胰腺损伤的诊断与外科治疗探讨

目的:探讨胰腺损伤的诊断与外科治疗原则。方法:回顾性分析我院2002年2月至2012年10月收治的39例胰腺损伤病人的临床资料,总结胰腺损伤的诊断与外科治疗方法。本研究胰腺损伤程度分级标准采用Lucas4型分级标准。结果:本研究病人均行手术治疗并确诊,单纯胰腺损伤11例(28.2%),合并其他脏器损伤28例(71.8%)。治愈31例,术后早期死亡3例,死于多器官合并伤;后期死亡5例,死于严重的胰腺坏死、胰漏和感染所致的多器官功能衰竭,病死率为20.5%。对Ⅳ级严重胰腺损伤的4例病人先行控制性手术,后行确定性手术,获得成功。结论:MRCP适合于胰管损伤的诊断,主胰管断裂的识别和定位也是治疗成功的关键,对Ⅳ级严重胰腺损伤病人先行控制性手术,后行确定性手术,以提高治愈率。     

严重胰腺外伤的早期处理

目的:探讨严重胰腺外伤的早期处理方法。方法:回顾性分析2006年1月—2015年4月收治的24例胰腺外伤的患者的临床资料。结果:全组24例患者中,I级损伤5例及II级损伤6例均行胰腺坏死组织清除加局部引流术;III级损伤6例均行胰腺体尾部切除术;IV级损伤7例,2例行胰十二指肠切除术,4例行胰腺空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,1例行局部的清创引流术。全组治愈23例(95.8%),死亡1例(感染性休克),有并发症者15例(62.5%,24例次),其中胰瘘9例,创伤性胰腺炎3例,胰腺假性囊肿2例,感染2例,胆瘘1例,失血性休克1例。结论:应根据损伤程度不断调整治疗方案,选择合理的手术方式和手术时机,胰周的通畅引流和灌洗是严重胰腺外伤治疗成功保证。     

严重复杂的胰腺创伤临床处理探讨

目的 总结严重复杂性胰腺损伤的诊治经验.方法 回顾性分析21例的临床资料.其中男14例,女7例;年龄9～53岁,平均26岁;损伤分级:Ⅲ级8例,Ⅳ级8例,V级5例.主要诊断方法有淀粉酶测定、B超、CT、ERCP和MRCP等.均采取手术治疗,10例行远侧胰腺空肠Rouxen-Y吻合术;3例行胰头十二指肠切除术;2例行改良十二指肠憩室化手术;3例行胰腺尾部切除术;2例行胰腺断面缝合、主胰管内置管外引流;1例行胰腺两侧断端缝扎,后二期手术行远端胰腺空肠吻合术.结果 术前诊断明确11例,术中确诊10例.18例损伤后12 h内手术治疗,3例延期手术治疗.治愈20例,病死1例(胰头十二指肠切除术后).发生胰瘘并发症3例,经充分引流、药物治疗治愈.结论 胰腺严重创伤的诊断率仍较低,早期应积极剖腹探查弥补术前诊断的不足,手术方式要根据分级采取个体化方案,贯彻损伤控制性外科理念,不宜盲目扩大手术.     

胰腺损伤的诊断与治疗

目的:探讨胰腺损伤的诊断与治疗的方法.方法:分析1988年1月至2003年12月间收治的29例胰腺损伤的诊断与治疗情况.按美国创伤外科学会(AAST)胰腺损伤分级:Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级13例,Ⅳ级3例和Ⅴ级3例.27例病人经过外科手术治疗.8例胰腺损伤的病人行局部引流.胰头侧断端胰管结扎闭锁缝合、胰体尾部切除术9例(其中经内镜鼻胰管引流术3例;同时因脾脏严重损伤行脾切除5例).胰头侧断端胰管结扎闭锁缝合、体部断端胰空肠Roux-Y吻合术7例.Ⅴ级损伤3例,十二指肠憩室化术2例;行急诊胰十二指肠切除术1例.结果:23例治愈.1例发生创伤性胰腺炎经保守治疗恢复正常;2例发生胰漏,经引流、善宁治疗治愈;2例形成胰腺假性囊肿,3个月后行胰腺假性囊肿空肠Roux-Y吻合术.1例死于颅脑损伤.结论:胰腺损伤早期诊断是治疗的关键.术中细致探查十分重要.若病情允许,内镜不但有助于胰腺损伤的诊断,而且是治疗胰腺损伤的一种有效方法.依据胰腺损伤类型选择合理的治疗方法,可以减少术后并发症的发生.     

