脑动静脉畸形的伽玛刀立体定向放射手术研究

目的评估伽玛刀(γ-刀)手术治疗脑动静脉畸形(AVM)的疗效;探讨脑AVM γ-刀治疗的定位方法。方法用Leksellγ-刀对216例脑AVM进行治疗,并随访17～31个月。AVM体积0.3～43.9cm3,平均7.1cm3;周边剂量12～30Gy,平均(21.2 ±6.4)Gy。行MRA定位156例,DSA定位22例,MRA与DSA联合定位38例。结果γ-刀治疗后的AVM闭塞情况和并发症的发生与其体积、分级、定位方法、周边剂量、剂量规划及质量控制等因素有关。对体积≤5.0cm3或Spetzler-Martin分级< Ⅲ级及周边剂量≥20Gy者,2年闭塞率超过78.5%。本组有4例γ-刀放射手术后出血,9例放射性脑水肿症状明显。结论γ-刀治疗脑AVM安全、有效,特别是SpetzlerMartinI～Ⅱ级或体积≤5.0cm3的AVM及周边剂量≥20Gy者疗效较好;DSA结合MRA联合定位对提高AVM的闭塞率,降低并发症有帮助。     

98例脑动静脉畸形伽玛刀治疗逐年随访6年分析

目的 评估伽玛刀(γ—刀)治疗脑动静脉畸形(cAVM)的疗效。方法 对1996年1月1日至1996年12月31日在我科行Leksellγ—刀手术治疗cAVM的患者96例，进行逐年随访。患者年龄3．5～74岁，AVM体积0．3～39．2cm^3，Spetzler—Martin分级：Ⅰ级22例，Ⅱ级35例，Ⅲ级36例，Ⅳ级4例，Ⅴ级1例，治疗边缘剂量为12～30Gy。结果 γ—刀治疗后的闭塞情况和并发症的发生与其体积、分级、边缘剂量及距离治疗时间的长短等有关。本组有效率98．9％。对边缘剂量≥20Gy、血管巢体积≤5cm^3、Spetzler—Martin分级≤Ⅱ级，完全闭塞率为82．3％。所有病例2年内完全闭塞率52．0％，6年内完全闭塞率66．3％。本组2例再出血，4例并发较明显症状的放射性脑水肿。结论 γ刀是治疗cAVM的一种安全、有效的方法，特别对血管巢体积≤5cm^3、Spetzler—Martin分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级、边缘剂量≥20Gy者。血管巢多在治疗后2年内闭塞，6年内仍有闭塞。     

伽玛刀治疗脑动静脉畸形305例远期随访分析

目的　评估伽玛刀 (γ 刀 )治疗脑动静脉畸形 (cAVM)的疗效。方法　用Leksellγ 刀手术治疗cAVM 3 0 5例并随访 4～ 7年。患者年龄 1 1～ 79岁 ,AVM体积 0 3～ 43 9cm3,Spetzler Martin分级 :Ⅰ级 67例 ,Ⅱ级 98例 ,Ⅲ级 119例 ,Ⅳ级 16例 ,Ⅴ级 5例 ,治疗边缘剂量为 12～ 3 0Gy。结果　γ 刀治疗后的闭塞情况和并发症的发生与其体积、分级、边缘剂量等有关。本组有效率 94 1%。对边缘剂量大于 2 0Gy、血管巢体积小于 5cm3、Spetzler Martin分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级 ,完全闭塞率为 79 6%。本组 10例伽玛刀术后无效 ,7例再出血 ,12例并发较明显症状的放射性脑水肿。结论　γ 刀是治疗cAVM的一种安全、有效的方法 ,特别对血管巢体积小于 5cm3、Spetzler Mar tin分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级、边缘剂量小于 2 0Gy者疗效较好。     

