Pleural effusion post coronary artery bypass surgery: associations and complications

BackgroundOne of the most frequent complications of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is pleural effusion. Limited previous studies have found post-CABG pleural effusion to be associated with increased length-of-stay and greater morbidity post-CABG. Despite this the associations of this common complication are poorly described. This study sought to identify modifiable risk factors for effusion post-CABG.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of prospectively collected data assessed patients who underwent CABG over two-years. Data was collected for risk factors and sequelae related to pleural effusion requiring drainage.ResultsA total of 409 patients were included. Average age was 64.9±10.2 years, 330 (80.7%) were male. 59 (14.4%) patients underwent drainage of pleural effusion post-CABG. Effusions were drained on average 9.9±8.4 days post-CABG. Earlier removal of drain tubes and removal near time of extubation were associated with development of pleural effusion. Post-CABG pleural effusion was associated with post-operative renal impairment (P<0.01) and pericardial effusion (P<0.01). Patients with pleural effusion were more likely to require readmission to ICU (P<0.01), reintubation (P=0.03) and readmission to hospital (P=0.03).ConclusionsPleural effusion is a common complication of cardiac surgery and is associated with significant morbidity and resource utilization. This study identifies several associated complications that should be considered in the presence of pleural effusion. Modifiable associated factors in the management of drains that may contribute to accumulation of pleural effusion include: early removal of chest drains, higher outputs and removal during or close to mechanical ventilation. Further research is required to assess how adjusting these modifiable factors can decrease rates of effusion post-operatively.     

可达龙治疗冠状动脉旁路移植术后快速性心律失常的疗效观察

目的评价可达龙（盐酸胺碘酮）对非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术（OPCAB）后快速性心律失常的疗效。方法可达龙静脉负荷量150mg（3～5mg／kg）于10min内注射，如有效，继续以1．0mg／min静脉泵入；6h后改为0．5mg／min维持。若首剂静脉注射后20min疗效不明显，可再次静脉注射75～150mg，然后静脉泵入维持。总量〈1200mg／d。为保持疗效，可于静脉用药第1天加用或改用口服。结果本组110例中，快速心房颤动59例，显效50例；室上性心动过速30例，显效25例；房扑12例，显效8例，总有效98例，有效率89．1％。结论可达龙为治疗OPCAB后快速性心律失常的有效药物，安全可靠，疗效肯定，不良反应少。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动的相关危险因素研究

目的研究冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）后心房颤动（AF）的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析我院427例冠状动脉旁路移植术患者的病例资料,并根据术后是否发生房颤分为AF组和非AF组。比较两组资料,进行统计分析,筛选高危因素。结果本组CABG术后心房颤动发生率为21．31％。单因素分析,年龄、吸烟史、高血压史、P波离散度、RCA近中段狭窄〉50％、左心房内径（LAD）、左室射血分数（LVEF）、采用体外循环与否、同期行瓣膜手术与否、移植血管数目差异均具有统计学意义。多因素logistic回归分析提示,年龄〉65岁、P波离散度〉40s、RCA近中段狭窄〉50％、LAD〉40mm、LVEF≤40％均与术后房颤发生有显著相关性。结论年龄〉65岁、P波离散度〉40s、RCA近中段狭窄〉50％、LAD〉40mm、LVEF≤40％是CABG术I暑皂鲕倍士的倍除隅壹     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后低氧血症危险因素研究

目的 分析冠状动脉旁路移植术后低氧血症发生的危险因素,探讨其预防和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析我院198例冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）患者,男性140例,女性58例,年龄40～84（66.36±9.29）岁.机械通气（FiO2＞45％）或面罩给氧（氧流量＞6 L/min）,术后PaO2低于[102-（0.33×年龄）]mm Hg者,确诊为低氧血症,对其术前、术中、术后相关因素进行单因素及多因素回归分析.结果 术后低氧64例,低氧发生率32.3％,成功纠正低氧60例,余4例出现多器官功能衰竭死亡,纠治率93.8％.术前、术中、术后单因素分析有统计学意义的因素包括吸烟史、糖尿病病史、术后胸腔积液、术后肺部感染、呼吸机辅助通气时间、血管病变根数、术后24h引流量、RBC输注量、术中液体入量、手术时间、主动脉阻断时间、体外循环时间和术前PaO2.多因素回归分析CABG术后低氧血症的独立危险因素有：术后肺部感染（OR=10.906,95％CI3.082～38.592）、血管病变支数（OR=3.432,95％CI 1.552～7.590）、吸烟史（OR =2.385,95％CI 1.181～4.815）、糖尿病史（OR=2.542,95％CI1.253～5.157）,预测强度依次递减（P＜0.05）.结论 充分认识CABG术后低氧血症的危险因素,合理的围术期处理可有效防治CABG术后低氧.     

