Fructose-1,6-biphosphate in rat intestinal preconditioning: involvement of nitric oxide

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) by nitric oxide (NO) in intestinal preconditioning could modify the rate of formation of glycolytic intermediates. Fructose-1,6-biphosphate (F16BP) is a glycolytic intermediate that protects tissue from ischaemia/reperfusion injury. We evaluated if F16BP may be endogenously accumulated as a consequence of GAPDH inhibition by NO during intestinal preconditioning in rats. METHODS: We assessed: (1) effect of preconditioning on F16BP content; (2) effect of NO on GAPDH activity before and during sustained ischaemia; and (3) protective effect of F16BP in control, ischaemic, and preconditioned animals with or without administration of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), NO donor, or F16BP. RESULTS: Preconditioned rats showed a significant transient decrease in GAPDH activity and also maintained basal F16BP levels longer than ischaemic rats. L-NAME administration to preconditioned rats reversed these effects. F16BP administration to ischaemic rats decreased protein release in the perfusate. Administration of F16BP to L-NAME treated rats attenuated the harmful effect of L-NAME. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that F16BP may be endogenously accumulated in preconditioned rats as a consequence of inhibition of GAPDH by NO, and this may contribute to the protection observed in intestinal preconditioning.     

Effect of remote ischemic preconditioning on hepatic microcirculation and function in a rat model of hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury

Background:

Liver transplantation involves a period of ischemia and reperfusion to the graft which leads to primary non-function and dysfunction of the liver in 5–10% of cases. Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) has been shown to reduce ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) injury to the liver and increase hepatic blood flow. We hypothesized that RIPC may directly modulate hepatic microcirculation and have investigated this using intravital microscopy.

Methods:

A rat model of liver IRI was used with 45 min of partial hepatic ischemia (70%) followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Four groups of animals (Sham, IRI, RIPC+IRI, RIPC+Sham) were studied (n= 6, each group). Intravital microscopy was used to measure red blood cell (RBC) velocity, sinusoidal perfusion, sinusoidal flow and sinusoidal diameter. Neutrophil adhesion was assessed by rhodamine labeling of neutrophils and cell death using propidium iodide.

Results:

RIPC reduced the effects of IRI by significantly increasing red blood cell velocity, sinusoidal flow and sinusoidal perfusion along with decreased neutrophil adhesion and cell death.

Conclusions:

Using intravital microscopy, this study demonstrates that RIPC modulates hepatic microcirculation to reduce the effects of IRI. HO-1 may have a key role in the modulation of hepatic microcirculation and endothelial function.     

去甲肾上腺素预处理对大鼠供心热休克蛋白70、一氧化氮及一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的:探讨去甲肾上腺素预处理是否可诱导心肌热休克蛋白70(HSP70)的合成,并研究其对供心一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的影响,探讨去甲肾上腺素预处理心肌保护作用机制。方法:Wistar大鼠18只,分为2组:对照组(C,n=9),腹腔注射0.9%氧化钠注射液0.5 mL,24 h后取离体心脏灌注(Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarte,HTK)心脏保护液,4℃保存3 h后建立Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型,灌注(Krebs-Henseleit,K-H)液2 h;实验组(E,n=9)腹腔注射重酒石酸去甲肾上腺素(溶于0.9%氯化钠液中)3.1μmol/kg(0.53 mg/kg),腹腔注射24 h后取离体心脏,处理方法同C组。测定心肌HSP70、NO、NOS的含量以及相关生化指标并做统计学处理比较。结果:HSP70含量E组较C组明显增高(P<0.01),NO、NOS的含量E组较C组明显增多(P<0.01),生化指标E组明显优于C组。结论:去甲肾上腺素预处理能诱导供心心肌组织HSP70、NO、NOS高表达,其对供心具有明显的保护效应,并且其促进心肌NO、NOS的表达,这可能是去甲肾上腺素预处理发挥供心保护作用的机制之一。     

