不同浓度芬太尼对大鼠脑片缺氧缺糖损伤的保护作用

目的探讨高浓度芬太尼对大鼠脑片缺氧缺糖损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法建立大鼠脑片缺氧缺糖损伤模型,设立对照组(Control)、缺氧缺糖损伤组(OGD)、芬太尼50μg.L-1组(F50)、芬太尼500μg.L-1组(F500)。利用2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(TTC)染色定量比色、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、免疫组化、电镜评价高浓度芬太尼对脑损伤的保护作用。同时激光共聚焦显微镜测定脑片胞内钙变化。结果不同浓度芬太尼(50、500μg.L-1)抑制脑片OGD损伤所致的TTC染色降低;减少LDH释放;减轻神经元凋亡,改善神经元超微结构的病理损伤。OGD损伤增加bax和bc l-2蛋白表达,增加胞内钙离子浓度。不同浓度芬太尼(50、500μg.L-1)进一步上调bc l-2蛋白表达,降低bax蛋白表达,同时抑制胞内钙离子浓度。与芬太尼500μg.L-1相比,芬太尼50μg.L-1作用较强。结论高浓度芬太尼具有脑保护作用,能够抑制缺氧缺糖损伤导致的大鼠脑片神经元损伤及其凋亡过程,且芬太尼对于胞内钙离子的调控可能是其发挥保护作用的重要机制之一。随着芬太尼的剂量增加,其保护作用减弱,但在临床应用的剂量范围内未见明显的毒性作用。     

大鼠脑片损伤模型和新型定量评价方法的建立

目的　建立不同性质脑损伤实验模型和一种方便、快速、灵敏的定量评价方法。方法　制备大鼠皮层和海马脑片 ,检测活性后 ,分别接受缺氧缺糖 (OGD)、谷氨酸、过氧化氢 (H2 O2 )损伤 ,氯胺酮、D AP5、异丙酚预处理 ,随后与TTC溶液共同孵育 ,有机溶剂抽提 ,酶标仪测定OD4 90 值 ,同时测定孵育上清液乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)释放率。结果　室温下恢复孵育 90min后 ,海马脑片CA1区锥体细胞层可记录到群体峰电位。随着OGD时间延长 ,皮层和海马脑片TTC染色明显降低 ,孵育上清液LDH释放率逐渐增加 ,组织损伤百分率与LDH释放率明显正相关 :皮层r =0 960 9,P <0 0 1 ;海马r =0 892 1 ,P <0 0 5。和对照组相比 ,谷氨酸 1mmol·L- 1 和H2 O2 2mmol·L- 1 明显降低脑片TTC染色。氯胺酮5μmol·L- 1 、D AP550 μmol·L- 1 、异丙酚 5μmol·L- 1 分别抑制OGD 1 0min、谷氨酸、H2 O2 损伤所致脑片TTC染色降低。结论　利用大鼠脑片建立的缺氧缺糖、谷氨酸和过氧化氢损伤实验模型 ,以及新鲜脑片与TTC溶液共同孵育 ,有机溶剂抽提、比色的定量评价方法具有方便、快速、灵敏的特点 ,能有效的用于脑缺血损伤和药效评价的研究     

氯胺酮的神经保护作用及其对p38蛋白磷酸化激活的影响

目的 :研究NMDA受体拮抗剂氯胺酮对大鼠海马脑片缺糖缺氧 (OGD)损伤的神经保护作用及其对p38蛋白磷酸化激活的影响。方法 :采用大鼠海马脑片体外OGD损伤模型 ,TTC染色抽提法观察氯胺酮对海马脑片OGD损伤时的神经保护作用 ,免疫印迹法研究“缺血再灌注”不同时间大鼠海马脑片中p38磷酸化激活变化情况 ,以及氯胺酮对p38磷酸化激活的影响。结果 :氯胺酮显著抑制海马脑片OGD损伤所致的A值降低 ,p38蛋白在缺血再灌注后磷酸化激活增加 ,再灌注 15min后开始上升 ,2h仍可见持续表达。氯胺酮剂量为 5、10 μmol·L-1时 ,能显著抑制p38蛋白磷酸化激活 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :氯胺酮具有一定的神经保护作用 ,其保护作用可能与抑制海马神经元p38蛋白的磷酸化激活有关。     

