sequestration (4.3%), foreign body obstruction (4.3%), and unknown etiology (14.5%). CXR, CT scan, and bronchoscope were done for all patients. Bronchiectasis was left-sided in (55.1%) of patients. It was mainly confined to the lower lobes either alone (50.7%) or in conjunction with middle lobe or lingual (7.2%). Indications for resection were failure of conservative therapy (71.7%), hemoptysis (15.9%), destroyed lung (8%), and sequestration (4.3%). Surgery was lobectomy (81.2%), bilobectomy (8.7%), and pneumonectomy (8%). Complications occurred in 13% with no operative mortality. 84% of patients had relief of their preoperative symptoms.

Conclusions

Surgery for bronchiectasis can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality at any age for localized disease. Proper selection and preparation of the patients and complete resection of the involved sites are required for the optimum control of symptoms and better outcomes.KEY WORDS : Bronchiactesis, pneumonia, TB, lobectomy, bilobectomy, pneumonectomy     

妥塞敏治疗肺结核咯血的效果观察

目的　比较妥塞敏和止血芳酸治疗肺结核咯血的效果和不良反应。方法 于2002—2003年采用前瞻性、随机抽样和多中心研究方法,选入并分析轻度和中度咯血患者118例,其中采用妥塞敏60例、止血芳酸58例。2组性别、年龄、病变、咯血严重程度和咯血史以及合并支气管扩张均相似。结果 妥塞敏组和止血芳酸组3日咯血治愈率分别为55%和41.4%(P＞0.05);7日治愈率分别为95%和81%(P＜0.01)。妥塞敏和止血芳酸对初治咯血疗效要优于多次咯血者,无明显不良反应。结论 3日妥塞敏效果与止血芳酸相似,而7日妥塞敏则优于止血芳酸。     

致命性大咯血的病因及其选择性支气管动脉栓塞的疗效分析

目的了解致命性大咯血的病因及其选择性支气管动脉栓塞(bronchial artery embolization,BAE)的疗效。方法对2007年1月至2012年1月期间84例致命性大咯血患者进行病因分类,对2009年8月至2012年1月期间的30例致命性大咯血患者进行选择性支气管动脉栓塞治疗,观察其即刻、近期和远期疗效。结果致命性大咯血的病因分别为肺结核(63例,75.0%)、支气管扩张症(11例,13.1%)、肺曲霉病(6例,7.1%)、肺癌(2例,2.4%)和肺动静脉瘘(2例,2.4%)。对其中30例致命性大咯血患者(肺结核25例,肺曲霉病和肺动静脉瘘各2例,支气管扩张症1例)进行选择性支气管动脉栓塞治疗,即刻止血率达90.0%(27/30)。术后随访5~29个月(平均16个月),近期止血率93.3%(28/30),远期止血率达96.7%(29/30)。结论致命性大咯血的病因主要为肺结核,其次为支气管扩张症和肺曲霉病,BAE是治疗致命性大咯血的首选措施,具有安全、有效、高成功率优点,为基础肺疾病的治愈提供了条件。     

A prospective analysis of 184 hemoptysis cases: diagnostic impact of chest X-ray, computed tomography, bronchoscopy