伽玛刀治疗脑动静脉畸形的疗效及影响因素分析

目的分析伽玛刀(γ-刀)治疗脑动静脉畸形(AVM)的疗效和影晌因素。方法回顾310例脑AVM的γ-刀治疗效果。随访5年以上。分析病灶体积大小、SpetzlerM artin分级、畸形血管团的影像特征、放射剂量等变量对患者的治疗效果的影响因素。以AVM完全闭塞率和并发症为评价指标。结果本组完全闭塞率为48.7%。与AVM完全闭塞效果和并发症显著相关的因素分别为边缘剂量、病灶体积、SpetzlerM artin分级、畸形血管团中有无瘤样扩张的血管。结论γ-刀治疗脑AVM是一种安全有效的方法。特别是SpetzlerM artin分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级或体积≤5.0 cm3AVM、边缘剂量≥20 Gy及畸形血管巢中无瘤样扩张血管的脑AVM者疗效较好。对病灶体积较大、血流速度较快者先行栓塞治疗后再行γ-刀治疗能提高脑AVM的闭塞率、降低并发症。     

脑动静脉畸形的伽玛刀治疗

目的评估伽玛刀(γ-刀)对脑动静脉畸形(AVM)的治疗效果及影响因素。方法抽取72例上海伽玛刀医院于1994～1995年应用γ-刀治疗的AVM病例,回顾性分析其疗效和影响因素,探讨治疗适应证,周边剂量等。结果本组AVM直径<3cm45例,3～6cm27例;平均周边剂量20.6Gy。其中51例行血管造影等影像学随访,AVM完全闭塞率为56.9%;体积<10ml,周边剂量大于20Gy组完全闭塞率较高。头痛、癫痫的缓解率达81.8%。6例于γ-刀治疗后发生自发性脑出血。γ-刀治疗后的AVM闭塞情况和并发症的发生与病灶体积、治疗周边剂量、随访时间等因素有关。结论γ-刀是治疗脑AVM的一种较安全、较有效的治疗方法。体积<10ml,位于功能区或部位深在的AVM是适合γ-刀治疗的病例,周边剂量以20～25Gy为宜。     

血管内栓塞联合γ刀治疗脑动静脉畸形

目的 分析血管内栓塞联合γ刀治疗脑动静脉畸型（AVM）的治疗效果及适应证和并发症。方法 自1997年4月-2000年11月我们对46例脑动静脉畸形患者施行血管内栓塞联合γ刀治疗手段。先使用氢丙烯正丁酯（Bucrylate,NBCA)栓塞动静脉畸形，使体积缩小，对高血流体积较大者，采取分次逐步栓塞。所有病例在最后一次血管内治疗一周后行γ刀治疗，在MRI定位下，确定AVM的大小和边界，根据病灶大小，部位和类型设计照射的靶点位置，靶点个数（2-8个不等）周边剂量，中心剂量和剂量曲线，本组病例周边剂量为11-27Gy（平均20.3Gy)；中心剂量20-50Gy(平均40.5Gy)。结果 34例（73.9%)患者脑AVM完全闭塞，7例（15.2%)患者病灶明显缩小，病灶大小无变化者为6.5%(3例），2例（4.3%)术后脑AVM出血，无1例死亡，结论 血管内栓塞联合γ刀治疗脑AVM是安全有效的新手段。尤其适合脑AVM体积较大，位于重要功能区，手术难度大，患者不能耐受开颅手术者。     

立体定向放射治疗有手术指征的AVM疗效观察

本文回顾性复习了4年来65例因拒绝显微神经外科手术而采用立体定身放射治疗的AVM病例。所有患者AVM直径<3cm,Spetzler—Martin分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,治疗前均有脑血管造影确定AVM的病灶及其中心座标。使用Leksell G型立体定向仪;术前、术中均由MRI测量AVM的三维体积;由Co~(60)—201孔γ放射仪实施放射手术,AVM中心放射量平均36Gy(22.2—50Gy)、周边放射量平均21Gy(15—25Gy)。 65例均随诊2年以上(24～60个月),平均为29个月。60例(92％)术后恢复至以前的工作或活动水平。47例(72％)术后1周内就恢复正常生活和工作能力;13例(其中8例术前有AVM破裂出血)术后1年内恢复工作;3例(5％)由于术前神经     

