肾络通对系膜增生性肾炎大鼠肾小球Col-Ⅳ、FN表达的影响

目的 观察化瘀通络中药肾络通对系膜增生性肾炎(MsPGN)大鼠肾小球系膜基质中Ⅳ型胶原(Col-Ⅳ)、纤维连接蛋白(FN)表达的影响.方法 40只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、苯那普利组、肾络通组.按文献报道方法复制MsPGN大鼠模型,采用免疫组织化学方法对Ⅳ型胶原(Col-Ⅳ)、纤维连接蛋白(FN)进行检测.结果 模型组与空白组比较,Col-Ⅳ和FN表达明显增强(P＜0.01);肾络通组、苯那普利组与空白组比较,Col-Ⅳ和FN表达明显降低(P＜0.01;P＜0.05).两治疗组相比,Col-Ⅳ的表达肾络通组低于苯那普利组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),FN的表达苯那普利组低于肾络通组(P＜0.05).结论 化瘀通络中药肾络通能抑制Col-Ⅳ、FN的表达,延缓肾小球硬化的进一步发展.     

胡芦巴多糖A2对大鼠肾小球系膜细胞CTGF表达的影响

目的 探讨胡芦巴多糖A2含药血清对大鼠肾小球系膜细胞细胞外基质(ECM)沉积及结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)表达的影响.方法 制备胡芦巴多糖A2含药血清,体外培养大鼠肾小球系膜细胞,观察胡芦巴多糖A2血清对大鼠肾小球系膜细胞分泌纤维连接蛋白(FN)、胶原(Col)Ⅳ、TGF-β1和CTGF的影响.结果 与高糖培养基组比较,A2组FN、ColⅣ含量明显下降;TGF-β1和CTGFmRNA表达明显下调.结论 胡芦巴多糖A2可通过下调CTGF表达,减少高糖培养的大鼠肾小球系膜细胞FN、ColⅣ的分泌,从而抑制ECM积聚.     

人重组骨形成蛋白-7对高糖诱导的肾系膜细胞转化生长因子-β1及结缔组织生长因子表达的影响

目的 探讨人重组骨形成蛋白-7(rhBMP-7)对高糖诱导的大鼠肾小球系膜细胞转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)基因表达及细胞外基质(ECM)成分Ⅳ型胶原(ColⅣ)和纤维黏连蛋白(FN)分泌的影响.方法 体外培养大鼠肾小球系膜细胞,分为四组:正常对照组(DMEM培养基含1 000 mg/L葡萄糖)、高糖组(DMEM培养基含4 500 mg/L葡萄糖)、rhBMP-7低剂量组(DMEM培养基含4 500 mg/L葡萄糖+50 nmol/L rhBMP-7)、rhBMP-7高剂量组(DMEM培养基含4 500 mg/L葡萄糖+100 nmol/L rhBMP-7).RT-PCR技术检测TGF-β1和CTGF基因表达水平,ELISA技术检测上清液中TGFβ1、ColⅣ、FN含量.结果 高糖组系膜细胞TGF-β1和CTGF mRNA水平明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01),TGF-β1、ColⅣ和FN分泌增多,与正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与高糖组比较,rhBMP-7不同剂量(50、100 ng/ml)TGF-β1和CTGF mRNA表达明显降低,培养上清中TGF-β1、ColⅣ及FN分泌量亦明显减少,且差异显著(P<0.05).结论 RhBMP-7通过抑制高糖诱导的大鼠肾小球系膜细胞TGF-β1、CTGF基因表达和ECM的分泌可能起到抗纤维化作用.     

补肾活血法组方制剂防治系膜增生性肾小球肾炎的实验研究

目的研究基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)在系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(M sPGN)大鼠肾组织中的表达以及补肾活血组方制剂对其干预作用。方法 SD大鼠54只,随机分为正常组,模型组,补肾活血中药干预组,实验连续8 w,于第2、4、8周末3次采集肾脏标本,免疫组化及流式细胞仪检测转化生长因子(TGF)-β1、Ⅳ型胶原、MMP-9和TIMP-1的表达。结果与正常组比较,模型组TGFβ1、Ⅳ型胶原及TIMP-1表达明显增加,MMP-9表达明显降低(P<0.01或P<0.05),补肾活血组方制剂能下调TGFβ1、Ⅳ型胶原及TIMP-1表达,促进MMP-9表达恢复性上调(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论补肾活血组方制剂可以干预实验性大鼠M sPGN的MMP-9、TIMP-1表达,在延缓肾小球疾病的进展,防治肾小球硬化方面具有确切疗效。     