BACKGROUND: The clinical presentation of hemoptysis often raises a number of diagnostic possibilities. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the relative frequency of different causes of hemoptysis and the value of chest radiography, computed tomography (CT) scanning and fiber-optic bronchoscopy in the evaluation of a Greek cohort population. METHODS: We prospectively followed a total of 184 consecutive patients (137 males/47 females, 145 smokers/39 nonsmokers) admitted with hemoptysis between January 2001 and December 2003 to the University Hospital of Heraklion. Follow-up data were collected on August 2005. RESULTS: The main causes of hemoptysis were bronchiectasis (26%), chronic bronchitis (23%), acute bronchitis (15%) and lung cancer (13%). Bronchiectasis was significantly more frequent in nonsmokers (p < 0.02). Among nonsmokers, patients with moderate/severe bleeding or a history of tuberculosis were more likely to have bronchiectasis (OR 8.25; 95% CI 1.9-35.9, p = 0.007 and OR 16.5; 95% CI 1.7-159.1, p = 0.007, respectively). Nonsmokers with normal or abnormal X-rays were equally likely to have bronchiectasis (OR 2.5; 95% CI 0.66-9.39, p = 0.2). Lung cancer was only found in smokers. Smokers with normal X-rays were less likely to have lung cancer compared to smokers with abnormal X-ray (OR 5.4; 95% CI 1.54-19.34, p = 0.004). There were no smokers with normal CT and lung cancer. Follow-up data were collected in 91% of patients. Lung cancer did not develop in any patient assumed to have hemoptysis of another origin than lung cancer on initial evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Bronchiectasis is the main diagnosis in patients admitted with hemoptysis to a Greek University Hospital and it is more frequent among nonsmokers with moderate/severe bleeding and/or previous tuberculosis infection. Nonsmokers with moderate/severe hemoptysis and/or a history of tuberculosis should be evaluated with high-resolution CT. Smokers with hemoptysis are at increased risk for lung cancer and need to be extensively evaluated with chest CT and bronchoscopy.     

Risk factors and recurrence patterns in 203 patients with hemoptysis

Management of hemoptysis requires prompt diagnosis and patient stabilization especially in massive hemoptysis as a potentially life-threatening condition. This retrospective study was designed to determine the etiologic distribution of hemoptysis, the role of the fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) as a diagnostic tool, and to clarify potential risk factors for massive hemoptysis and recurrences. A total of 203 patients (181 male, 22 female) with hemoptysis admitted to our hospital were evaluated retrospectively. Tuberculosis was the leading cause of hemoptysis (n = 89; 43.8%) followed by lung cancer (21.7%) and chronic bronchitis (n = 11; 5.5%). FOB plays an essential role for localization of bleeding and diagnosis, although no bronchoscopic abnormality was found in our 31 patients (15.3%). Twenty-nine of the patients (14.3%) had recurrent hemoptysis and hemoptysis lasting longer than five days was found as a risk factor for recurrences (p = 0.02). Having lung cancer was an independent negative risk factor for recurrent hemoptysis using multivariate analysis (n = 44; p = 0.034). Twenty two of the patients (10.8%) had severe hemoptysis and managed medically. In our study, tuberculosis, lung cancer and heavy cigarette smoking were revealed as independent predictors of massive hemoptysis (p = 0.016, 0.001, 0.041 respectively). Hemoptysis is a common respiratory symptom that always requires investigation by using FOB and radiography in order to determine exact site of bleeding and etiology. Hemoptysis continuing more than five days and lung cancer diagnosis may indicate recurrent bleeding and need more attention.     

A prospective evaluation of hemoptysis cases in a tertiary referral hospital

Background and Aims: Hemoptysis is symptomatic of a potentially serious and life‐threatening thoracic disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative frequency of the different causes of hemoptysis, the change of the frequency of diseases, the value of the evaluation process and the outcome in a tertiary referral hospital. Methods: A prospective study was carried out on consecutive patients presented with hemoptysis. Results: A total of 178 patients (136 male, 42 female) were included to the study. Lung cancer (51), pulmonary embolism (23) and bronchiectasis (23) constituted most of the diagnosis. The most frequent cause of hemoptysis in males was by far lung carcinoma (50). Twelve cases of bronchiectasis and 11 cases of pulmonary embolism were observed in females. While lung cancer and pulmonary embolism were associated with mild to moderate amounts of bleeding (84% and 100%, respectively), patients with active tuberculosis and pulmonary vasculitis had severe to massive hemoptysis (50% and 44%, respectively). Transthoracic and other organ biopsies, spiral computed tomography (CT) angiography (X pres/GX model TSX‐002a, Toshiba, Tochigi Ken, Japan) and aortography yielded high diagnostic results in our group (100%, 67%, 59% and 100%, respectively). The most frequent final diagnosis in patients with normal chest radiograph was pulmonary embolism (seven cases). Conclusions: Lung cancer, pulmonary embolism and bronchiectasis were the main causes of hemoptysis in this prospective cohort; however, this is the first report showing pulmonary embolism as a leading cause of hemoptysis. CT angiography with high‐resolution CT should be the primary diagnostic modality if the initial investigation is inconclusive in hemoptysis cases. Please cite this paper as: Uzun O, Atasoy Y, Findik S, Atici AG and Erkan L. A prospective evaluation of hemoptysis cases in a tertiary referral hospital. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2010; 4: 131–138.     

