9种灭蟑毒饵对美洲大蠊的诱杀效果研究

目的测定9种不同种类的灭蟑毒饵的不同浓度对美洲大蠊的实验室杀灭效果。方法采用GB/T13917.7-2009方法进行实验室试验,9种原药分别为茚虫威、氟蚁腙、氟虫腈、除虫脲、氟虫脲、乙酰甲胺磷、吡虫啉、硼酸、灭幼脲,每种毒饵原药含量设定为0.1%、0.5%、1%3个浓度梯度,测定结果统计标准按死亡为统计,针刺击倒虫体有反应不记在死亡率范围内。结果吡虫啉、硼酸、灭幼脲3种不同浓度的灭杀效果较差,0.1%、0.5%和1%氟虫腈对美洲大蠊成虫和若虫(IV~VI龄)灭杀效果最好,0.1%氟虫腈毒饵对美洲大蠊成虫的LT503 d,LT704 d,LT905 d,0.5%氟虫腈毒饵对美洲大蠊成虫的LT503 d,LT704 d,LT905d,1%氟虫腈毒饵对美洲大蠊成虫的LT502 d,LT703 d,LT904 d;0.1%氟虫腈毒饵对美洲大蠊若虫的LT503 d,LT704 d,LT905 d,0.5%氟虫腈毒饵对美洲大蠊若虫的LT502 d,LT703 d,LT905 d,1%氟虫腈毒饵对美洲大蠊若虫的LT502 d,LT703 d,LT904 d。结论通过筛选不同种原药及浓度梯度对比试验,得出氟虫腈对美洲大蠊灭杀效果最好。     

德国小蠊粪便提取液对其自身的引诱作用

目的测定不同龄期和性别德国小蠊粪便的乙醇提取液对其自身的引诱效果,为德国小蠊的化学防治提供更有效的指导。方法采用有机溶剂浸泡德国小蠊粪便,得到粪便提取液,用四臂嗅觉仪测定引诱效果。结果低龄若虫粪便的乙醇提取液对低龄若虫、高龄若虫、雄成虫、雌成虫的引诱效果均为最好,诱集率分别为39.72%、40.56%、38.33%和34.17%;其次是高龄若虫粪便提取液,诱集率分别为30.56%、30.56%、27.22%和26.11%;雌雄成虫粪便乙醇提取液引诱效果最差,但雄成虫粪便提取液对雌成虫的引诱率达22.22%,雌成虫粪便提取液对雄成虫的引诱率达24.72%,均高于若虫和同性成虫粪便提取液的引诱效果。在毒饵中分别加入一定量的低龄若虫或高龄若虫粪便的乙醇提取液时,其诱杀活性明显提高,其中溴氰菊酯毒饵24h诱杀率由26.00%分别提高到54.00%和48.00%,辛硫磷毒饵24h诱杀率由20.00%分别提高到48.00%和40.00%。结论低龄若虫粪便提取液对不同龄期若虫和雌雄成虫均有较好的引诱效果,不同性别的粪便乙醇提取液对异性引诱效果较好。低龄若虫和高龄若虫的粪便乙醇提取液与毒饵混合后,均有较好的诱杀效果。     

美洲大蠊各虫态粪便提取物的聚集活性研究

目的研究美洲大蠊各虫态粪便的诱集活性,为简单有效地提取聚集信息素并应用于美洲大蠊的防治提供线索。方法用丙酮和乙醇混合溶剂分别提取美洲大蠊雌虫、雄虫及老熟幼虫粪便,测定提取物对美洲大蠊各虫态的诱集活性,数据采用SAS8．0软件进行分析。结果3种虫态粪便提取物对美洲大蠊各虫态都具有明显的诱集作用,其中老熟幼虫粪便提取物对老熟幼虫的引诱效果最好,引诱率达到59％;雄虫粪便提取物对老熟幼虫的引诱活性最高,引诱率为41％;雌虫粪便提取物对雄虫的引诱活性最好,引诱率也可以达到42％,且各种提取物对美洲大蠊老熟幼虫都有较高的聚集活性。结论美洲大蠊各虫态粪便中含有聚集信息素,且活性各不相同,可以进一步研究应用于美洲大蠊的防治。     