Influences of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide on hepatic fibrogenesis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study determined the roles of NAD(P)H oxidase, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), and of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which generates nitric oxide (NO) on the development of hepatic fibrosis in mice. METHODS: Hepatic fibrosis was produced by carbon tetrachloride administered for 12 weeks in wild-type (WT) mice and in mice with knockout of either the gp91phox subunit of the NAD(P)H complex (gp91phox-/-) or of iNOS (iNOS(-/-)). RESULTS: Liver fibrosis and hydroxyproline after carbon tetrachloride was lower in gp91phox-/- and in iNOS(-/-) mice than in WT mice. The increase in alpha2(I) collagen mRNA was absent in the gp91phox-/- but not in the iNOS(-/-) mice. Transformation growth factor beta (TGF-beta) mRNA was increased more in the gp91phox-/- than in the WT mice, while in the iNOS(-/-) mice there was no increase in TGF-beta mRNA. 3-Nitrotyrosine was similarly increased by carbon tetrachloride in gp91phox-/- and WT mice, while there was no increase in the iNOS(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS: Deficiencies in NAD(P)H oxidase and in iNOS separately reduce, but do not eliminate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Likely causes for this inhibitory effects are decreases in the production of ROS in NAD(P)H deficiency and of peroxinitrite radicals in iNOS deficiency.     

Melatonin abates liver ischemia/reperfusion injury by improving the balance between nitric oxide and endothelin

Introduction Melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine) is a naturally occurring hormone derived from the amino acid tryptophan andproduced mainly by the pineal gland (pinealocytes) in the brain as well as in the retina and gastrointestinal tract. Although the major role of melatonin is in the sleep-wake cycle through its circadian fluctuation, a large body of literature has recently demonstrated that melatonin also exerts complex physiological and pharmacological effects on multiple systems and…     

Uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase and oxidative stress in a rat model of pregnancy-induced hypertension

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia is a human pregnancy-associated syndrome associated with hypertension, proteinuria, and endothelial dysfunction. We tested whether increased reactive oxygen species (superoxide and peroxynitrite) production and decreased bioavailability of the endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) contributes to maternal endothelial dysfunction in rats with pregnancy-induced hypertension and several characteristics of preeclampsia. METHODS: Nonpregnant (DS) and pregnant (PDS) rats were treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate and 0.9% saline for approximately 3 weeks and nonpregnant (Con) and pregnant (P) rats received tap water. Blood pressure, urinary protein levels, mesenteric vascular reactivity, aortic protein expression, and aortic reactive oxygen species levels were compared between the four groups. RESULTS: The PDS rats had significantly decreased mesenteric endothelium-dependent relaxation responses and aortic NO production compared to Con, DS, and P rats despite increased aortic eNOS expression. Aortic superoxide and peroxynitrite levels were increased in PDS rats compared with Con, DS, and P rats. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species or increasing tetrahydrobiopterin levels normalized mesenteric endothelium-dependent relaxation responses, aortic NO production, and aortic superoxide and peroxynitrite levels in PDS rats. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that increased superoxide production by NADPH oxidase, peroxynitrite degradation of BH4, and uncoupled eNOS contribute to endothelial dysfunction in a rat model of pregnancy-induced hypertension.     

脂多糖对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞分泌一氧化氮和氧化应激的影响

目的探讨细菌内毒素脂多糖（LPS）对SD大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞产生一氧化氮（NO）和氧化应激的影响。方法采用支气管肺泡灌洗和细胞差速贴壁的方法分离大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞（AM）,分别测定AM培养上清液NO含量、一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。结果在5,10,20,50mg/LLPS分别干预下,大鼠AM培养上清液NO含量、NOS活性和MDA含量均显著升高,SOD活性显著降低,并且具有浓度依赖性。结论LPS促进大鼠AM分泌NO,并诱导AM脂质过氧化损伤,这可能是内毒素诱发肺部炎症反应不易控制和急性肺损伤的机制之一。     