Late occurrence of fatal aortitis: a complication of Aspergillus endocarditis following coronary artery bypass graft surgery

The most common fungal organism to cause endocarditis is Candidawhich is followed by Aspergillus. Aspergillus endocarditis canoccur in either the native or prosthetic heart valves, usuallyoccurs post-operative after cardiac valve surgery. This caseis illustrative of a 49-year-old man with previous history ofcoronary artery bypass grafting presenting with aortic valveendocarditis which was diagnosed as Aspergillus endocarditis.Unfortunately, despite medical and surgical therapy, progressivefatal aortic invasion occurred.     

不停跳冠状动脉搭桥术64例临床分析

目的 总结不停跳冠状动脉搭桥术（OPCAB）的临床经验.方法 2007年7月至2011年11月共完成OPCAB 64例.全麻气管插管后,连续有创动静脉压监测,血管活性药物微量泵注入,肝素化后维持部分激活凝血酶原时间（ACT）＞300 s.常规取左乳内动脉及下肢大隐静脉备作搭桥血管.远端吻合口吻合时,采取心脏与心包之间垫湿纱布,心脏表面稳定器（MEDOS）固定.大部分病例心脏表面固定为非吸附性固定.在远端各吻合口吻合时,均应用冠状动脉内分流栓（inshunt）.本组61例首先完成左乳内动脉（LIMA）至LAD的血流重建.结果 全组围手术期无死亡.术后房颤24例、室性心律失常6例、室上性心动过速2例、心功能不全5例、二次开胸2例,伤口均一期愈合.无围手术期心肌梗死、血栓栓塞及神经系统并发症.术后随访1～52个月,平均26个月,除2例患者分别与术后3个月和6个月发生心肌再梗死,其中1例死于泵衰竭外,其余患者均恢复顺利.结论 OPCAB对于许多高龄（≥70岁）、心功能低下（EF＜40%）、肝肾功能不良、升主动脉钙化、有出血倾向、卒中后遗症等体外循环的高危患者,也可取得满意的治疗效果.OPCAB手术成功率在于高度重视围手术期的处理.     

Use of coronary angioplasty, bypass surgery, and conservative therapy for treatment of coronary artery disease over the past decade

Aims There is a continuous increase in the number of percutaneoustransluminal coronary angioplasty pro-cedures performed peryear per population in most industrialised countries. This analysissearches for trends in treatment decisions after diagnosticcoronary angiography. Methods and Result The degree of coronary artery disease and the therapeutic strategywere determined retro-spectively in consecutive patients undergoingcoronary angiography at a Swiss university hospital during threedifferent time periods in the past 11 years (n=750 in 1994,n=500 in 1990, and n=545 in 1983). The indication for coronaryangioplasty rose from 45% in 1983 to 78% in 1990 and 87% in1994 in patients with one-vessel disease, from 25% to 38% and71% in patients with two-vessel disease, and from 10% to 24%and 29% in patients with three-vessel disease. In contrast,the use of conservative therapy declined with time, independentof the severity of coronary artery disease. Indications forcoronary artery bypass grafting decreased in patients with two-vesseldisease, but did not change in patients with three-vessel diseaseover the 11-year period. Conclusions The use of coronary angioplasty, bypass surgery, and conservativetherapy changed drastically over the past decade, with an increasinguse of angioplasty and a decreasing use of conservative therapyin one-vessel and multivessel disease, and of bypass surgeryin two-vessel disease. The expansion of coronary angioplastyis mainly related to increased use in patients previously treatedconservatively.     

糖尿病并冠心病患者冠状动脉旁路移植围术期特点

目的 :研究糖尿病 (DM )并冠心病 (CHD)患者冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CABG)前后临床特征。方法 :回顾性分析我科 2 0 0 0年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 12月 118例患者 ,其中DM并CHD(DM组 ) 2 2例 ,同期非DM并CHD(对照组 ) 96例的术前准备、手术类型及术后并发症。结果 :DM组平均年龄 (5 9.8± 9.3)岁 ,女性 7例 (31.8% ,P<0 .0 5 ) ;体外循环阻断时间 (92 .0± 4 0 .9)min ,冠状动脉病变远端细小 8例 (36 .4 % ,P <0 .0 5 ) ;术前血糖 (6 .4±1.1)mmol/L ,术中血糖 (16 .1± 2 .3)mmol/L ,术后当天初测血糖 (17.5± 4 .4 )mmol/L ,予静脉推注胰岛素 ,次晨空腹血糖 (11.6± 2 .8)mmol/L ;术后并发肺部感染 7例 ,伤口愈合不良 5例 ,口腔溃疡 5例 ,6个月内复发心绞痛 3例 ,与对照组比较 ,均P <0 .0 5。结论 :DM并CHD患者行CABG病情复杂 ,围术期处理应采取综合疗法     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后胸部切口感染的治疗