营养对德国小蠊寿命、生长发育及繁殖力影响

目的研究不同营养条件对德国小蠊若虫和成虫寿命、发育及繁殖力的影响,进一步的了解其生物学特性。方法将德国小蠊试虫在不同的水和食物营养条件下进行实验室饲养,记录试虫存活时间、发育及繁殖状况,绘制存活曲线,同正常饲养试虫进行比较。结果在无水无食、无水有食、有水无食3种饲养条件下德国小蠊若虫的平均寿命分别为8.667,8.634,41.623 d,并且生长发育缓慢;成虫的平均寿命分别为9.750,10.485,48.357 d;部分雌性成虫可以继续繁殖,但卵的孵化率低。结论德国小蠊耐饥饿能力强,水是德国小蠊生存的必要条件;食物是影响德国小蠊生长发育、繁殖和寿命的重要因子。     

辛伐他汀抑制德国小蠊实验室种群发展的实验研究

目的证实他汀类药物对德困小蠊种群的影响。方法分别用0．001％辛伐他汀面饼和常规饲料饲喂德国小蠊,饲养不同时间后观察其种群中各虫态的数量及构成变化。结果用0．001％辛伐他汀面饼饲喂试验组德国小蠊2、4、6和8个月后,其带鞘成虫数逐渐减少,相应的雌雄成虫数也逐渐减少。饲喂4个月后,试验组德国小蠊的若虫数为其在2个月时的2倍,但6个月后若虫数急剧下降,至8个月其雌虫数、带鞘成虫数均为0,雄性成虫数和若虫数分别为2只和15只。对照组正常饲养2个月和6个月后,带鞘成虫数高于最初投放数,但饲养4个月后,带鞘成虫总数略低于初始投放总数,8个月后基本与最初投放数持平。随着带鞘成虫数减少,雌雄成虫数逐渐减少,若虫数与实验组相似4个月时最高,以后逐渐减少,至8个月时尚有雌雄成虫数8只和12只,带鞘成虫数5只,若虫78只.结论0．001％辛伐他汀8个月能够使德国小蠊种群失去恢复能力。     

3种物质不同配比对美洲大蠊若虫生长的影响

目的筛选美洲大蠊若虫饲料的优化配方。方法采用L（934）设计方法,研究小麦粉、奶粉、干酵母粉3种物质不同配比对美洲大蠊若虫生长发育的影响。结果实验结果表明,若虫饲养120d后,取食配方S5的若虫体长增量（19.21mm/只）、日取食量（25.94mg/只）、体重（532.5mg/只）及若虫对饲料的利用率（96.69%）均高于取食其他配方饲料的若虫。结论美洲大蠊若虫最佳的饲料配方为小麦粉：奶粉：干酵母粉=2：4：1。干酵母粉是美洲大蠊若虫体长增量的关键因子,有利于若虫的生长。     

漳州口岸室内蜚蠊种类及季节消长调查报告

本文小结了1993年1～12月在漳州口岩市区室内蜚蠊种类及季节消长调查,采集了879只成虫隶属于二个科、二个属、五种。美洲大蠊、褐斑大蠊、澳洲大蠊为市区优势种;但不同场所其优势种排列不一,宾馆以褐班大蠊、美洲大蠊为主。饮食店里美洲大蠊占绝对优势,居民点为褐斑大蠊和澳洲大蠊。蜚蠊终年活动,成虫高峰在6～7月,呈单峰型,若虫高峰在6月、9～10月,呈双峰型。     

六组昆虫抗菌肽的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳

目的分析家蝇成虫、幼虫和蛹,淡色库蚊、美洲大蠊、德国小蠊6组昆虫的抗菌肽成分。方法通过针刺感染大肠杆菌诱导各种昆虫及各虫态产生抗菌肽,再经研磨、离心等步骤提取这些抗菌肽,用改进的聚丙烯凝胶电泳分析其组成。结果淡色库蚊成虫(5条带)、家蝇蛹(4条带)、家蝇成虫(5条带)、家蝇幼虫(7条带)、美洲大蠊和德国小蠊(各3条带)。结论家蝇幼虫的抗菌肽种类较多,可能与其抗菌、抗肿瘤效果有关。     