严重胰腺损伤合并多脏器损伤的外科治疗

目的 探讨严重胰腺损伤合并多脏器损伤的治疗方法.方法 回顾分析2005年1月-2010年12月收治的15例严重胰腺损伤合并多脏器损伤临床资料,包括胰腺损伤Ⅲ级10例,Ⅳ级4例,Ⅴ级l例.行Whipple手术1例,胰尾部切除+脾切除术3例,胰腺周围双套管负压持续冲洗引流10例,胰腺周围穿刺引流术l例,同时进行合并伤的治疗.结果 术后发生胰瘘12例,胰腺周围脓肿5例.治愈14例,1例经胰周穿刺引流治疗后1个月突发出血死亡.结论 严重胰腺损伤手术方式需个体化,术中遵循损伤控制性理念,胰周放置多根双套管,术后持续冲洗和负压引流,早期肠内营养等是提高治疗效果的关键.     

胰腺损伤35例诊治分析

目的总结胰腺损伤诊断和治疗的经验。方法回顾性分析我科2005年12月至2010年6月期间收治的35例胰腺损伤患者的临床资料。结果男32例,女3例;年龄11～47岁,平均29岁。损伤程度:Ⅰ、Ⅱ级20例,Ⅲ级12例,Ⅳ级2例,Ⅴ级1例。根据病史、临床症状、血清淀粉酶、腹腔穿刺液淀粉酶检测、B超、CT等诊断。4例行非手术治疗;31例行手术治疗,其中16例行胰腺被膜切开、清创、冲洗、引流,6例行损伤胰腺远端切除,6例行近端缝合、远端空肠Roux-en-Y吻合,2例胰腺主胰管吻合放置支撑管经空肠外引流,1例胰头部严重毁损行胰十二指肠切除术。术前明确诊断24例,术中明确诊断11例。本组死亡5例,均为胰腺复合伤,其中1例肠系膜上动脉损伤合并实质脏器损伤术后24h死亡,4例胰腺严重毁损,术前抗休克后术中探查见胰腺损伤合并2个以上脏器损伤,术后肝、肾功能衰竭,经抢救无效死亡。治愈30例。结论胰腺损伤的术前诊断率较低,围手术期应积极剖腹探查弥补术前不足,外科治疗要根据损伤分级采取个体化方案,贯彻损伤控制性外科理念,不宜盲目扩大手术。     

单纯及复合型胰腺外伤的诊断与个体化手术体会

目的:探讨单纯及复合型胰腺外伤的诊断及个体化手术治疗方法;方法:回顾分析大庆油田总医院2005年1月至2011年12月急诊收治的42例胰腺外伤患者的临床资料;结果:术前确诊22例,其余均经术中探查确诊,治疗均采用手术治疗,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级胰腺损伤18例,其中单纯行胰周引流3例,清除胰周坏死组织、缝合止血、外引流1 3例,腹腔镜下胰周引流2例;Ⅲ级胰腺损伤15例,其中胰腺远端、脾联合切除,胰腺近端结节缝合9例,胰腺远端与空肠吻合术近端结节或褥氏缝合缝合4例,胰腺遗端胃吻合加空肠造瘘术2例,Ⅳ级胰腺损伤7例,给予行胰头坏死组织彻底清除、近侧断端缝合、远侧断端与空肠吻合、彻底引流,Ⅴ级损伤2例,行胰十二指肠切除术及改良十二指肠憩室化手术;结论:联合应用影像学及生化检查可提高术前胰腺损伤患者的诊断率,术中认真细致探查是防止遗漏胰腺损伤的重要措施,根据患者胰腺损伤级别给予个体化手术方式可提高胰腺损伤的治愈率.     