目的探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术后胸部切口感染的原因和治疗。方法分析321例冠状动脉旁路移植术后24例胸部切口感染患者行二期清创缝合或二次手术资料。结果本组24例患者均一期愈合，痊愈出院，随访1—96个月，无胸部切口相关并发症。结论冠状动脉旁路移植术后胸部切口感染的原因是多方面的，行二期清创缝合或二次手术，可获良好效果。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后院内传导阻滞的临床分析

目的 分析冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后住院期间传导阻滞发生及转归的相关因素.方法 将2005年1月至2006年12月在我院行单纯CABG的649例患者按照术前合并传导阻滞情况分为3组:无传导阻滞组(N组)586例,高位传导阻滞组(A组)27例,低位传导阻滞组(B组)36例.记录围手术期各项指标及术中旁路重建情况.结果 N组术后住院期间8.02%发生高位传导阻滞,8.7%发生低位传导阻滞;出院时4.61%仍合并传导阻滞.A组术后住院期间59.21%仍为高位传导阻滞,3.7%出现低位传导阻滞;出院时29.63%仍合并传导阻滞.B组术后住院期间至出院时86.11%仍为传导阻滞.结论 CABG术后新发传导阻滞大多数为可恢复性,高龄可能是术后新发高位传导阻滞的高危因素,而术前心脏结构、功能,冠脉病变程度以及术中心肌损伤,可能与术后新发低位传导阻滞相关.术前合并高位传导阻滞患者在术后多数可以恢复正常,可能与年龄和术前应用药物有关.术前合并低位传导阻滞患者在术后仅有少部分可能恢复正常,采用off-pump手术、减少术中心肌损伤可能是其相关因素.     

老年冠心病患者非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术25例

目的 总结25例老年（≥70岁）冠心病患者非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术（OPCABG）的临床体会.方法 回顾性分析我院2007年7月至2013年11月经OPCABG治疗的25例老年冠心病患者的临床资料.结果 全组手术均获成功.无手术死亡,无中转体外循环完成手术者,围手术期死亡率0,无围手术期心肌梗死及神经系统并发症.全组应用左乳内动脉（IMA）和大隐静脉（SVG）搭桥77支,平均（3.1±1.0）支,行左乳内动脉与前降支吻合20例（80％）,大隐静脉搭桥24例（96％）,共57支,包括左乳内动脉（IMA）和大隐静脉（SVG）搭桥19例（79％）41支,完全静脉桥5例（20％）16支,其中序贯静脉桥14例（56％）18支.术后低心排综合征3例,应用IABP 1例,术后出现肺部并发症5例,呼吸衰竭2例,开胸止血1例,伤口感染1例.不稳定型心绞痛者,除2例术后无缓解,后经PTCA治疗有所缓解外,大部分手术后完全缓解.心功能不全者术后逐渐得到纠正,心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级.术后随访3～60个月,随访期间除1例死于心肌再梗死,1例死于肝癌外,大部分患者生活质量明显改善.结论 老年冠心病患者行OPCABG是一种安全、有效的方法,特别是对一些左主干病变、三支病变、合并心功能及其他重要脏器功能不全患者是一种更具优势的方法.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗冠心病的体会

目的 探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）对冠心病的治疗效果.方法 2005年7月至2010年 8月共行冠状动脉旁路移植术 82例,年龄38～78（61.8±12.7）岁,病程3个月至12年;有心肌梗死病史13例（15.6%）,合并高血压56例（68.3%）、糖尿病30例（36.5%）.术前心功能（NYHA）Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,Ⅰ级21例、Ⅱ级48例、Ⅲ级13例.手术在全麻体外循环下进行,取大隐静脉（SVG）与左乳内动脉（LIMA）,左乳内动脉与前降支（LAD）搭桥,其余用大隐静脉搭桥,平均每例搭桥（2.60±0.85）根,二尖瓣成形4例.结果 全组死亡1例,死于急性胰腺炎.术后低心排6例、房颤 10例,并发肺不张2例,4例术后引流多,二次开胸止血,1例术后第3天发现上纵隔增宽,二次开胸清除血块.结论 冠状动脉旁路移植术疗效显著,确切恢复和重建心肌血运,手术安全,结果令人满意.     

