隐球菌性脑炎患者颗粒酶B、颗粒溶素、穿孔素的表达及临床意义

目的研究颗粒酶B（grmazymeB,GrB）、颗粒溶素（granulysin,GNLY）及穿孔素（pefforin,又称pore-formingpro—tein,PFP）三种免疫效应分子在隐球菌性脑膜炎（cryptococcalmeningitis）外周血单个核细胞中的表达及其临床意义。方法首先用密度梯度离心法分离得到25例隐球菌性脑膜炎患者和30例健康人外周血单个核细胞（peripheral blood monotmclearcells,PBMC）,其次用免疫印迹（western blot）的方法检测其中的GrB、GNLY、及PFP的蛋白含量,用实时荧光定量（RVQ）-PCR方法测定其中GrB、GNLY、及PFP的mRNA含量。并分析隐球菌性脑膜炎患者蛋白含量与一些免疫指标的相关性。结果与健康对照组比较,隐球菌性脑膜炎患者PBMC中GNLY、PFP蛋白含量和mRNA均明显降低,而GrB无明显变化。隐球菌性脑膜炎患者中GNLY蛋白表达水平与血清IgG、IFN-γ水平成正相关（r=0．477,P〈0．05;r=0．534,P〈0．05）,与IL-10水平成负相关（r=-0．505,P〈0．05）。结论GNLY、PFP）可能参与隐球菌性脑膜炎的疾病进程,这为探讨隐球菌性脑膜炎的病情监控和有效治疗提供了新的线索。     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者外周血颗粒溶素表达增高及其意义

目的 探讨原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）中外周血颗粒溶素的表达及意义.方法 用荧光定量PCR（FQ-PCR）法检测60例PBC患者颗粒溶素的mRNA表达,用ELISA法检测血清中颗粒溶素水平,以100例体检健康者、80例肝炎后肝硬化患者和80例SLE患者为对照组.结果 PBC患者外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）中颗粒溶素mRNA的平均拷贝数（2.8±1.9）×10^8高于肝炎后肝硬化患者（5.6±2.9）×10^6、SLE患者（9.5±2.4）×10^6和体检健康者（2.5±1.4）×10^6（P＜0.01）.血清中颗粒溶素的水平为（16.12±2.24）ng/ml,也显著高于体检健康者、肝炎后肝硬化患者、SLE患者.结论 FQ-PCR法检测颗粒溶素的mRNA水平及ELISA方法检测血清中颗粒溶素的浓度,有助于了解PBC患者体内免疫状态,为临床诊治和研究提供依据.     

实时定量PCR检测原发性胆汁性肝硬化单核细胞中Siglec-1 mRNA的表达

目的检测Sigtec-1（sialic add-binding immtmoglobulin-like lectins,唾液酸结合的免疫球蛋白样凝集素,CD169）在原发性胆汁性肝硬化（primary biliary cirrhosis,PBC）患者外周血单核细胞上的mRNA表达水平,并探讨其在原发性胆汁性肝硬化发生发展中的作用。方法实时荧光相对定量PCR方法检测30例原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者及30例健康对照者、30例肝炎后肝硬化对照者外周血单核细胞中Siglec-1mRNA的含量;生化常规测定所有人选者血清GGT、ALP指标水平。结果原发性胆汁性肝硬化组Siglec-1mRNA的相对表达量为健康对照组的3．42倍,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。PBC患者Siglec-1mRNA增高与GGT（r=0．482,P〈0．01）和ALP（r=0．365,P〈0．05）密切相关。结论原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者单核细胞中mRNA含量显著增加,说明原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者外周血单核细胞已经发生巨噬细胞化,单核巨噬细胞介导的免疫炎症反应在原发性胆汁性肝硬化发生发展过程中起重要作用。     

肝癌与肝硬化病人血清VEGF与TNF—α的变化及意义

目的探讨肝癌与肝硬化病人血清VEGF、TNF-α的变化及其意义。方法应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）和化学发光酶免疫分析（CLEIA）对32例健康对照组和87例疾病组的血清进行VEGF和TNF-α测定。结果肝硬化组患者血清VEGF、TNF-α．含量显著高于对照组（P〈0．01，P〈0．01）。而肝癌组血清VEGF、TNF-α含量又显著高于肝硬化组（P〈0．01，P〈0．05）。结论血清VEGF、TNF-α含量与肝脏功能失代偿程度及肿瘤病变的发展恶化有一定的相关性。     

可溶性肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体在原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者血清中的表达及意义

目的观察人可溶性肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（sTRAIL）在原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）患者外周血中水平的表达,并探讨sTRAIL在PBC发病机制中的作用。方法用酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）法检测PBC患者26例（PBC组）,慢性肝炎肝硬化患者27例（慢性肝炎肝硬化组）以及健康体检者25例（正常对照组）的sTRAIL并同时测定IgG、IgA、IgM,观察各指标在PBC中的改变。结果PBC组和慢性肝炎肝硬化组sTRAIL浓度均显著高于正常对照组（158．73±42．45）pmol／L,（108．13±41.60）pmol／L vs（73．83±8．60）pmol／L（P〈0．01）。PBC组sTRAIL也较慢性肝炎肝硬化组明显升高（P〈0．01）。结论sTRAIL在PBC患者及慢性肝炎肝硬化患者血清中均升高,但二者升高程度比较差异有统计学意义,检测sTRAIL对PBC患者的,临床诊断中具有辅助作用并有助于PBC发病机制的研究。     