伽玛刀治疗颅内疾病3094例临床报告

目的：探讨立体定向放射手术伽玛刀(γ-刀）对颅内疾病的疗效。方法：用1．5Tesla磁共振仪和γ-plart计算机联网定位,γ-plan4.0版剂量规划系统作治疗方案设计,剂量规划,并用Leksellγ-刀对3094例不同类型的颅内疾病包括肿瘤、血管畸形及功能性疾病等实施立体定向放射手术．病种达20余种．年龄1．1～86岁,周边剂量9～75Gy．中心剂量18～150Gy,等剂量曲线30％～90％,靶点数1～12个。结果：随访10～47个月,统计结果表明：γ-刀疗效是确切的。脑动静脉畸形,随防一年半以上,完全闭塞率可达44.6％,体积越小．周边照射剂量越大,闭塞率越高。颅内肿瘤的生长控制率,良性肿瘤≥80.0％．恶性肿瘤≥66.7％。功能性疾病的治疗有救率,帕金森病为85．2％,三叉神经痛为76．9％,癫痫是667％。结论：γ-刀立体定向放射手术较常规开颅手术安全,痛苦少,是治疗颅内一些疾病有效的方法。严格掌握治疗指征,精确定位,合理剂量规划．可确保疗效,降低并发症。     

脑动静脉畸形的立体放射外科治疗

作者从1987至1990年用201个钴源的γ刀治疗227例经血管造影证实的脑动静脉畸形(AVM)患者,男113例,女114例,平均年龄33岁,其中36例属于儿科范畴(2～18岁)。本组患者多数系不宜显微手术切除者而用放射外科治疗。本组227例AVM部位以深部(丘脑,基底节,胼胝体)较多,占25%;后颅窝占16%。按Spetzler 与Martin 分级,仅8例(3.5%)为Ⅰ级(小,表浅与非要害部位);Ⅱ级     

Spetzler-Martin Ⅲ级以上脑动静脉畸形综合治疗的临床研究

目的 探讨Spetzler-MartinⅢ级以上脑动静脉畸形（AVM）综合治疗的疗效。方法 回顾性分析1998年10至1999年4月采用血管内栓塞联合显微手术或立体定向放射治疗的9例Spetzler-MartinⅢ级以上脑AVM的临床资料。结果 9例脑AVM经血管内栓塞治疗后完全栓塞2例。大部栓塞2例，不全栓塞5例。其中4例栓塞后行手术切除，无死亡及手术所致并发症。5例栓塞后接受立体定向放射治疗，随访22-28个月，经MRI和MRA检查提示AVM闭塞3例。缩小2例；5例患中临床症状恢复良好4例，中度致残，生活能自理1例，无再出血和死亡病例。结论 血管内栓塞联合显微手术或立体定向放射外科是治疗Spetzler-MartinⅢ级以上脑AVM的最佳手段。     

大型脑动静脉畸形的伽玛刀体积分割治疗

目的 探讨伽玛刀体积分割治疗大型（体积>10 cm3）脑动静脉畸形（AVM）的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析 2007~2017年收治的13例大小脑AVM的临床资料,均采用伽玛刀体积分割治疗,时间间隔3~18个月,治疗的AVM总体积平均为18.2 cm3（13.5~52 cm3）,首次治疗的体积平均为14.1 cm3（8~23 cm3）;边缘剂量平均为16.6 Gy（14~20 Gy）。13例随访24~92个月,平均为43.2个月。结果 末次随访影像显示,6例血管巢闭塞,4例病灶体积减小>75%,3例病灶缩小<50%。8例癫痫中,6例缓解或改善。1例治疗后7个月出现脑出血,1例治疗后6个月因脑放射性副反应出现肢体感觉运动障碍。结论 伽玛刀体积分割治疗大型脑AVM是一种安全、有效的方法,大多数临床症状可明显改善。     