不同龄期和性别德国小蠊羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶活性研究

目的研究德国小蠊羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶在1、3、5龄若虫、雌雄成虫间的活性变化规律。方法采用分光光度计离体测定酶的活性,应用DPS软件进行统计分析。结果对于羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶,1龄若虫的活性最高,其活性分别为（0．3741±0．0077）μmol／（mg pro·min）和（61．7586±9．2400）nmol/（mg pro·min）。对于若虫,随着龄期的增加,其活性逐渐降低,差异有统计学意义;对于成虫,雄成虫羧酸酯酶活性大于雌成虫,差异也有统计学意义,但对于乙酰胆碱酯酶,差异无统计学意义。而谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的活性在不同龄期及雌雄成虫之间差异不明显。结论德国小蠊1、3、5龄若虫、雌雄成虫体内羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶活性在不同龄期之间差异显著,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶在各个龄期及雌雄成虫之间几乎没有差异。     

德国小蠊谷胱甘肽S-转移酶在不同发育阶段活性变化及其在野外种群中的水平

目的研究谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）在德国小蠊不同发育阶段（若虫到成虫）与北京地区不同野外种群中的活性水平。方法分别采用分光光度法与药膜法测定德国小蠊GSTs活性与其抗性水平。结果德国小蠊GSTs比活力在若虫期随龄期增加而逐渐升高,在4周龄达到最高;随后逐渐降低,在羽化时酶活力降至最低,在成虫期略有升高。德国小蠊敏感品系成虫GSTs比活力为2.70 nmol（/min.mg）,Km值与Vmax分别为2.26 mmol/L和0.33 nmol（/min.mg）;9个区（县）野外种群GSTs比活力为2.76～8.69 nmol（/min.mg）,Km值和Vmax分别为0.65～2.37 mmol/L和0.33～0.54 nmol（/min.mg）。与敏感品系比较,野外种群成虫GSTs比活力和Vmax均较高,Km值较低,且对2种常用杀虫剂表现出不同程度的抗性（对高效氯氰菊酯为1.50～8.37倍;对残杀威为1.04～3.34倍）。结论 GSTs活性随德国小蠊发育阶段不同（若虫到成虫）而变化,并可能参与德国小蠊野外种群的抗性形成。     

黑胸大蠊的生物学研究

１９９１～１９９２年在实验室条件下，对黑胸大蠊生物学进行了系统研究。黑胸大蠊完成一个世代需３２４．９３天。成虫于４月下旬开始羽化，至８月下旬结束，高峰是５月下旬（♂）和７月上旬（♀）。雌成虫于５月中旬开始产卵，至翌年１月下旬结束，高峰是７月下旬，产卵前期１５．１±０．７４天，产卵期１５５．３±１２．９天，产卵后期２９．３±８．４天。每头雌成出产卵鞘２７．６７±２．１７个。产卵间隔时间６．７５±０．６８天，成虫寿命２０２．３±１６．４５天。卵鞘历期４６．０３±１．６８天。每个卵鞘含卵２０．５１±０．９７粒。若虫有８～９个龄期，经７～８次蜕皮后变为成虫。大部分（８５．７１％）雄性若虫经７次蜕皮变为成虫，大部分（７５．００％）雌性若虫经８次蜕皮变为成虫，若虫历期２６３．８天。     

Effect of fenvalerate-20EC on sericigenous insects. II. Digestive enzymes in the nutritive physiology of silkworm,Bombyx mori L

Changes in the activities of a few digestive enzymes after fenvalerate-20EC treatment were studied during the late stages of multivoltine and bivoltine silkworms, Bombyx mori. Insecticide treatment induced a reduction in the activity of such enzymes as amylase, sucrase, and protease, whereas the trehalase activity was enhanced when the midgut was used as the source of enzyme. The changes recorded in the activity of these enzymes indicated probable adverse effects of fenvalerate on silkworm metabolism through interference with the functional abilities of digestive enzymes.     

