中学生父母教养方式、应对方式的关系及影响因素

目的探讨父母教养方式及有关因素对中学生应对方式的影响。方法采用父母教养方式量表和中学生应对方式量表对开封市579名中学生进行调查。结果良好的父母养育方式与积极的应对方式呈正相关；不良的父母养育方式与消极的应对方式呈负相关。在性别上父母养育方式各因子中父亲情感温暖理解、惩罚严厉、过分干涉、拒绝、否认、母亲情感温暖理解、过分干涉、过分保护等因子上有显著差异。在年级纬度上父母养育方式各因子中，父亲惩罚严厉、拒绝、否认、过度保护、母亲过分干涉、过分保护等因子有显著差异。结论父母教养方式和中学生应对方式存在显著相关，父母教养方式越积极，中学生越倾向采取积极的应对方式应对生活中遇到的挫折和烦恼。     

大学生家庭教养方式对时间管理倾向的影响

目的 探讨家庭教养方式对时间管理倾向的影响.方法 采用青少年时间管理倾向量表(ATMD)和父母教养方式量表(EMBU)对223名大学生进行调查.结果 ①时间管理倾向总分和各分量表上不存在性别差异;②父亲惩罚严厉、父亲过分干涉、父亲拒绝否认、母亲过分干涉、母亲拒绝否认、母亲偏爱被试分量表存在显著的性别差异;③将家庭教养方式的几个因子对大学生的时间管理倾向总分进行回归分析发现,父母教养方式对时间管理倾向有显著的预测作用.父母温暖理解、父亲惩罚严厉对时间管理倾向有显著的积极影响,父母的拒绝否认对时间管理倾向有显著的消极影响.结论 大学生家庭教养方式对时间管理倾向有显著影响作用.     

不同竞争态度大学生的父母教养方式特点研究

目的探讨不同竞争态度大学生的父母教养方式特点。方法采用父母教养方式评价量表(EM BU)和竞争态度量表对228名大学生进行问卷调查。结果①大学生在良性竞争态度及竞争态度总均分上性别差异显著;②良性竞争态度高低分组在父母亲情感温暖维度和父亲过分干涉维度差异显著;过度竞争态度高低分组在父母亲的拒绝否认维度、过度保护维度以及母亲的惩罚严厉维度上差异显著。结论父母教养方式与大学生竞争态度之间存在一定的联系。     

大专生职业决策自我效能与父母教养方式的相关研究

目的探讨大专生职业决策自我效能与父母教养方式的关系。方法运用职业决策自我效能和父母教养方式量表对300名大专生进行测量。结果①大专生职业决策自我效能存在年级差异；②大专生职业决策自我效能与父母情感温暖、理解呈显著相关；③大专生选择目标、制定规划、问题解决与父亲过分干涉呈显著负相关．收集信息与母亲惩罚、严厉呈显著负相关。结论父母教养方式是大专生职业决策自我效能的影响因素之一。     

父母养育方式对中学生创造力倾向和自我效能感的影响

目的考察中学生创造力倾向和自我效能感的特点及父母教养方式对二者的影响。方法采用问卷调查法对306例在校初、高中生进行研究,研究工具包括父母养育方式问卷、威廉斯创造倾向量表和自我效能感综合量表。结果女生、男生的教养方式在父亲惩罚、严厉(t=-3.55,P=0.00)和父亲拒绝、否认(t=-2.47,P=0.01)二项上差异有统计学意义,在创造力的想象力因子上二者差异有统计学意义(t=3.36,P=0.00),其余各因子男、女生得分差异不显著。初中、高中生的父母养育方式在父亲情感温暖理解(t=-2.07,P=0.04),父亲过度干涉(t=-2.57,P=0.01),父亲过度保护(t=-2.32,P=0.02),3项上差异有统计学意义。在学业自我效能感上差异有统计学意义(t=3.07,P=0.00),其余各因子在年级上差异不显著(P>0.05)。中学生父、母情感温暖分别与除想象力之外的创造性倾向和自我效能感各因子呈正相关;父、母亲的拒绝、否认与中学生的自我调节学习效能感呈负相关;父亲的过度保护与创造力总分、冒险性和好奇心呈正相关;母亲的过度干涉、过度保护与创造力倾向总分、好奇心、想象力和挑战性呈正相关,母亲的惩罚、严厉与自我调整学习呈负相关。结论父母教养方式对中学生的创造力倾向和自我效能感有重要影响。     