闭合性胰腺损伤的诊断和治疗：附32例报告

目的：探讨闭合性胰腺损伤的早期诊断和治疗方法。
方法：回顾性分析收治的闭合性胰腺损伤32例的临床资料。
结果：CT诊断符合率为79.3%。非手术治疗4例,其中I级3例,II级1例。 手术治疗28例,I级5例和II级7例行胰周清创外引流术;6例Ⅲ级胰腺损伤中,行远端胰腺切除术和脾切除术4例,行保脾远端胰腺切除术2例;5例Ⅳ级胰腺损伤中,行胰腺空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术4例,行远端胰腺切除术和脾切除术1例;5例Ⅴ级胰腺损伤中,行十二指肠憩室化手术1例,2例胰头严重毁损伤行胰十二指肠切除术,2例由于复合伤情较重,首先应用损伤控制手术,于受伤后48 h再次行彻底性手术。全组死亡3例,死亡原因主要为多器官功能衰竭,余25例中术后发生并发症19例（76.0%）,包括胰瘘、胰腺假性囊肿等,均经治疗而愈。
结论：无明确主胰管损伤、临床情况稳定时,胰腺损伤可先行非手术治疗。手术治疗适于重度闭合性胰腺损伤,根据胰腺损伤的程度选择合理的手术方式可提高治愈率,降低病死率。     

儿童胰腺损伤的非手术治疗体会

目的总结非手术治疗方法治疗儿童胰腺损伤的体会。方法回顾性分析我院2013年2月～2018年10月间收治的13例胰腺外伤患儿的临床资料。结果 13例患儿均行胰腺CT增强扫描确诊。按美国创伤外科学会制定的分级表分级,Ⅰ级4例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级2例,Ⅴ级0例。所有患儿均经抗感染、禁食、胃肠减压、全静脉营养,抑酶等保守治疗,部分行局部穿刺引流,或行ERCP内支架引流(1例),所有患儿均未进行开放性手术,均治愈。结论健康儿童的胰腺修复能力强大,大部分儿童胰腺损伤经保守治疗可治愈。即使是合并胰头主胰管断裂的胰腺外伤,经外引流或结合胰管内支架等非开放手术治疗方式均能治愈。     

胰腺断裂合并主胰管损伤的外科治疗分析

目的 探讨胰腺断裂合并主胰管损伤的手术方式选择和疗效.方法 回顾性分析1995年1月～2009年2月经我院手术治疗的21例胰腺断裂伤患者的临床资料.本组男14例,女7例;平均年龄26岁(9～53岁);开放性损伤8例,闭合性损伤13例;按美国创伤外科医师学会的损伤分级:Ⅲ级8例,Ⅳ级8例,Ⅴ级5例.18例损伤后12小时内手术治疗,3例延期手术治疗.其中10例行远侧胰腺空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术;3例行胰头十二指肠切除术;2例行改良十二指肠憩室化手术;3例行胰腺尾部切除术;2例行主胰管吻合内置管引流、胰腺断面缝合;1例行胰腺两侧断端缝扎,后2期手术行远端胰腺空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术.结果 治愈20例,死亡1例(胰头十二指肠切除术后).发生胰瘘并发症3例,经充分引流、药物治疗治愈. 结论 早期手术探查并贯彻损伤控制性外科理念是提高胰腺断裂伤治疗效果的关键,手术方式要根据分级采取个体化方案.     

Biochemical characterization of individual injury pattern and injury severity

Background: Estimation of trauma severity currently relies on clinical diagnoses and scoring systems. However, the early estimation of the severity of chest trauma and overall soft tissue trauma (STT) remains insufficient. Traditional trauma scoring systems fail to reflect the individual trauma pattern and severity, neglecting the different outcomes after injuries in different body regions. Therefore, the aim of this prospective study was to detect laboratory markers that may reflect the pattern and extent of individual trauma in the very early phase after injury. Patients and methods: In 107 non-selected trauma patients, blood samples were collected almost immediately and then at short intervals after the trauma. In addition to the biochemical analysis of 20 different mediators viewed as potential trauma markers, the following data were correlated with the laboratory results: injury severity score (ISS), polytrauma score (PTS), Ulmer score HTAPE (trauma pattern specific: head (H), thorax (T), abdomen (A), pelvis (P), extremities (E); 0–3° each), multiple organ failure score (MOF), overall, primary and secondary lethality. Results: ISS and the severity of head injury were clearly higher in non-survivors (n=17) than in survivors (n=90) (median ISS: 35 versus 18; median severity of head injury (H): 3 versus 1). Whereas head injury was correlated with early death (≤3 days: r=0.45), late death (>3 days post-trauma) was influenced by thoracic trauma (r=0.15) as well as by soft tissue trauma (STT, r=0.12).