缺血预处理抑制减体积肝移植大鼠早期肝细胞凋亡的研究

目的探讨缺血预处理（IPC）对减体积肝移植大鼠再灌注损伤早期细胞凋亡的影响。方法建立50%减体积大鼠肝移植模型,将72只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为两组：对照组和IPC组,检测术后2、6、24 h血清丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）水平变化及组织病理学变化;TUNEL法检测术后24 h肝细胞凋亡指数;免疫组织化学检测bcl-2和caspase-3蛋白表达。结果与对照组比较,IPC组术后6、24 h ALT水平下降,术后24 h肝损伤减轻,肝细胞凋亡指数、caspase-3表达均下降,而抗凋亡蛋白bcl-2表达增加（P均〈0.01）。结论 IPC明显减轻减体积肝移植术后再灌注损伤,其机制与通过上调bcl-2、下调caspase-3蛋白表达,从而抑制肝脏细胞凋亡相关。     

Role of endogenous nitric oxide in ischaemia-reperfusion injury of rat gastric mucosa

It has been suggested that endogenous nitric oxide may act as a protective factor for gastric mucosa since nitric oxide increases blood flow and may scavenge certain oxyradicals. We tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide protects rat gastric mucosa against ischaemia-reperfusion stress. Gastric ischaemia was induced by clamping the left gastric artery for 20 min. Rats were treated with two kinds of specific inhibitors of nitric oxide production, N ^G-nitro-L-arginine or N ^G-monomethyl-L-arginine. Gastric mucosal integrity was continuously monitored by measuring the blood-to-lumen clearance of [⁵¹chromium]-labelled ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) under control conditions, during ischaemia and after reperfusion. Oxidative stress in gastric mucosa was assessed by measuring dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence intensity before ischaemia and after reperfusion. Blockade of nitric oxide resulted in a significant increase in [⁵¹Cr]-EDTA clearance and DCF fluorescence intensity after reperfusion. These effects of nitric oxide inhibitors were attenuated by pretreatment with L-arginine. In conclusion, these findings support the hypothesis that endogenous nitric oxide acts as an important protective factor against ischaemia-reperfusion stress in rat gastric mucosa.     

Protective effects of ischemic preconditioning and application of lipoic acid prior to 90 min of hepatic ischemia in a rat model

AIM： To compare different preconditioning strategies to protect the liver from ischemia/reperfusion injury focusing on the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Interventions comprised different modes of ischemic preconditioning （IP） as well as pharmacologic pretreatment by α-lipoic acid （LA）.
METHODS： Several groups of rats were compared： sham operated animals, non-pretreated animals （nt）, animals receiving IP （10 rain of ischemia by clamping of the portal triad and 10 min of reperfusion） prior to sustained ischemia, animals receiving selective ischemic preconditioning （IPsel, 10 min of ischemia by selective clamping of the ischemic lobe and 10 rain of reperfusion） prior to sustained ichemia, and animals receiving 500 1μmol α-LA injected i.v. 15 min prior to the induction of 90 min of selective ischemia.
RESULTS： Cellular damage was decreased only in the LA group. TUNEL-positive hepatocytes as well as necrotic hepatocyte injury were also decreased only by LA（19 ± 2 vs 10 ± 1, P〈 0.05 and 29 ± 5 vs 12 ± 1, P 〈 0.05）. Whereas caspase 3- activities in liver tissue were unchanged, caspase 9- activity in liver tissue was decreased only by LA pretreatment （3.1 ± 0.3 vs 1.8 ± 0.2, P 〈 0.05）. Survival rate as the endpoint of liver function was increased after IP and LA pretreatment but not after IPsel. Levels of lipid peroxidation （LPO） in liver tissue were decreased in the IP as well as in the LA group compared to the nt group. Determination of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins showed a shift towards anti-apoptotic proteins by LA. In contrast, both our IP strategies failed to influence apototic cell death.
CONCLUSION： IP, consisting of 10 min of ischemia and 10 min of reperfusion, ischemia/reperfusion injury protects only partly against of the liver prior to 90 min of selective ischemia. IPsel did not influence ischemic tolerance of the liver. LA improved tolerance to ischemia, possibly by downregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax.     