Role of computed tomography in patients with hemoptysis and a normal chest skiagram

Thirty patients of hemoptysis with a normal skiagram chest were evaluated by computed tomography. Majority of the patients were between 21 to 50 years of age. Seventy percent had mild hemoptysis while 30 percent had moderate hemoptysis. Computed tomography provided diagnostic information in 16 patients (53%). The various aetiologies were bronchiectasis (20%), tuberculosis (20%), pneumonia (6.7%), bronchial carcinoid in one case and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in one case. Computed tomography may play a role in screening patients who present with hemoptysis with normal chest radiographs.     

Analysis of patients with hemoptysis in a reference hospital for chest diseases

Chest physicians frequently come across with the symptom hemoptysis, an alerting symptom which may result from a wide variety of disorders. In this study, we aimed to determine the main causes of hemoptysis in a reference hospital for chest diseases. All the patients who admitted to our emergency clinic with hemoptysis during three months of study period were included in the study. The mean age of 143 patients (106 males, 37 females) who were included in this study was 48 +/- 17 years. Medical history, physical examination and chest radiography were performed for each patient. Sputum examination for acid fast bacilli, computed tomography of thorax, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy, echocardiography, ear-nose-throat examination and upper gastrointestinal system endoscopy were the further diagnostic investigations for selected patients. Bronchiectasis was the most common cause of hemoptysis (22.4%), followed by lung cancer (18.9%), active tuberculosis (11.2%), and inactive tuberculosis (10.5%). Sputum smear for acid fast bacilli was performed in 102 patients and were positive in 15.6% of them. Computed tomography of thorax was performed in 102 patients and was pathologic in 81.3% of them. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in 46 patients and localized the bleeding site in 67.4% of them. In conclusion, the most common causes of hemoptysis were bronchiectasis, lung cancer and tuberculosis in our hospital. Based on this finding, we suggest that, the diagnostic approach to the patients presenting with hemoptysis should include first a detailed medical history, physical examination, and chest radiography; second sputum smear for acid fast bacilli; third computed tomography of thorax and lastly fiberoptic bronchoscopy.     

A reappraisal of the causes of hemoptysis.

We reviewed the records of 264 patients who underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy for unexplained hemoptysis to determine the various causes of hemoptysis. Bronchogenic carcinoma (29%), bronchitis (23%), and idiopathic hemoptysis (22%) accounted for the majority of causes of hemoptysis. In contrast to older studies, the incidence of hemoptysis secondary to tuberculosis and bronchiectasis has decreased. Although our patient population is predominantly male and elderly, our data may well be representative of more recent epidemiologic trends in causes of hemoptysis.     

Etiology and treatment outcomes of massive hemoptysis

Massive hemoptysis is a life-threatening condition and can lead to asphyxiation. This is a retrospective review of 101 patients hospitalized with massive hemoptysis at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand, between January 1993 and December 2002. The male to female ratio was 2.1:1. The average age was 47.1 (SD 16.8) years. Half the subjects were farmers and three-fourths had an underlying disease; most notably old pulmonary tuberculosis (41.6%). The mean duration of massive hemoptysis was 3.2 (SD 3.7) days. An initial hematocrit < or = 30% was found in 34.6% of patients, and a prolonged prothrombin time in 4.0%, and thrombocytopenia in 2.0%. Chest radiographs revealed unilateral, bilateral lesions and normal lungs in 57.4, 40.6, and 2.0%, respectively. A chest CT was done in 14.8% of patients. Bronchoscopy localized the bleeding and diagnosed the etiology in 19.8%. The most common causes of massive hemoptysis were bronchiectasis (33.7%), active pulmonary tuberculosis (20.8%) and malignancy (10.9%). Patients were grouped by treatment: 1) conservative (88); 2) emergency bronchial artery embolization (7); and, 3) emergency surgery (6). Of the 88 patients in group 1, the bleeding was stopped in 71 (80.7%) and recurred in 4. Of the 7 patients undergoing emergency bronchial artery embolization, the bleeding was stopped in 6 (86%) and recurred in 1. In the 6 patients who underwent emergency surgery, the bleeding was stopped in all and recurred in 1. Recurrent hemoptysis usually arose within 7 days of the first episode and was well controlled with bronchial arterial embolization. The mortality rate was 17.8%. Of the discharged patients, 36.1% had recurrent hemoptysis. Most of them occurred within one month after discharge. We conclude that, the most common cause of massive hemoptysis is benign rahter than malignant disease. Intensive care with conservative treatment should be applied vigorously. Bronchial artery embolization is an excellent, non-surgical alternative to control bleeding, and should be done before specific surgical intervention.     