Of all investigated mediators, interleukin-6 (IL-6) displayed the highest correlations (r=0.66, P<0.00001) with the extent of chest trauma, followed by correlations with PTS, STT, fracture trauma (FT) and ISS during the first hour after trauma. There was no correlation between IL-6 and head injury. The extent of STT was correlated best to IL-8 (r=0.75), IL-6 (r=0.54), and creatin kinase (CK, r=0.49) plasma concentrations. Conclusion: In the very early stage after an accident the severity of chest trauma is strongly correlated with the plasma concentration of IL-6, and the extent of overall soft tissue trauma (STT) to plasma concentrations of IL-8, IL-6, and CK.     

多发伤并胰十二指肠损伤的临床诊断与处理原则

多发伤是指两个或两个以上解剖部位的严重损伤,多发伤合并腹部脏器损伤约58%,其中约有1%~3%合并胰十二指肠损伤,其发生率并不高,却是腹部最为复杂而严重的一类创伤,由于其位置深在,症状隐匿,实验室检查缺乏特异性,早期诊断困难,容易延误诊断或漏诊,给后期的治疗带来很大的困难。加上这类患者常常合并全身其他部位的严重损伤,在临床治疗决策上更为复杂和困难。现就多发伤合并胰十二肠损伤的临床诊断与处理原则作一些探讨。多发伤合并胰十二指肠损伤的诊断多发伤患者常常合并有头颅、胸心、脊柱、骨盆、四肢等部位严重的损伤存在,在腹部症状不…     

医原性输尿管膀胱损伤诊治分析

目的 探讨医原性输尿管膀胱损伤发生原因及防治方法.方法 医原性输尿管膀胱损伤患者47例,男7例,女40例.其中妇产科手术损伤38例、泌尿外科5例、普外科4例. 结果 术中发现输尿管损伤16例,其中断裂14例,输尿管壁部分撕裂伤2例;行输尿管断端吻合术13例,肾盂输尿管吻合术1例,1例输尿管镜手术引起输尿管穿孔者予终止手术并留置双J管,1例被迫切除肾脏;术后3～7 d发现输尿管损伤7例,其中输尿管下段被结扎4例.输尿管阴道瘘3例,均于术后2周内行输尿管下段膀胱再植术.术中发现膀胱损伤19例,膀胱壁不规则撕裂长约1～3 cm;行膀胱修补术17例,由腔镜和TVT手术引起膀胱穿孔2例予留置导尿1周;术后1周～1个月发现膀胱阴道瘘5例,均于3个月后行瘘管切除修补术.术后47例随访5个月～11年,平均47个月,患者均治愈,无并发症. 结论 医原性损伤重在预防,术中及时发现、正确处理可避免二次手术;术后出现尿瘘者选择合理治疗方案可提高治愈率.     

Hypertonic saline reduces skeletal muscle injury and associated remote organ injury following ischemia reperfusion injury

Background and purpose Pharmacological modulation of skeletal muscle reperfusion injury after traumaassociated ischemia may improve limb salvage rates and prevent the associated systemic sequelae. Resuscitation with hypertonic saline restores the circulating volume and has favorable effects on tissue perfusion and blood pressure. We evaluated the effects of treatment with a bolus of hypertonic saline on skeletal muscle ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury and the associated end-organ injury.

Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 27) were randomized into 3 groups: (1) a control group, (2) an IR group treated with normal saline, and (3) an IR group treated with hypertonic saline. Bilateral hindlimb ischemia was induced by application of a rubber band proximal to the level of the greater trochanters for 2.5 h. The treatment groups received either normal saline (4 mL/kg) or hypertonic saline (4 mL/kg) prior to tourniquet release. Following 12 h of reperfusion, the tibialis anterior muscle was dissected and muscle function was assessed electrophysiologically. The animals were then killed, and skeletal muscle and lung tissue were harvested for evaluation.

Results Hypertonic saline significantly attenuated skeletal muscle reperfusion injury, as shown by reduced myeloperoxidase content, wet-to-dry ratio, and electrical properties of skeletal muscle. There was a corresponding reduction in lung injury, as demonstrated by reduced myeloperoxidase content and reduced wet-to-dry ratio.

Interpretation Treatment with hypertonic saline attenuates skeletal muscle ischemia reperfusion injury and its associated systemic sequelae.     