预处理对肝脏再灌注损伤大鼠肝组织、血液中NO和ET的影响及意义

目的　探讨预处理对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤大鼠肝组织和血液中一氧化氮 (NO)和内皮素 (ET)含量的影响及意义。方法　建立肝脏 70 %缺血再灌注损伤大鼠模型 ,分为对照组、缺血组、缺血预处理组、L -精氨酸组(L - arg)、Nω-硝基 - N -精氨酸甲酯 (L - NAME)组 ,观察各组肝功能变化 ,检测肝组织和血清中 NO和 ET及透明质酸 (HA)水平。结果　预处理可减轻 NO水平的下降和血浆 ET的升高 ,防止肝功酶的升高 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　预处理可诱导缺血再灌注损伤大鼠 NO产生增加、ET产生减少 ,进而改善其微循环 ,减少再灌注损伤。     

外源性Apelin-13对大鼠阿霉素心力衰竭模型的影响与一氧化氮途径的关系

目的研究Apelin 13对大鼠阿霉素心力衰竭的影响与NO途径的关系。方法 SD大鼠70只,随机取10只作为对照组,其余60只采用阿霉素8次隔日腹腔注射法制备大鼠心力衰竭模型。17～20 d将造模成功的55只大鼠随机分为模型组21只,Apelin-13组16只,Apelin-13十一氧化氮合酶抑制剂组(联合组)18只;Apelin-13组给予Apelin 13,联合组预先给予LNAME.然后给予Apelin-13,2组对应的药物连续尾静脉注射1周,对照组给予同等剂量的生理盐水。1周后,左心室插管法测心功能,ELISA法测血浆B型钠尿肽(BNP)、NO浓度;HE染色法观察心脏、肺脏、肝脏的病理学变化,VG染色法观察胶原纤维变化,并计算胶原容积分数(CVF)。结果模型组死亡11只,Apelin-1 3组死亡6只,联合组死亡8只,死亡率分别为52.38%、37.50%、44.44%。与对照组比较,其余3组左心室压力最大上升和下降速率均下降,模型组下降最明显,治疗组下降不明显(P<0.05);与对照组比较,其余3组BNP、NO、CVF均升高,模型组升高最明显,治疗组升高不明显(P<0.05)。结论 Apelin-13对阿霉素心力衰竭有一定的治疗作用,一氧化氮合酶抑制剂部分抵消Apelin-13的治疗作用,可能通过NO途径发挥作用。     

肝癌组织中一氧化氮合酶及其基因表达的研究

目的研究肝癌组织中一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)及其基因表达与肝癌发生发展的关系。方法用免疫组化和原位杂交的方法对21例肝癌及癌旁组织中的诱导型一氯化氮合酶(iNOS)及其基因表达进行原位检测和观察。结果:NOS 阳性反应物质呈黄色或棕黄色,位于细胞浆中。非癌殖织(肉眼观距癌组织边缘>1.5)多呈阴性或弥漫弱阳性,但部分非癌组织中可见 iNOS 呈阳性的细胞呈点状分布;癌旁组织多呈阳性,提示 iNOS 表达与肝组织癌变有关。癌组织核心多呈阴性或弥漫弱阳性,但分化中和差的癌组织核心也分别有一例 NOS 呈强阳性;周边癌组织呈局灶阳性,侵入纤维组织中的弥敢癌细胞星强阳性,提示 NOS 的表达与肝癌组织的侵润能力有关。肝癌组织 iNOSmRNA 阳性细胞的分布与 iN-OS 蛋白的表达基本相似。结论 iNOS 蛋白及其基因表达与肝组织癌变及肝癌侵润能力有关。     