Changing spectrum of hemoptysis. Underlying causes in 148 patients undergoing diagnostic flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy

A retrospective study to examine the underlying causes of hemoptysis in patients undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy was conducted. We found hemoptysis to be caused by bronchitis in 55 (37%) of 148, bronchogenic carcinoma in 28 (19%) of 148, tuberculosis in 10 (7%) of 148, and bronchiectasis in 1 (1%) of 148 patients. Compared with previous studies, it appears that hemoptysis is less likely to be caused by bronchiectasis or tuberculosis while hemoptysis caused by bronchitis has increased proportionately. The rate of occurrence of hemoptysis caused by bronchogenic carcinoma has not changed significantly. All patients with underlying bronchogenic carcinoma had a positive smoking history and abnormal chest roentgenogram. The rate of hemoptysis was not a good indicator of the underlying disease.     

119例咯血临床分析

目的分析引起咯血的病因。方法以咯血症状的患者的发病年龄、伴随症状、X线胸片或肺CT等相关检查明确病灶部位与疾病的关系。结果咯血最常见的为支气管扩张、肺结核、支气管肺癌,占咯血原因的大多数。结论中青年的咯血病人以肺结核为主;老年人肺结核发病率占一定比例,且发病率有增高趋势;有反复咯血症状而全身症状不明显的患者以支气管扩张多见;少量咯血或痰血为主伴胸痛、消瘦的需高度警惕肺癌。     

支气管动脉栓塞术治疗大咯血的疗效分析

目的 :探讨支气管动脉栓塞术治疗大咯血的疗效。方法 :36例大咯血患者用明胶海绵颗粒行支气管动脉栓塞。患者肺部基础病变包括 :支气管扩张 13例 ,肺结核 11例 ,肺癌 9例 ,肺脓肿 1例 ,隐源性咯血 2例。结果 :2 9例即刻止血 (80 .6 % )。在 2年的随访中 ,术后 15d内复发大咯血并窒息死亡者 4例 ,另外 4例复发咯血者 ,3例再次行BAE治疗。支气管动脉栓塞术后因复发而行手术治疗者 2例。因此 ,2年随访总的有效率和复发率分别为 83.3%和 2 2 .8%。主要的并发症为自限性的短暂胸痛和发热。结论 :支气管动脉栓塞术是大咯血的一种安全、微创、高效的治疗方法     