IL-22在原发性胆汁性肝硬化中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）外周血中IL-22的表达水平及其临床意义。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测PBC患者血清中IL-22水平;全自动生化仪检测TBIL,γ-GT;并以健康体检者为对照组。结果40例PBC患者血清中IL-22水平（810．36±30．52pg／m1）明显高于健康对照组（361．51±30．52pg／ml,P〈0．05）,且IL-22水平与TBIL和γ-GT呈显著正相关（r=0．386,P〈0．05;r=0．356,P〈0．05）。结论IL-22可能参与了PBC的发病机制,并可能成为一个潜在的治疗靶点。     

白细胞介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子测定在病毒性肝炎患者中的意义

目的探讨血清白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）浓度的测定在病毒性肝炎患者中的意义。方法采用放射免疫分析法分别检测健康对照组和病毒性肝炎组血清IL-6和TNF-α的浓度,并分别检测其HBVDNA含量。结果病毒性肝炎患者的IL-6和TNF-α的浓度水平显著高于健康时照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;肝炎后肝硬化组显著高于慢性乙型肝炎组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;HBVDNA阳性组显著高于HBVDNA阴性组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论血清IL-6和TNF-α的测定对病毒性肝炎患者机体的免疫损伤状况进行有效的反映,对判断患者病情预测和预后有一定的现实意义。     

原发性肝癌患者血清胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱ和血管内皮生长因子的检测及意义

目的：探讨原发性肝癌（PHC）患者血清胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱ（IGF-Ⅱ）和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的表达及意义。方法：分别采用放射免疫分析法及ELISA法检测63例PHC患者（PHC组）、56例肝硬化患者（肝硬化组1和60例正常对照者（对照组）血清IGF-Ⅱ和VEGF含量，并对PHC患者治疗前后的血清IGF-Ⅱ和VEGF含量进行相关性分析。结果：PHC组患者血清IGF-Ⅱ和VEGF的含量显著高于肝硬化组和对照组（P〈0．05）；肝硬化组血清1GF-Ⅱ和VEGF的含量显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。经介入治疗后6个月随访，12例复发者血清IGF-Ⅱ和VEGF含量显著高于51侧未复发者（P〈0．05）。治疗前后IGF-Ⅱ与VEGF均呈显著正相关（r=0．43，0．39，P〈0．05）。结论：IGF-Ⅱ与VEGF可作为肿瘤标记物，两者联合检测有助于提高对PHC的检出率，动态检测二者的水平可为临床肝癌的综合治疗及预后判定提供依据。[著者文摘]     

自身免疫性肝病患者外周血 Th17与 Treg 细胞及其相关因子表达的研究

目的 研究自身免疫性肝病（AILD）患者外周血中辅助性 T 细胞17（Th17）、调节性 T 细胞（Treg 细胞）及其细胞因子白细胞介素-17（IL-17）、转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）的表达情况。方法 选择46例 AILD 患者,分为自身免疫性肝炎患者（AIH 组）和原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者（PBC 组）,采用流式细胞术检测 AIH 组、PBC 组和对照组外周血单个核细胞中 Th17和 Treg 细胞的比例;应用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测血清中 Th17的相关因子 IL-17和 Treg的相关因子 TGF-β含量。结果 AIH 组和 PBC 组患者 Th17细胞比例高于对照组（P ＜0．01）,Treg 细胞显著低于对照组（P ＜0．05）;AIH 组和 PBC 组患者 IL-17的含量较对照组升高（P ＜0．05）,血清 TGF-β的含量较对照组降低（P＜0．01）。结论 在 AILD 患者中,Th17、Treg 细胞的变化可能在 AILD 发病机制中发挥重要作用。     

激活素A与肝纤维化指标的相关性探讨

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎、肝硬化患者血清激活素A（ActivinA，ACTA）与血清肝纤维化指标-透明质酸（HA）、层粘连蛋白（LN）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）的关系。方法采用酶联免疫（ELISA）法检测108例慢性乙型肝炎、肝硬化患者和20例正常对照组血清ACTA水平，同时检测血清HA、LN、PCⅢ含量。其中35例做肝组织活检，进行HE染色。结果慢性乙肝轻、中、重度组及肝硬化组ACTA水平明显高于对照组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。AC-TA水平与血清HA、LN、PCⅢ水平呈正相关（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。血清HA、LN、PCⅢ含量随肝组织纤维化程度加重而升高（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。结论慢性乙型肝炎、肝硬化患者血清ACTA与肝纤维化血清标志及肝组织病理改变相一致。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.