白藜芦醇对原代培养大鼠脑皮质神经元氧糖缺失损伤的保护

目的 观察白藜芦醇(Res)对原代培养大鼠脑皮质神经元氧糖缺失损伤的保护作用.方法 将新生大鼠脑皮质神经元原代培养至第10天,以低糖结合物理性缺氧诱导缺氧缺糖(OGD)模型,并于造模 2 h后复氧复糖(RP),尼莫地平(Nim 1.0 μmol · L-1)为阳性对照,观察Res对OGD和OGD/RP的噻唑蓝(MTT)液比色吸光度和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放百分率的影响,在光镜和电镜下观察神经元的形态变化.结果 Res的增加对神经元OGD 1、2、4 h和OGD 2 h/RP 3、12、24 hMTT液的吸光度有显著性差异,可减少其LDH的释放,减轻神经元形态的损伤.结论 Res对原代培养大鼠脑皮质神经元氧糖缺失损伤具有保护作用.     

小鼠脑片Formazan定量测量方法评价缺血性损伤及神经保护作用

目的　建立一种定量测量 2 ,3,5 三苯基四氮唑(TTC)红色还原产物formazan的方法 ,用于评估离体脑片缺血性损伤以及依达拉奉和ONO 10 78的神经保护作用。方法　以TTC为底物在小鼠脑片生物合成formazan标准品 ,并进行分离、纯化和鉴定。小鼠脑片以缺氧缺糖 (OGD)方法诱导损伤 ,用分光光度法在 4 90nm处测量皮质和纹状体formazan合成量。依达拉奉和ONO 10 78加入培养液 ,观察其神经保护作用。结果　合成并纯化了formazan标准品 ,其纯度为 0 993,线性测量范围在 0 0 5～ 1g·L-1。OGD减少formazan合成 ,与处理时间有依赖性。依达拉奉 (0 0 1～ 1μmol·L-1)抑制OGD诱导的formazan合成减少 ,而ONO 10 78无作用。结论　定量测量formazan是一种评价离体脑片损伤及药物神经保护作用的有用方法。     

氟哌啶醇对大鼠离体海马脑片和原代神经元缺糖/缺氧和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸损伤的保护作用

目的观察氟哌啶醇对大鼠离体海马脑片和原代神经元的缺糖/缺氧(OGD)和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartate,NMDA)损伤的潜在保护作用及其机制。方法海马脑片OGD以无葡萄糖的人工脑脊液中通95% N₂+5% CO₂诱导。通过测定TTC染色后形成的红色产物来分析脑片活性。结果氟哌啶醇(1和10 μmol·L^-1)抑制OGD损伤,抑制率分别为17.7%和25%,而D₂多巴胺受体拮抗剂多潘立酮无此作用。NMDA也能显著降低海马脑片及原代神经元的活性,而氟哌啶醇可抑制这一损伤作用。结论氟哌啶醇对大鼠离体海马脑片OGD和原代神经元NMDA损伤有保护作用。     

杨梅叶总黄酮对培养大鼠皮质神经元缺糖缺氧损伤的影响

目的探讨杨梅叶总黄酮对原代培养大鼠皮质神经元缺糖缺氧损伤的影响。方法采用原代培养的大鼠皮质神经元,随机分为正常组、神经元缺糖缺氧(oxygen-glucose deprivation,OGD)模型组和杨梅叶总黄酮高、中、低质量浓度(100、10、1 mg.L-1)给药组,MTT法观察神经元的存活率,比色法检测细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)释放量、过氧化氢(hydrogen perox-ide,H2O2)含量,并检测细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性及丙二醛(malondi-aldehyde,MDA)含量。结果杨梅叶总黄酮可显著提高受损伤神经元的存活率和皮质神经元细胞内SOD活性,降低神经元细胞LDH的释放、细胞内MDA含量和细胞培养液中H2O2含量。结论杨梅叶总黄酮对缺糖缺氧所致皮质神经元损伤具有明显的保护作用。     