肺结核患者咯血责任血管及其相关胸部CT表现的分析

目的分析肺结核患者咯血责任血管及其相关胸部CT表现,以期提高支气管动脉介入栓塞(BAE)的治疗效果。方法收集我院2017年10月至2020年10月在本院行胸部CTA及BAE治疗的94例患者的临床及影像资料。总结肺结核不同胸部CT表现与咯血责任血管之间的关系。结果94例患者经CTA检查共发现187支咯血责任血管,其中支气管动脉(BA)124支,非支气管性体动脉(NBSA)63支(多位于肋间动脉及锁骨下动脉);DSA发现咯血责任血管192支,以DSA为诊断“金标准”,CTA对咯血责任血管的检出率为97.4%;35例(占37.2%)病灶周围可见支气管动脉分支局限性迂曲、扩张,供血支气管动脉平均内径为(2.0±0.7)mm;肺结核伴咯血患者胸部CT发现病灶多位于多肺叶,病灶以弥漫性分布为主,多无胸腔积液,此外伴空洞、钙化、支气管扩张及淋巴结钙化等,均与咯血责任血管来源无明显相关性(P>0.05),病灶性质、胸膜增厚程度及结核病灶与增厚胸膜之间关系与咯血责任血管来源明显相关(P<0.05),其中咯血责任血管来源于BA的肺结核伴咯血患者,病灶病变以增殖、渗出为主,邻近胸膜增厚程度多较轻微或没有增厚且增厚胸膜无或轻度黏连者居多,而咯血责任血管来源于BA合并NBSA的肺结核伴咯血患者肺部病变以纤维化为主,邻近胸膜增厚明显,且肺部病灶与增厚胸膜紧密粘连者居多。结论肺结核伴咯血胸部CT表现与咯血责任血管来源关系紧密,可通过胸部CT表现提示咯血责任血管是否源于NBSA,可帮助提高BAE的治疗效果。     

肺结核患者咯血责任血管及其相关胸部CT表现的分析

目的分析肺结核患者咯血责任血管及其相关胸部CT表现,以期提高支气管动脉介入栓塞(BAE)的治疗效果。方法收集我院2017年10月至2020年10月在本院行胸部CTA及BAE治疗的94例患者的临床及影像资料。总结肺结核不同胸部CT表现与咯血责任血管之间的关系。结果94例患者经CTA检查共发现187支咯血责任血管,其中支气管动脉(BA)124支,非支气管性体动脉(NBSA)63支(多位于肋间动脉及锁骨下动脉);DSA发现咯血责任血管192支,以DSA为诊断“金标准”,CTA对咯血责任血管的检出率为97.4%;35例(占37.2%)病灶周围可见支气管动脉分支局限性迂曲、扩张,供血支气管动脉平均内径为(2.0±0.7)mm;肺结核伴咯血患者胸部CT发现病灶多位于多肺叶,病灶以弥漫性分布为主,多无胸腔积液,此外伴空洞、钙化、支气管扩张及淋巴结钙化等,均与咯血责任血管来源无明显相关性(P>0.05),病灶性质、胸膜增厚程度及结核病灶与增厚胸膜之间关系与咯血责任血管来源明显相关(P<0.05),其中咯血责任血管来源于BA的肺结核伴咯血患者,病灶病变以增殖、渗出为主,邻近胸膜增厚程度多较轻微或没有增厚且增厚胸膜无或轻度黏连者居多,而咯血责任血管来源于BA合并NBSA的肺结核伴咯血患者肺部病变以纤维化为主,邻近胸膜增厚明显,且肺部病灶与增厚胸膜紧密粘连者居多。结论肺结核伴咯血胸部CT表现与咯血责任血管来源关系紧密,可通过胸部CT表现提示咯血责任血管是否源于NBSA,可帮助提高BAE的治疗效果。     

The diagnosis of smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis in superior segment of lower lobe]

20 cases of tuberculosis in the superior segment of the lower lobe of the lung were misdiagnosed as lung cancer, pneumonia, bronchiectasis and inflammatory pseudoneoplasm were reported. The final diagnosis were confirmed by fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB). The causes of the misdiagnoses were: (1) the hilar mass shadow found on the PA chest film, mistaken for central type lung cancer; (2) the mass shadow found on the lateral chest film, mistaken for peripheral lung cancer; (3) the patients with fever, cough and expectoration accompanied by exudative infiltrative shadow, mistaken for pneumonia; (4) patients with recurrent attacks of hemoptysis but the lesions overshadowed by the spinal column on the lateral chest film were misdiagnosed as bronchiectasis. The author suggested PA and lateral chest films taken simultaneously were needed. The special points, to which should be pay attention during reading the films were listed and noted. FOB examination including TBLB, brushing and BALF for pathologic and AFB determination could be of help to confirm the diagnosis.     