父母教养方式对大学生时间管理倾向影响的研究

目的探讨父母教养方式与大学生时间管理倾向之间的关系。方法采用父母教养方式问卷和时间管理倾向问卷对230名大学生进行调查。结果在父亲教养方式上存在性别差异,其中在惩罚严厉、过分干涉、拒绝否认和过度保护维度上,男生得分显著高于女生;时间管理倾向上,在时间价值感和时间监控观维度,女生得分显著高于男生;父亲偏爱对大学生的时间价值感、父亲情感温暖理解对大学生时间监控观和时间效能感都具有很好的预测作用。结论父母教养方式对大学生时间管理倾向具有重要影响。     

中学生父母养育方式与应对方式的关系研究

目的探讨中学生父母养育方式与应对方式的关系。方法本研究采用父母养育方式评价量表和应对方式问卷对上海市两所中学266名中学生进行调查。结果①中学生父母养育方式和应对方式中的解决问题、求助等因子呈显著相关;②父母养育方式中的父母惩罚严厉、过分干涉等因子以及应对方式中的解决问题呈显著性别差异;父母养育方式中的父母惩罚严厉、过分干涉等因子呈显著年级差异;③父母养育方式与应对方式一些因子的相关受性别差异的影响。结论良好的父母教养方式有利于中学生采用积极的应对方式。     

父母教养方式对中学生自我价值感的影响

目的 探讨父母教养方式对中学生自我价值感的影响。方法 采用岳冬梅修订的《父母教养方式评定量表》（ＥＭＢＵ）对５５８名中学生进行团体测量。结果 中学生的自我价值感与其所感受到的来自父母的情感温暖与理解有显著的正相关,而与父母的惩罚严厉、拒绝否认以及父亲的过分保护,有显著或极显著的负相关;父亲的过分干涉与总体自我价值感和社会取向的特殊自我价值感,有显著的正相关。     

大学生职业决策自我效能感与家庭教养方式的相关研究

探讨大学生职业自我效能感与父母教养方式二者的现状及其关系。采用父母教养方式评价量表和大学生职业决策自我效能量表对280名大学生进行测试。结果显示,男女生整体择业效能感差异无统计学意义;大学生职业自我效能感随年级增长呈现降低的趋势,但各年级差异无统计学意义;大学生父母教养方式在是否独生子女上差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。相对于非独生子女来说,父母对独生子女的过分干涉比较高,更加偏爱、情感更加温暖、过分保护,惩罚更加严厉。大学生职业决策自我效能总分及各因子与父母情感温暖、过分干涉、保护呈正相关(r=0.104~0.233,均P<0.01);其他因子间相关不显著。父母教养方式对大学生职业自我效能具有重要的影响。     

初中生非学业自我概念及其与父母教养方式关系研究

探讨初中生非学业自我概念性别、年级差异,以及父母教养方式和非学业自我概念之间的关系。从湖南省常德市某2所中学随机抽取304名学生,采用自我评价量表和父母教养方式评价问卷进行调查。结果显示:①初中生非学业自我概念中诚实可信赖自我这一维度上存在年级和性别的交互作用(P<0.05),与父母关系自我这一维度在年级上差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),情绪稳定性自我和与异性关系自我这2个维度在性别上的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但非学业自我概念总分在性别和年级差异无统计学意义;②父母温暖理解两因子与初中生非学业自我概念正相关(P<0.01),父母拒绝否认和母亲严厉惩罚3个因子与初中生非学业自我概念呈负相关(P<0.01)。父亲严厉惩罚对与同性关系自我、与异性关系自我呈负相关(P<0.01)。由此可知,初中生非学业自我概念的发展相对均衡,且与父母教养方式有关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.