Profiles of spinal cord injury and recovery after gunshot injury

Prospective motor and sensory examinations were conducted on 135 patients with neurologic deficits caused by spinal cord injuries resulting from gunshot wounds. Annual follow-up motor and sensory examinations were conducted for 67 patients. The neurologic data (motor and sensory neurologic levels of injury, zone of injury, and completeness of lesion) were assessed in terms of the vertebral level of injury, region of injury, bullet caliber, direction of bullet entry, and whether the bullet penetrated the spinal canal, completely traversed the spinal canal, or entered and remained lodged in the spinal canal. Seventy-seven of the patients sustained complete lesions and 58 sustained incomplete lesions. Anatomically, 19.3% of the injuries were in the cervical region, 51.8% in the thoracic, and 28.9% in the thoracolumbar. In 93 cases, the neurologic level was at least one level higher than vertebral level of injury. Although twice as many individuals were shot from the back as from the front and from the left as from the right, the point of bullet entry did not appear to be related to the severity of the injury. At the annual follow-up examinations, 66.7% of the patients with complete lesions and 64.0% of the patients with incomplete lesions had no improvement in the neurologic level of injury. Nevertheless, there was a significant (p less than 0.0001) improvement in the American Spinal Injury Association motor index scores one year after injury.     

Mild traumatic brain injury and diffuse axonal injury in swine

Until recently, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or "concussion" was generally ignored as a major health issue. However, emerging evidence suggests that this injury is by no means mild, considering it induces persisting neurocognitive dysfunction in many individuals. Although little is known about the pathophysiological aspects of mTBI, there is growing opinion that diffuse axonal injury (DAI) may play a key role. To explore this possibility, we adapted a model of head rotational acceleration in swine to produce mTBI by scaling the mechanical loading conditions based on available biomechanical data on concussion thresholds in humans. Using these input parameters, head rotational acceleration was induced in either the axial plane (transverse to the brainstem; n=3), causing a 10- to 35-min loss of consciousness, or coronal plane (circumferential to the brainstem; n=2), which did not produce a sustained loss of consciousness. Seven days following injury, immunohistochemical analyses of the brains revealed that both planes of head rotation induced extensive axonal pathology throughout the white matter, characterized as swollen axonal bulbs or varicosities that were immunoreactive for accumulating neurofilament protein. However, the distribution of the axonal pathology was different between planes of head rotation. In particular, more swollen axonal profiles were observed in the brainstems of animals injured in the axial plane, suggesting an anatomic substrate for prolonged loss of consciousness in mTBI. Overall, these data support DAI as an important pathological feature of mTBI, and demonstrate that surprisingly overt axonal pathology may be present, even in cases without a sustained loss of consciousness.     

Exploring the first pressure injury and characteristics of subsequent pressure injury accrual following spinal cord injury

Context/Objective: Clinicians have guidance on prevention and treatment of pressure injuries, but little is known regarding characteristics of patients who develop additional pressure injuries. Thus, our objective was to explore the first pressure injury and characteristics of individuals who develop subsequent pressure injuries during acute care and inpatient rehabilitation following spinal cord injury.Design: Secondary analysis of longitudinal data from a cohort of adults following initial traumatic spinal cord injury.Setting: Urban acute care hospital and inpatient rehabilitation facilities.Participants: A convenience sample of adults (n = 38) who developed at least one pressure injury during acute care and inpatient rehabilitation.Interventions: Not applicable.Outcome Measures: The primary outcomes were number of additional pressure injuries and stage of care during which they occurred, prior to community discharge.Results: A covariate-adjusted model revealed that participants with ASIA D injury had a 67% decrease in the rate of additional pressure injury incidence compared to participants with ASIA A injury (Rate Ratio = .33, 95% CI [0.13, 0.88]). The severity of the first pressure injury had no significant association with subsequent pressure injury incidence (P = .10).Conclusion: These findings indicated that individuals with greater sensory and motor loss had an increased risk of developing additional pressure injuries compared to individuals with less impairment. These results are meaningful for stakeholders interested in understanding factors associated with developing subsequent pressure injuries during the index rehabilitation stay and provide a foundation for future research in this area.     

Tracheotomy and inhalation injury

Indications for tracheotomy in patients with respiratory burns have been unclear. Much of the literature is inconclusive or misleading. A thorough understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of inhalation injury is necessary to understand the role of tracheotomy. A critical review reveals relatively clearcut indications for the use of tracheotomy in inhalation injury, but many unanswered questions. Increased participation by otolaryngologists in burn management is recommended.