伽玛刀治疗颅内疾病3094例临床报告

目的： 探讨立体定向放射手术（伽玛刀） 对颅内疾病的疗效。方法： 用１．５Ｔｅｓｌａ 磁共振仪和γ－ ｐｌａｎ 计算机联网定位, γ－ ｐｌａｎ４．０ 版剂量规划系统作治疗方案设计, 剂量规划, 对３０９４ 例不同类型的颅内疾病包括肿瘤、血管畸形及功能性疾病等实施立体定向放射外科治疗, 病种达２０ 余种,年龄１．１～８６ 岁,周边剂量９～７５Ｇｙ,中心剂量１８～１５０Ｇｙ,等剂量曲线３０％ ～９０％ ,靶点数１～１２ 个。结果： 随访１０～４７ 个月, 统计结果表明： 伽玛刀疗效是确切的。对脑动静脉畸形, 随防一年半以上, 完全闭塞率可达４４．６％ , 体积越小, 周边照射剂量越大, 闭塞率越高。对颅内肿瘤的生长控制率, 良性肿瘤≥８０．０％ , 恶性肿瘤≥６６．７％ ,对功能性疾病的治疗有效率, 帕金森病为８５．２％ , 三叉神经痛为７６．９％ 。结论： 伽玛刀是治疗颅内疾病又一种可选择方法。治疗技术良好, 指征掌握严格, 可提高疗效, 降低并发症。     

Endovascular therapy of brain AVMs prior to radiosurgery

Abstract

The purposes of this study were to determine the safety and efficacy of embolization ofbrain A VMs prior to radiosurgery and to evaluate the total obliteration rate achieved. The brain AVMs of 64 patients were subselectively embolized mainly with NBCAI platinum microcoils and/or PVA. The aim of embolization was the reduction of the target volume and/or the elimination of vascljlar structures bearing an increased risk of hemorrhage. Presenting symptoms were intracranial hemorrhage in 33 patientsl a seizure disorder in 21 patients, and headache in 6 patients. Four AVMs had been detected as an incidental finding. The initial AVM volume was in the range of 0.5 to 84 cc (mean 17 cc). Grading of the AVMs according to the Spetzler-Martin scale showed the following distribution: grade II 3x; III 13x; 1111 11 x; IVI 17x; V, 4x; VII 16 x. A total of 300 endovascular procedures including 47 subselective catheterizations without and 253 with embolization were performed. A size reduction of the A VMs between-l0% and 95% (mean 63%1 median 70%) was achieved. Neurological symptoms due to treatment complications were transient in 12 patientsl of minor clinical significance but permanent in 4 patients. Following radiosurgery, one patient died due to recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage. Three patients are doing well but refused final follow-up angiography. A total of30 patients is currently within the latency interval after radiosurgery. Radiosurgery failed to obliterate the embolized AVMs in 16 patients. Angiography confirmed complete nidus obliteration in 14 patients. The endovascular treatment of brain AVMs prior to radiosurgery proved safe and effective and may be considered in either high grade or incidental AVMs. AVM obliteration after embolization and radiosurgery is less frequently achieved than after stereotactic irradiation of primarily small AVMs. [Neural Res 1998; 20: 479-492]     

伽玛刀治疗肺癌脑转移瘤疗效及影响疗效的相关因素分析

目的探讨伽玛刀治疗肺癌脑转移瘤疗效及影响疗效的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年1月期间在我院采用伽玛刀治疗的116例有病理学证实的肺癌脑转移瘤患者的临床资料,其中男性76例,女性40例。根据肿瘤的大小、位置及肿瘤周边正常组织的耐受情况,小病灶(直径﹤3.0cm)直接选择伽玛刀一次性治疗,周边剂量12～18Gy,45%～70%等剂量曲线为处方剂量。对于较大肿瘤病灶(直径≥3cm但≤4cm)选择伽玛刀二次剂量分割治疗,两次治疗间隔6～8小时,周边剂量7～9Gy,40%～50%等剂量曲线为处方剂量。结果随访116例患者,随访期6～45个月,肿瘤控制率95%,中位生存期14.8个月,1年生存率63%,2年生存率25%。KPS评分在1个月内达到90分以上者占92%。结论伽玛刀是治疗肺癌脑转移瘤安全有效的方法,其疗效与肿瘤大小、位置、治疗剂量及肺癌的病理类型有关。     

Malformaciones arteriovenosas del tronco cerebral tratadas con radiocirugía con acelerador lineal. Resultados a largo plazo