洛沙坦对大鼠糖尿病模型肾脏转化生长因子βⅠ型、Ⅱ型受体表达的影响

目的　观察洛沙坦对大鼠糖尿病模型肾脏转化生长因子 βⅠ型受体 (TGFβRⅠ )、Ⅱ型受体 (TGFβRⅡ )表达的影响。 方法　 30只大鼠按体重随机分为 3组 ,每组 10只。A组 :健康对照组 ;B组 :糖尿病模型组 ,尾静脉注射链脲佐菌素 5 0mg/kg体重制成糖尿病模型 ;(3)C组 :洛沙坦治疗组 ,按B组方法建立大鼠糖尿病模型后第 2天给予洛沙坦 10mg·kg体重 -1·d-1灌胃。 8周后半定量逆转录 聚合酶链反应检测 3组肾皮质TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ和纤维连接蛋白 (FN)mRNA的表达。免疫组化测 3组肾皮质TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ和FN蛋白的表达。生化法测血糖、尿素氮和肌酐水平。放射免疫法测血胰岛素和血管紧张素Ⅱ。磺基水杨酸法测 2 4h尿蛋白。结果　B组大鼠平均肾小球体积、肾重 /体重增加 ,2 4h尿蛋白、血尿素氮和肌酐水平上升 (P <0 0 5 ) ;肾皮质TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ、FNmRNA和蛋白表达显著增加 (P <0 0 5 )。C组大鼠平均肾小球体积、肾重 /体重减少 ,2 4h尿蛋白、血尿素氮和肌酐水平下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ;肾皮质TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ、FNmRNA和蛋白表达显著降低 (P <0 0 5 )。 结论　洛沙坦下调大鼠糖尿病模型肾脏TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ的表达 ,抑制肾脏细胞肥大 ,减少细胞外基质成分的合成。     

不同浓度游离脂肪酸对大鼠系膜细胞外基质基因表达的影响

目的 探讨不同浓度游离脂肪酸(FFAs)对大鼠系膜细胞外基质基因表达及合成分泌的影响.方法 以体外培养大鼠系膜细胞为基础,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术检测Ⅳ型胶原(ColⅣ)、纤维连接蛋白(FN)、转化生长因子(TGF-β1)mRNA的表达;采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)试验法检测培养系膜细胞上清液ColⅣ、FN的水平.结果 25、100、400 μmol/L 软脂酸(PA)刺激组ColⅣ、FN、TGF-β1 mRNA的表达分别为(0.99±0.18、1.24±0.16、1.38±0.21)、(0.91±0.13、1.14±0.12、1.28±0.11)和(1.21±0.09、1.43±0.07、1.54±0.06),与0 μmol/L对照组比较(0.61±0.17、0.62±0.08、0.81±0.10),差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01);25、100、400 μmol/L PA刺激组ColⅣ、FN的分泌分别为(59.97±6.48、67.24±6.86、74.38±7.21)ng/ml和(100.91±7.13、135.04±8.12、154.18±9.11)ng/ml,与0 μmol/L对照组比较(48.84±6.17、88.68±8.08)ng/ml,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01).结论 FFAs具有促进系膜细胞外基质基因表达和分泌的作用,可能在肾小球硬化病理过程中发挥着重要作用.     

雷帕霉素对早期糖尿病大鼠肾脏TGF-β1、FN表达的影响

目的利用小剂量雷帕霉素治疗糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠,观察雷帕霉素对DN的保护作用。方法应用链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病大鼠模型。24只SD大鼠随机分为:对照组、DN组、雷帕霉素干预组。第5周起雷帕霉素干预组予雷帕霉素1 mg·kg-1·d-1干预8 w。12 w末观察各组大鼠血糖、内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)、24 h尿微量白蛋白(24 h Ualb)、肾重/体重等的变化。光镜观察肾组织病理变化并测定肾小球平均体积及系膜基质扩张指数。RT-PCR及免疫组化法检测肾皮质转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、纤维连接蛋白(FN)mRNA及蛋白表达。结果与对照组相比,DN组及雷帕霉素干预组大鼠血糖、Ccr、24 h Ualb均显著上升,大鼠肾脏明显肥大,肾小球平均体积、系膜基质扩张指数、毛细血管基底膜厚度均显著增加;肾皮质TGF-β1、FN mRNA及蛋白表达显著上调。雷帕霉素干预后,上述指标除血糖外均部分被抑制。结论小剂量雷帕霉素能够减轻肾脏肥大,抑制系膜外基质聚集,下调TGF-β1、FN的表达,延缓DN的进展。     