Use of 64-slice CT in symptomatic patients after coronary bypass surgery: evaluation of grafts and coronary arteries.

AIMS: Although previous generations of multislice computed tomography (CT) have demonstrated accurate detection of obstructive bypass graft disease, progression of coronary disease is a more frequent cause for ischaemic symptoms late after bypass graft surgery. We explored the diagnostic performance of 64-slice CT in symptomatic patients after bypass surgery, for the assessment of both grafts and native coronary arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS: The 64-slice CT angiography (Siemens Sensation 64, Germany) was performed in 52 symptomatic patients, 10 +/- 5 years after bypass surgery. Two independent, blinded observers assessed all grafts and coronary arteries for stenosis, using conventional quantitative angiography as a reference. A total of 109 grafts (182 graft segments), 123 distal coronary run-offs, and 116 non-bypassed coronary branches (288 segments) were analysed. Per-segment detection of graft disease yielded a sensitivity of 99% (71/72) and specificity of 96% (106/110). Sensitivity and specificity to detect run-off disease were 89% (8/9) and 93% (106/114), positive predictive value was 50% (8/16). In non-grafted coronary segments, CT detected significant stenosis with a sensitivity and specificity of 97% (62/64) and 86% (192/224). Overestimation occurred more frequently in calcified segments (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The 64-slice CT allows angiographic evaluation of grafts and coronary arteries, although overestimation of coronary obstruction occurs, particularly in the presence of calcified disease.     

75岁及以上老人两种冠脉搭桥方法效果比较

目的：比较75岁及以上老年人体外循环和非体外循环下冠脉搭桥的术后的相关数据,明确两种手术对病人手术后早、中期的影响 （2年内）,为临床选择提供经验。方法：比较我院2010年10月到2013年5月期间接受冠脉搭桥手术的75岁及以上患者围术期及术后随访数据,分外体外循环组42例,非体外循环组68例,比较两组数据有无显著性差别。结果：两组病例术前左心室射血分数和左心室舒张末期直径无明显差别;手术操作时间、远端吻合口数、术后住院时间无明显差别,术后两组呼吸机辅助呼吸时间、ICU居住时间、术后住院费用、以及输血量有显著差别;术后3个月复查心脏彩超显示左心室射血分数和左心室舒张末期直径也无明显差别。两组患者术后1年、2年内心功能分级、全因死亡率、心血管事件再次入院比率无显著差别。结论：通过术后早、中期（2年）的临床资料比较,两种冠脉搭桥方法均对75岁以上老年人均安全、有效     

Acute kidney injury and long-term risk of stroke after coronary artery bypass surgery

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with death, end-stage renal disease, and heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease. This study investigated the association between AKI and long-term risk of stroke.

Methods and results

50,244 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in Sweden between 2000 and 2008 were identified from the SWEDEHEART registry. After exclusions 23,584 patients without prior stroke who underwent elective, primary, isolated, CABG were included. AKI was categorized according to absolute increases in postoperative creatinine values compared with preoperative values: stage 1, 0.3–0.5 mg/dL (26–44 μmol/L); stage 2, 0.5–1.0 mg/dL (44–88 μmol/L); and stage 3, > 1.0 mg/dL (≥ 88 μmol/L). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for stroke. There were 1156 (4.9%) strokes during a mean follow-up of 4.1 years. After adjustment for confounders, HRs (95% CIs) for stroke in AKI stages 1, 2 and 3 were 1.12 (0.89–1.39), 1.31 (1.04–1.66) and 1.31 (0.92–1.87), respectively, compared with no AKI. This association disappeared after taking death into account in competing risk analysis. There was a significant association between AKI and stroke in men (HR: 1.26 [1.05–1.50]) but not in women (HR: 1.07 [0.75–1.53]), and in younger (< 65 years; HR: 1.57 [1.12–2.22]), but not elderly patients (HR: 1.17 [0.98–1.40]).