ObjectiveArteriovenous malformations (AVM) in the brainstem carry a high risk of recurrent haemorrhage, mortality and morbidity. Treatment options are limited and mainly based on stereotactic radiosurgery. We studied the results of our series of brainstem AVM treated with linear accelerator (LINAC) and with a long-term follow-up.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed the clinical and radiological data of 41 consecutive patients with brainstem AVM treated by radiosurgery with a 6 MV linear accelerator between 1992 and 2010. Twenty five lesions were located in the mesencephalon, 14 in the pons, one in the medulla oblongata and one was bulbopontine. We analysed the treatment results in relation to survival, rate of radiological obliteration, rebleeding, and treatment toxicity.ResultsThe obliteration rate confirmed by angiography/MRA was 59.5% on 38 controlled patients. The mean follow-up period was 61 months (range: 6.7-178) and the margin dose was 14 Gy in most treatments. Up to 39% of patients received more than one radiosurgery procedure to achieve closure of the malformation. No statistical correlation was found with the margin dose, presence of pretreatment haemorrhage, nidus diameter or score on the Pollock-Flickinger grading system. The annual haemorrhage rate after radiosurgery was 3.2%. Three patients died from rebleeding and actuarial survival rate was 88% at 5 and 10 years after treatment. Four patients suffered new transient neurological deficits due to toxicity, and only one presented a permanent deficit (2.6%).ConclusionsNidus obliteration in brainstem AVM must be achieved according to three main criteria: maximum obliteration rate forced by the high rate of rebleeding, minimal morbidity given its critical location, and the greatest possible accuracy. Stereotactic radiosurgery with our moderate-dose protocol, which we believe achieved these three premises, may become an elective therapeutic modality for these patients.     

Leksell gamma knife radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations in pediatric patients

Objects The authors report their experience of gamma knife radiosurgery (GKR) in a large series of pediatric cerebral arteriovenous malformations (cAVMs). The advantages, risks and failures of this approach are presented and discussed.Methods Gamma knife radiosurgery was performed on 63 children aged 16 years. Haemorrhage was the clinical onset in 50 out of 63 cases. The mean pre-GK cAVM volume was 3.8 cm³. Fifty-eight out of 63 cAVMs were Spetzler-Martin grades I–III. Most lesions (47 out of 63) were in eloquent or deep-seated brain regions.Conclusion Gamma knife radiosurgery-related complications occurred in 2 out of 47 cases with an available follow-up (1 had transient and 1 permanent morbidity). No bleeding occurred during the latency period. In 39 children with >36-month follow-up, complete cAVM occlusion was angiographically documented in 31, with a 3- and 4-year actuarial obliteration rate of 72 and 77% respectively. High rates of complete obliteration and very low frequency of permanent morbidity with no bleeding during the latency period encourage widespread application of GKR in the treatment of pediatric cAVMs.A commentary on this paper is available at     

Radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations

Stereotactic radiosurgery is the term coined by Lars Leksell to describe the application of a single, high dose of radiation to a stereotactically defined target volume. In the 1970s, reports began to appear documenting the successful obliteration of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) with radiosurgery. When an AVM is treated with radiosurgery, a pathologic process appears to be induced that is similar to the response-to-injury model of atherosclerosis. Radiation injury to the vascular endothelium is believed to induce the proliferation of smooth-muscle cells and the elaboration of extracellular collagen, which leads to progressive stenosis and obliteration of the AVM nidus thereby eliminating the risk of hemorrhage. The advantages of radiosurgery - compared to microsurgical and endovascular treatments - are that it is noninvasive, has minimal risk of acute complications, and is performed as an outpatient procedure requiring no recovery time for the patient. The primary disadvantage of radiosurgery is that cure is not immediate. While thrombosis of the lesion is achieved in the majority of cases, it commonly does not occur until two or three years after treatment. During the interval between radiosurgical treatment and AVM thrombosis, the risk of hemorrhage remains. Another potential disadvantage of radiosurgery is possible long term adverse effects of radiation. Finally, radiosurgery has been shown to be less effective for lesions over 10 cc in volume. For these reasons, selection of the optimal treatment for an AVM is a complex decision requiring the input of experts in endovascular, open surgical, and radiosurgical treatment. In the pages below, we will review the world's literature on radiosurgery for AVMs. Topics reviewed will include the following: radiosurgical technique, radiosurgery results (gamma knife radiosurgery, particle beam radiosurgery, linear accelerator radiosurgery), hemorrhage after radiosurgery, radiation induced complications, repeat radiosurgery, and radiosurgery for other types of vascular malformation.