Recurrent hemoptysis in tuberculosis with non-cavitary lung disease as a symptom of mild hemophilia A in a young adult

Hemoptysis in patients with tuberculosis is usually associated with smear-positive and cavitary lung disease. The present case describes a patient suffering from recurrent hemoptysis associated with tuberculosis who had smear-negative and non-cavitary lung disease, and who was subsequently diagnosed as having mild hemophilia A. Although mild hemophilia A sometimes escapes detection until adolescence, there has been no reported case of mild hemophilia A detected by recurrent hemoptysis due to pulmonary tuberculosis. Here, we report a rare case of recurrent hemoptysis in a patient with tuberculosis who had smear-negative and non-cavitary lung disease and who was finally shown to have hemophilia A.     

Prognosis of bronchial artery embolization in the management of hemoptysis

BACKGROUND: Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is a well-accepted and widely used treatment modality for the management of massive and recurrent hemoptysis. However, few reports have previously investigated the long-term results. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prognosis of patients with hemoptysis who had undergone BAE. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with hemoptysis underwent BAE. The underlying diseases included bronchiectasis in 9, aspergillosis in 3, chronic bronchitis in 2, idiopathic bronchial bleeding in 4, and other diseases in 4. The follow-up period ranged from 25 to 88 months (median 47 months). RESULTS: After the initial BAE, 11 of 22 (50%) patients had re-bleeding (5 patients with hemoptysis and 6 patients with minor hemosputa). Among them, 1 patient suffered from recurrent massive hemoptysis and died from airway obstruction within 1 month after BAE. In addition, 10 of these 11 (90.9%) patients experienced recurrent airway bleeding within 3 years after BAE. Recurrent cases of hemoptysis were seen in 6 of 22 patients (27.3%) within 3 years and no case recurred later than 3 years after BAE. A recurrence of hemoptysis was frequently seen in patients with either bronchiectasis or pulmonary-bronchial artery (P-B) shunt. Although BAE is an effective treatment for the immediate control of hemoptysis, 5 of the patients experienced recurrent bleeding in the long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to follow-up such patients until 3 years after initial BAE, especially when either ectatic changes of the bronchi on a CT scan or a P-B shunt on angiographic findings are detected.     

Results of surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma with 26 cases in six years: a single center experience

Surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma is reputed to be risky. We analyzed our results of the surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma. Between 2003 and 2009, 26 patients underwent thoracotomy for treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma in our center. Results were evaluated retrospectively. There were 5 female and 21 male patients, with a mean age of 44 ± 11.6 years (28-70). The patients were divided into two groups, group A (simple aspergilloma; n= 8) and group B (complex aspergilloma; n= 18). Major underlying diseases were tuberculosis (61.5%). The most common indication for operation was hemoptysis (57.6%). Of our patients, 23% were complaining of massive hemoptysis or recurrent hemoptysis. Other patients were complaining of mild symptoms and some of them were totally asymptomatic. We performed 15 (57.6%) lobectomies (3 with associated segmentectomies), 8 (30.6%) segmentectomies/wedge resections, 2 (7.6%) pneumonectomies, and 1 (3.8%) cavernoplasty. Postoperative complications occurred in 15 (57.6%) patients. Complications occurred in 72.2% patients of complex aspergilloma, whereas 25% occurred in simple aspergilloma (p= 0.03). Major complications included prolonged air leak, empyema, air space. One patient who underwent lobectomies for complex aspergilloma developed bronchopleural fistula and died of respiratory failure on the 20th postoperative day. Operative mortality was 3.8%. The average postoperative hospital stay was 12.9 days. The mean follow-up period was average 44 months. The actuarial survival at 3 years was 90% and 100% for complex aspergilloma and simple aspergilloma, respectively (p> 0.05). There was two recurrence of disease (8%). But no recurrence of hemoptysis. Low morbidity rate may have been due to the selection of patients with localized pulmonary disease in this study. Surgical resection of asymptomatic or symptomatic pulmonary aspergilloma is effective in preventing recurrence or massive hemoptysis for patients whose condition is fit for pulmonary resection with reasonable mortality, morbidity and survival rates.