Haemaphysalis flava ticks as a competent vector of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), a tick-borne Bunyavirus, causes an emerging hemorrhagic fever in humans with a high fatality in Asia. The tick vectors and hosts of SFTSV are not well studied. We evaluated SFTSV transmission in laboratory reared Haemaphysalis flava ticks. RT-PCR demonstrated that after acquisition feeding in SFTSV-infected rabbits, 10 % (4/40) engorged larvae, 25% (5/20) engorged nymphs, and 50% (5/10) engorged females of H. flava became SFTSV RNA positive; after engorged larvae and nymphs molted into nymphs and adults, respectively, 12.5% (3/24) newly molted nymphs and 20% (2/10) newly molted adults were SFTSV RNA positive. Among 30 engorged females that oviposited, 10% (3/30) clutches of eggs and 3.3% (1/30) colonies of larvae were RNA positive for SFTSV. RT-PCR also showed that 6 days after being infested with SFTSV-infected ticks, 100% (3/3) rabbits infested with larvae, 100% (2/2) rabbits infested with nymphs, and 100% (2/2) rabbits infested with adult ticks became SFTSV RNA positive. In conclusion, H. flava can acquire SFTSV from infected rabbits by feeding; there is transstadial and transovarial transmission of the virus and all three stages of H. flava can transmit SFTSV to rabbits by feeding. Thus, H. flava tick is an effective vector of SFTSV and may play a role in the transmission of SFTSV in wild animals and humans.     

臀突客蚤的生活史及其叮吸人血试验

目的 观察新疆大沙鼠鼠疫媒介蚤臀突客蚤(Xenopsylla minax Jordan,1926)在实验室饲养条件下的生活史周期及该蚤是否能吸食人血.方法 将采自新疆托里县玛依勒山谷地大沙鼠体的臀突客蚤养于小白鼠体.采用普通基础法和3龄成熟幼虫及蛹在平皿中培养2种方法,在18～24℃,70%～90%RH条件下饲养观察.用羽化1～3 d的空腹子1代成虫在4人前臂及脚踝皮肤上做叮人吸血试验.结果 卵期10～11 d,幼虫期18～19 d,蛹期10～12 d,孕卵期2～3 d.从成虫产卵到子1代成虫产卵共经历40～45 d.34匹受试蚤(15♂♂,19♀♀)中有18♀♀吸人血,15♂♂和1♀不吸人血.结论 臀突客蚤在上述实验室条件下完成一个生活史周期历经40～45 d.子1代雌性成虫几乎均能吸食人血,而雄性则未见吸食人血.     

Effects of manganese deficiency and dietary composition on rat pancreatic enzyme content

Recent studies show that manganese (Mn) deficiency increases pancreatic amylase content. Pancreatic adaptation to dietary composition also alters enzyme content. The present study investigated whether Mn deficiency alters pancreatic adaptation to diet. Weanling rats that were fed for 6 wk a high carbohydrate (HC) diet with less than 1 mg Mn/kg diet (Mn deficient) or 40 mg Mn/kg diet (control) were divided into three control and deficient dietary subgroups: 1) HC, 2) high protein (HP) or 3) high fat (HF). Rats were then fed these diets for 10 d. Body weights and food consumption were comparable among the groups. Pancreatic and hepatic Mn contents were significantly lower in Mn-deficient rats than in respective controls. Digestive enzymes adapted to diet in both control and Mn-deficient rats with the greatest amylase, lipase and trypsin activities in HC, HF and HP rats, respectively. Mn deficiency resulted in significantly greater amylase activity in HC and HP groups and lipase activity in only the HF group than in respective controls. These data suggest that Mn participates in the regulation of pancreatic amylase content and in the adaptive response of pancreatic lipase to dietary fat.     