Conclusions

The long-term risk of stroke is weakly associated with AKI after primary isolated CABG, but this association is attenuated and not significant when considering death as a competing risk.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后低氧血症的分析和防治

目的探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术后低氧血症发生的危险因素和防治措施。方法回顾性分析冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者低氧血症的发生与年龄、术前肺功能、左室射血分数（LVEF）、体外循环时间、肺部感染的关系及低氧血症发生后的处理效果和死亡率。结果64例冠状动脉旁路移植术患者,术后发生低氧血症17例,发生率为26．6％。低氧血症组与正常组在年龄、FEV1．0％、LVEF、体外循环时间、肺部感染率等相关危险因素方面比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论积极防治低氧血症是降低冠状动脉旁路移植术死亡率的重要措施。     

Right heart bypass for left circumflex coronary artery bypass grafting

Displacement of the heart to expose the left circumflex artery (LCX) causes hemodynamic disturbance during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We applied right heart bypass (RHB) using a heparin-coated centrifugal pump without an oxygenator in an attempt to stabilize the hemodynamics. Five mongrel dogs (15.5–20 kg) were used. Hemodynamic parameters were continuously monitored at a fixed rate of 80 beats/min. The LCX was exposed with the use of an Octopus Tissue Stabilizer. After baseline data were obtained, each dog was placed in the Trendelenburg position. Finally, RHB was established with different pump flows. LCX exposure caused a significant decrease in aortic flow (to 33.1% ± 13.1% of the baseline value) and arterial mean pressure (to 68.3% ± 8.5%) (P < 0.001). Trendelenburg positioning caused these values to recover to 57.1% ± 6.7% and 72.5% ± 7.7%, respectively. RHB with 50% flow significantly improved the hemodynamic values, although 100% flow significantly increased LAP by 134.8% ± 19.7% (P < 0.01). Tilting of the canine heart to expose the LCX caused significant deterioration of the hemodynamic values. Trendelenburg positioning was moderately effective, and RHB very effective, in improving the hemodynamics. In a limited number of cases, an appropriate flow of RHB may provide safe hemodynamic assistance during off-pump CABG of the LCX. Received: March 10, 2000 / Accepted: May 27, 2000     

Preoperative frailty and adverse outcomes following coronary artery bypass grafting surgery in US veterans

Background

Contemporary guidelines emphasize the value of incorporating frailty into clinical decision-making regarding revascularization strategies for coronary artery disease. Yet, there are limited data describing the association between frailty and longer-term mortality among coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study (2016–2020, 40 VA medical centers) of US veterans nationwide that underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Frailty was quantified by the Veterans Administration Frailty Index (VA-FI), which applies the cumulative deficit method to render a proportion of 30 pertinent diagnosis codes. Patients were classified as non-frail (VA-FI ≤ 0.1), pre-frail (0.1 < VA-FI ≤ 0.2), or frail (VA-FI > 0.2). We used Cox proportional hazards models to ascertain the association of frailty with all-cause mortality. Our primary study outcome was 5-year all-cause mortality; the co-primary outcome was days alive and out of the hospital within the first postoperative year.

Results

There were 13,554 CABG patients (median 69 years, 79% White, 1.5% women). The mean pre-operative VA-FI was 0.21 (SD: 0.11); 31% were pre-frail (VA-FI: 0.17) and 47% were frail (VA-FI: 0.31). Frail patients were older and had higher co-morbidity burdens than pre-frail and non-frail patients. Compared with non-frail patients (13.0% [11.4, 14.7]), there was a significant association between frail and pre-frail patients and increased cumulative 5-year all-cause mortality (frail: 24.8% [23.3, 26.1]; HR: 1.75 [95% CI 1.54, 2.00]; pre-frail 16.8% [95% CI 15.3, 18.4]; HR 1.2 [1.08,1.34]). Compared with non-frail patients (mean 362[SD 12]), pre-frail (mean 361 [SD 14]; p < 0.01) and frail patients (mean 358[SD 18]; p < 0.01) spent fewer days alive and out of the hospital in the first postoperative year.

Conclusions

Pre-frailty and frailty were prevalent among US veterans undergoing CABG and associated with worse mid-term outcomes. Given the high prevalence of frailty with attendant adverse outcomes, there may be an opportunity to improve outcomes by identifying and mitigating frailty before surgery.     

186例老年冠心病患者是、否体外循环下冠脉旁路移植术的比较

目的:比较老年冠心病患者体外循环与非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术的疗效。方法:A组选择87例65岁以上的老年患者在体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CCABG);B组选择79例65岁以上的老年患者在非体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG)。结果:B组死亡率低于A组(P<0.05),术后胸腔引流量明显少于A组(P<0.05)。结论:老年冠心病患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术是安全的。