尾加压素Ⅱ对体外高糖培养大鼠肾小球系膜细胞细胞外基质分泌的影响

目的观察尾加压素Ⅱ（UⅡ）对体外高糖培养大鼠肾小球系膜细胞（MC）细胞外基质（ECM）纤连蛋白（FN）、Ⅳ型胶原（ColⅣ）及转化生长因子（TGF）β分泌的影响。方法体外高糖培养大鼠MC,加入不同浓度UⅡ（终浓度10-7、10-8、10-9、10-10mol/L）,并设立UⅡ抑制组,37℃孵育24h,留取上清,应用ELISA法测定上清中FN、ColⅣ及TGFβ含量。结果10-8mol/LUⅡ作用下的大鼠MC培养上清中,FN、ColⅣ及TGFβ含量同对照组相比有显著升高（P〈0.05）;UⅡ10-8mol/L＋Ca2＋阻断剂尼卡地平组、UⅡ10-8mol/L＋Ca2＋螯合剂EDTA组及UⅡ10-8mol/L＋抗UⅡ抗体组同UⅡ10-8mol/L组相比较,细胞培养上清中FN、ColⅣ及TGFβ含量显著减少（P〈0.05）。结论一定浓度尾加压素Ⅱ能促进体外高糖培养的大鼠MC分泌ECMFN、ColⅣ及TGFβ。     

冬虫夏草对5/6肾切除大鼠肾脏皮质细胞外基质积聚的影响

目的 观察冬虫夏草对5/6肾切除大鼠肾脏皮质细胞外基质(ECM)积聚的影响,探讨其对肾脏保护机制.方法 将正常Wistar大鼠(50天龄)36只随机分为正常对照组、5/6肾切除组和虫草制剂组.5/6肾切除组、虫草制剂组分别行5/6肾切除制备进行性肾小球硬化模型.虫草制剂组每天给予虫草制剂(百令胶囊4 g·kg-1·d-1)水提取液灌胃,进行干预治疗.第2次术后4、9 w分别测定大鼠血生化指标;观察肾脏病理变化,用免疫组织化学检测肾组织胶原Ⅳ、纤维连接蛋白(FN).结果 冬虫夏草能降低肾小球硬化指数(GSI),减少胶原Ⅳ、FN表达;减少尿蛋白排泄,增加肾组织MMP-2mRNA表达,减少TIMP-2mRNA的表达.结论 冬虫夏草可能通过增加5/6肾切除大鼠肾脏MMP-2的活性和降低TIMP-2的表达,从而能增加ECM降解和减轻肾小球ECM积聚.     

转化生长因子β1反义寡核苷酸抑制单侧肾切除糖尿病大鼠系膜增生

目的 探讨转化生长因子（TGF）β1反义寡核苷酸对单侧肾切除糖尿病大鼠系膜增生的作用。方法 采用人工合成TGF－β1反义、正义及错配的3组寡核苷酸经脂质体包裹柏转染单侧肾切除糖尿病大鼠肾小球系膜细胞（MC）。用细胞计数检测转染后MC的生长抑制率，用RT－PCR和ELISA方法检测TGF－β1 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平，并检测IV型胶原mRNA表达水平的变化。结果 TGF－β1反义寡核苷酸可抑制MC的存活，TGF－β1 mRNA及蛋白的表达水平下降，IV型胶原mRNA的水平也下降。结论 TGF－β1反义寡核苷酸不仅抑制TGF－β1 mRNA及蛋白的表达，而且还可抑制细胞外基质IV型胶原mRNA的表达，抑制MC的肥大，从而抑制单侧肾切除糖尿病大鼠系膜的增生。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.