异丙酚对神经元缺氧损伤的保护及其作用机制

目的　研究异丙酚对离体大鼠海马神经元缺氧损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法　以原代培养的大鼠海马神经元作为研究对象 ,建立缺氧、H2 O2 和谷氨酸损伤模型 ,用MTT法测定神经元存活率。采用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜动态监测缺氧前后 ,单个海马神经元内Ca2 + 浓度和线粒体膜电位 (△Ψm)的变化。用电子自旋共振技术测定异丙酚对羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用。结果　 6～ 4 8mg·L-1浓度的异丙酚可明显降低神经元缺氧损伤时的细胞死亡率 (P <0 0 1) ,作用程度均呈剂量相关 (r =0 89,P <0 0 5 ) ;2 4～ 4 8mg·L-1浓度的异丙酚可明显降低H2 O2 损伤时的细胞死亡率 (P <0 0 1) ;12～ 4 8mg·L-1浓度的异丙酚可明显降低谷氨酸损伤时的细胞死亡率 (P <0 0 1)。 3～ 4 8mg·L-1异丙酚对缺氧诱发的细胞内钙离子超载有抑制作用(P <0 0 5 ) ;12、4 8mg·L-1异丙酚能减缓缺氧引起的△Ψm降低 (P <0 0 1)。 12、4 8mg·L-1异丙酚对羟基自由基的清除率分别为 17 1%和 2 1 1% ,但对超氧阴离子自由基无清除作用。结论　异丙酚对离体培养的大鼠海马神经元缺氧性损伤具有保护作用 ,其作用机制部分与异丙酚抑制缺氧引起的 [Ca2 + ]i 异常升高、抑制线粒体膜电位的下降和清除羟基自由基有关     

钙蛋白酶抑制剂calpeptin对大鼠海马脑片缺氧无糖损伤的保护作用

目的通过观察电生理学和神经元凋亡的变化,研究钙蛋白酶抑制剂calpeptin对大鼠离体海马脑片缺氧无糖损伤的保护作用。方法40片SD大鼠海马脑片随机分为两组:对照组和calpeptin组。根据人工脑脊液中calpeptin的浓度,再细分为1μmol.L-1组、10μmol.L-1组、100μmol.L-1组和200μmol.L-1组,每组8片脑片。采用细胞外记录技术观察calpeptin对大鼠离体海马脑片在缺氧无糖条件下顺向群峰电位(orthodromicpopulationspikes,OPS)及缺氧损伤电位(hypoxicinjurypotential,HIP)变化的影响,采用TUNEL法观察缺氧无糖损伤后海马脑片CA1区锥体细胞凋亡情况及calpeptin对它的影响。结果10μmol.L-1组、100μmol.L-1组和200μmol.L-1组HIP出现率及海马CA1区锥体细胞层凋亡细胞数减少,OPS恢复率和OPS恢复程度与对照组比较提高。而10μmol.L-1组、100μmol.L-1组和200μmol.L-1组之间各项指标差异无显著性。结论(10～200)μmol.L-1calpeptin可以减轻大鼠海马脑片的缺氧无糖损伤,其机制可能与calpeptin减少海马CA1区神经元凋亡有关。     

依达拉奉、米诺环素及ONO-1078对缺氧缺糖诱导大鼠海马脑片电生理改变的作用

目的建立离体海马脑片缺氧缺糖(OGD)电生理变化模型,观察依达拉奉、米诺环素和ONO-1078 {pranlukast,4-氧-8-［对-(4-苯丁氧基)苯甲酰氨基］-2-(5-四氮基)-4H-1-苯并吡喃半水化合物}的神经保护作用。方法 大鼠海马脑片以无氧无糖处理,记录脑片群峰电位(PS),部分实验以TTC染色观察脑片活性。结果OGD处理4 min为最佳损伤条件,1 h后可恢复至基础水平的(29±6)%。自由基清除剂依达拉奉(1和10 μmol·L^-1)明显增强PS波的恢复;抗炎药米诺环素(10 μmol·L^-1)和白三烯受体拮抗剂ONO-1078(1 μmol·L^-1)无显著恢复作用;阳性对照药氯胺酮也浓度依赖性促进PS恢复。结论4 min OGD为离体海马脑片缺血电生理变化的可行模型;依达拉奉对OGD脑片损伤有浓度依赖性保护作用,而米诺环素和ONO-1078未显示保护作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.