糖尿病大鼠在心肌缺血及二氮嗪预处理中一氧化氮信号通路表达受抑的研究

目的:探讨糖尿病对心肌缺血预处理(IPC)及二氮嗪预处理(DPC)效果的影响及其机制。方法:取糖尿病及非糖尿病SD大鼠各40只,建立离体心脏Langendorff灌注模型,各分为5组(每组8只):①对照组(Con组):仅行全心灌流120min,不做其他处理;②缺血再灌注组(I/R组):心脏平衡灌流30min,缺血30min,再灌注60min;③IPC组:缺血30min前,心脏平衡灌流10min,2次缺血5min,再灌注5min后,余同I/R组;④DPC组:心脏依次平衡灌流10 min,重复2次灌注含二氮嗪(浓度为100μmol/L)的K-H液5min,间隔灌注K-H液5min,余同I/R组;⑤二甲基亚砜组(DMSO组):用DMSO取代二氮嗪,过程与DPC组处理相同。比较各组冠状动脉流出液中肌酸激酶(CK)、心肌组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)、NO、一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)含量的变化。电镜对心肌线粒体行Flameng评分。结果:①灌流液CK含量:缺血前各组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。再灌注后CK含量比较(与I/R比较):非糖尿病大鼠的IPC组和DPC组明显降低(P0.01);而糖尿病大鼠的IPC组和DPC组无明显降低,(与I/R组比较)差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。②心肌MDA含量:非糖尿病大鼠的IPC组和DPC组含量明显比I/R组降低(P0.01),而糖尿病大鼠的各组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。心肌SOD含量:非糖尿病大鼠的IPC组和DPC组明显高于I/R组(P0.01),而糖尿病大鼠的各组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。③心肌cGMP、NO、NOS含量的变化:非糖尿病大鼠的IPC组及DPC组与I/R组比较明显增加(P0.01);而糖尿病大鼠的组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。④心肌线粒体Flameng评分:糖尿病大鼠各组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:IPC及DPC对非糖尿病大鼠心肌有明显的保护作用,能正调NO、cGMP及NOS的表达。而糖尿病可抑制IPC及DPC的心肌保护作用,其机制可能与糖尿病大鼠心肌NO信号通路表达受抑制有关。     

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy reduces the severity of ischaemia, preservation and reperfusion injury in a rat model of liver transplantation

Background

Approaches to increase organ availability for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) often result in the procurement of marginal livers that are more susceptible to ischaemia, preservation and reperfusion injury (IPRI).

Methods

The effects of post-OLT hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy on IPRI in a syngeneic rat OLT model were examined at various time-points. The effects of IPRI and HBO on hepatocyte necrosis, apoptosis, proliferation, and sinusoidal morphology and ultrastructure were assessed.

Results

Post-OLT HBO therapy significantly reduced the severity of IPRI; both apoptosis [at 12 h: 6.4 ± 0.4% in controls vs. 1.6 ± 0.7% in the HBO treatment group (p < 0.001); at 48 h: 2.4 ± 0.2% in controls vs. 0.4 ± 0.1% in the HBO treatment group (p < 0.001)] and necrosis [at 12 h: 18.7 ± 1.8% in controls vs. 2.4 ± 0.4% in the HBO treatment group (p < 0.001); at 48 h: 8.5 ± 1.3% in controls vs. 3.4 ± 0.9% in the HBO treatment group (P = 0.019)] were decreased. Serum alanine transaminase was reduced [at 12 h: 1068 ± 920 IU/l in controls vs. 370 ± 63 IU/l in the HBO treatment group (P = 0.030); at 48 h: 573 ± 261 IU/l in controls vs. 160 ± 10 IU/l in the HBO treatment group (P = 0.029)]. Treatment with HBO also promoted liver regeneration [proliferation at 12 h: 4.5 ± 0.1% in controls vs. 1.0 ± 0.3% in the HBO treatment group (p < 0.001); at 48 h: 8.6 ± 0.7% in controls vs. 2.9 ± 0.2% in the HBO treatment group (p < 0.01)] and improved sinusoidal diameter and microvascular density index.

Conclusions

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has persistent positive effects post-OLT that may potentially transfer into clinical practice.     

Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor to esophagus in a feline esophagitis model

The present study explores the effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on esophageal motility in a feline model with esophagitis. Perfusion of the esophagus with acid produced inflammatory changes of esophageal mucosa. The esophageal motility was measured before and after the perfusion. One group of cats was given nitric oxide inhibitor orally at the same time as the perfusion of acid. The control group was given water instead. Esophagitis impairs the motility of the esophagus. However, the esophageal motility of the cats that were given nitric oxide synthase inhibitor decreased less than that of the control group. The results suggested that during esophagitis there is an alteration of the nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide pathway in the esophagus, which may be one of the important mechanisms of esophageal motility dysfunction.     

The plasma level of nitric oxide and the expression of inducible nitric oxidesynthase in human hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM To study the relationship between nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and humanhepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).METHODS Plsama NO2-/NO3- was measured by Griess reaction in 122 patients with chronic hepatitis(CH) and compensated liver cirrhosis (LC), among which 62 patients were complicated with HCC(CH = 28, LC = 34), and the rest 60 patients were not (CH = 29, LC = 31). Thirty healthy persons served asnormal controls (NC). There were no prominent differences among the groups in sex, age and the ratio ofCH to LC. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in HCC (n = 40), CH (n = 30) and LC(n = 30) samples obtained from liver biopsy or operation was compared with that in normal liver tissues byusing immunohistochemistry. Ten normal liver tissue samples obtained from liver operation served as normalcontrols. The samples were fixed in formalin and embeded in paraffin. Anti-iNOS antibody (Santacruzcompany) was served as antibody-Ⅰ in immunohistochemical assay of iNOS in tissue.RESULTS Plasma NO2-/NO3- level in normal was 11.5 μmol/L±4.2μmol/L. The plasma level ofNO2 /NO3- in CH (58.6±17.4 μmol/L) and LC (38.7±10.6μmol/L) accompanied with HCC wasnotably higher than in those patients without HCC (CH: 24.8±9.4 μmol/L; LC: 22.3±8.7μmol/L,t=2.901, 2.756, P<0.01). Plasma NO2-/NO3- level in HCC accompanied with CH was significantlyhigher than in those accompanied with LC ( t = 2.216, P<0.05). Positive rate of iNOS in HCC, CH and LCwas 95%, 93% and 57% respectively. iNOS was not expressed in normal liver tissues. The expression level ofiNOS in HCC (χ2=17.4, P<0.001) and CH (χ2=11.64, P<0.025) was much higher than in LC.CONCLUSION Plasma NO2 / NO3- level significantly increased in patients with HCC and theimmunohistochemical staining of iNOS was positive. This suggests that the liver secrets NO in the higherlevel may participate in the carcinogenesis and progression of HCC.     

乌司他丁联合缺血预处理对大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的探讨乌司他丁(UTI)预处理和缺血预处理(IPC)联合应用对大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤的影响及可能的作用机制。方法选择雄性SD大鼠50只,随机分为5组,分别为对照(sham)组、缺血再灌注(IR)组、IPC组、UTI组、UTI联合缺血预处理(UCI)组。术后采集下腔静脉血并取肝组织标本,检测血清AST、ALT、TNFɑ,肝组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、NF-κB、肝组织湿干比(W/D)及光镜观察肝组织病理形态学变化。计量资料组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验。结果所检测的血清ALT、AST、TNFα水平和肝组织MPO、NF-κB、W/D值,IR组、IPC组、UTI组、UCI组均明显高于sham组(P值均<0.05),而IPC组、UTI组、UCI组均明显低于IR组(P值均<0.05),UTI组明显低于IPC组(P值均<0.05),UCI组明显低于IPC组、UTI组(P值均<0.05)。肝脏病理学检查示IR组、IPC组、UTI组、UCI组与sham组比较,肝组织损伤明显(P值均<0.05),而IPC组、UTI组、UCI组均比IR组肝组织损伤程度轻(P值均<0.05),UTI组肝组织损伤轻于IPC组(P值均<0.05),UCI组肝组织损伤轻于IPC组、UTI组(P值均<0.05)。结论 UTI和UCI对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤均有保护作用,二者联合应用时,明显增强了对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护效应。其发生机制可能与抑制了NF-κB表达,减少TNFɑ、MPO的释放,减轻了肝脏的炎症反应有关。