Thermal fog efficacy tests against mosquitoes in storm drains in Harris County, Texas 2008-09

In 2008 and 2009, our current thermal fogging methods and materials were evaluated in underground systems against feral and laboratory strains of adult Culex quinquefasciatus. Culex quinquefasciatus adults collected from storm drain systems the night before treatment were tested concurrently with adults from a susceptible laboratory strain (Sebring) in 10 separate tests. During 2008, there were no significant differences in the low mean percent control obtained between any of the feral populations (29.39%) and susceptible (Sebring) populations (56.04%) tested, whereas in 2009, application of mineral oil alone yielded extremely low, but significantly different mean percent control at 0.99% for ferals and 0.01% for Sebrings. During 2009 mineral oil evaluations, 45,677 droplets were collected in storm drains at distances of 99.1, 50.6, 57.9, 67.7, and 109.7 m from the application site, with 99% of the droplets below 3 microm in diam; additionally, we found no significant differences between mean percent control of Sebring and feral mosquito populations using the higher (3.2x) 1:10 application rate of Pyrocide. However, mean percent control between the feral and susceptible strain (Sebring) during 2009 was lower than in 2008 at 16.55% for ferals and 24.43% in Sebrings. Results indicated that control methodologies and/or chemicals used were ineffective at controlling Cx. quinquefasciatus in storm drains using the chosen experimental design. Based upon this information, thermal fog operations were discontinued due to lack of effectiveness.     

Pancreatic enzyme activity in obese and lean Zucker rats: a developmental study

Exocrine pancreatic enzyme activities were measured in female, obese and lean Zucker rats at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months of age. When expressed per 100 g body weight, food intake, pancreatic weight, and activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin and lipase were highest at 1 month and showed a similar decline with age in both obese and lean rats. In contrast, amylase activity declined only in the obese and remained elevated in the lean. Expressed per milligram pancreas, amylase activity was lower in the obese after 3 months, trypsin was elevated in the obese at 6 and 12 months, lipase was lower at 1 month and elevated at 6 months, whereas chymotrypsin did not differ. Hyperinsulinemia was present in obese rats at all ages, and yet amylase levels were reduced. The inability of insulin to elevate amylase activity in obese animals may be a reflection of the insulin resistance of these animals.     

Effects of camostat, a synthetic protease inhibitor, on endocrine and exocrine pancreas of the rat

The effects of chronic oral treatment of rats with 400 mg/kg body weight camostat, a synthetic protease inhibitor, on weight gain and both pancreatic exocrine and endocrine secretion were studied and compared with pair-fed controls. Administration of camostat was found to result in a lower weight gain than in untreated rats fed ad libitum because of reduced food intake. The pancreas of treated rats showed hypertrophy and hyperplasia with significantly higher total contents of amylase, lipase, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen than that of pair-fed controls. The specific activity of lipase, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen remained unchanged but the specific activity of amylase was significantly lower than in pair-fed controls. Stimulation of pancreatic enzymes with CCK 8 in treated rats resulted in a greater output of proteases, no difference in secretion of lipase and a lower secretion of amylase than in pair-fed rats. Glucose-dependent insulin secretion was also significantly lower in camostat-treated rats than in controls. This effect could be reversed by gastric inhibitory polypeptide. After termination of treatment with camostat all enzymes were normalized within 14 d. Our results on the hypertrophied pancreas of rats suggest preferential synthesis and secretion of protease at the expense of amylase and diminished sensitivity of insulin to stimulation by glucose. All effects of camostat on the pancreas were reversible.     

Long-term adaptation of pancreatic response by dogs to dietary fats of different degrees of saturation: olive and sunflower oil.

Mongrel dogs were fed, from weaning to 9 months of age, on one of two diets that differed only in the type of fat content (virgin olive oil or sunflower oil) to compare the composition of exocrine pancreatic secretion in the basal period and in response to food. In resting pancreatic flow, electrolytes and the specific activities of amylase, lipase and chymotrypsin were similar in both experimental groups. However, lipase and amylase outputs, and amylase and protein concentrations were significantly higher in the group fed on the diet rich in sunflower oil. Food intake was not followed by any change in flow-rate or electrolyte or protein content in the group given the diet rich in olive oil. Amylase activity and output were also lower in this group, as was lipase output, whereas activity and specific activity of chymotrypsin were lower in dogs fed on the diet containing sunflower oil. The differences traceable to the composition of the two types of dietary fat supplied may be related to the balance between factors that stimulate and inhibit pancreatic secretion.