剖宫产术后硬膜外吗啡镇痛对催乳素及初乳的影响

目的：观察剖宫产术后硬膜外吗啡镇痛对催乳素及初乳的影响。方法：选择４０例健康足月产妇，择期在硬膜外麻醉下施行剖宫产术。术毕随机等分两组：止痛组和对照组。止痛组硬膜外注入吗啡镇痛液镇痛。采用放射免疫分析法测定血浆催乳素（ＰＲＬ）。术后随访４８小时。结果：止痛组ＶＡＳ明显低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）。两组术后ＰＲＬ较术前明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。止痛组术后ＰＲＬ高于对照组，２４小时具显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．     

舒芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛在剖宫产术后的应用研究

目的探讨舒芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛在剖宫产术后的应用价值及安全性。方法选择80例行剖宫产的初产妇,采用随机数字的方法分为观察组和对照组各40例,观察组采用舒芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛,对照组术后疼痛时肌肉注射哌替啶。观察两组产妇术后6、12、24和48小时疼痛程度和舒适度,记录初乳时间、日哺乳次数和产后24、48小时阴道流血量,检测术前、术后24及48小时血清中泌乳素水平,以及不良反应等。结果观察组产妇术后6、12、24和48小时线性视觉模拟评分（VAS）及布氏舒适度评分（BCS）均优于对照组（P〈0.05）;观察组产妇初乳时间、初乳后24小时哺乳次数、产后24及48小时阴道出血均优于对照组,存在统计学差异（P〈0.05）;术前,两组产妇血清泌乳素水平差异无显著性（P〉0.05）,而术后24及48小时,观察组产妇血清泌乳素水平均高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论舒芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛应用于剖宫产术后,可以降低产妇的疼痛程度,提高舒适度和血清中泌乳素水平,促进早期泌乳,有利于母婴健康,值得临床推广应用。     

硬膜外氟哌啶,灭吐灵预防术后吗啡并发恶心呕吐的临床观察

剖宫产手术病人６０例，随机分三组，手术结束时硬膜外腔分别注入吗啡２ｍｇ（Ⅰ组）、吗啡２ｍｇ＋灭吐灵１０ｍｇ（Ⅱ组）或吗啡２ｍｇ＋氟哌啶２．５ｍｇ（Ⅲ组）进行硬膜外术后镇痛，观察病人２４ｈ内恶心，呕吐及切口明显疼痛的发生情况。结果Ⅱ，Ⅲ组病人术后２４ｈ内切口明显疼痛的发生率小于其它两组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

自控镇痛对剖宫产术后产妇哺乳和产后出血的影响

目的 探讨剖宫产术后应用自控型镇痛泵（PCA）的临床效果。方法选择自愿应用PCA镇痛、无禁忌证的剖宫产产妇50例为观察组；同期行剖宫产手术．采用肌内注射哌替啶和异丙嗪镇痛产妇50例为对照组。观察产妇术后12h及24h镇痛效果、母乳喂养情况、产后阴道流血量。结果观察组产妇术后12h、24h镇痛有效率显著高于对照组（均P〈0．01），泌乳时间早（P〈0．01）．24h平均哺乳次数多（P〈0．05）．产后阴道流血量和时照组比较，差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论剖宫产术后使用PCA镇痛效果良好。能促进产妇乳汁分泌。     

单次剂量吗啡复合罗比卡因用于剖宫产术后PCEA的效果评价

目的 用单次剂量吗啡复合持续剂量不同浓度罗比卡因应用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛（patient controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA)，与持续剂量吗啡和罗比卡因相比较，寻求一种减少吗啡用量，更适合下腹部手术的硬膜外自控镇痛方法。方法 80例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级行子宫下段剖宫产的产妇，随机分为四组，单次剂量吗啡分三组；SMR0.1组，0.1%罗比卡因；SMR0.2组，0.2%罗比卡因，SMR0.05组，0.05%罗比卡因，三组均先单次静注吗啡1mg 氟哌利多持续硬膜外给药，观察产妇24小时内VAS，镇静评分，Prine Henry评分，改良Bromage分级的变化，PONV等不良反应的发生率，记录产妇24小时内用药量。结果 VAS评分；CM组，SMR0.2组大于SMR0.1组，SM0.05组和CM组。SMR0.1组，SMR0.05组尿潴留，排气时间延长发生率明显低于SMR0.2组，CM组，结论 1mg吗啡单次给药复合维持剂量0.1%罗比卡因用于剖宫产术后PCEA能够取得良好的镇痛效果。感觉-运动阻滞分离效果好，不良反应少。     

硬膜外布比卡因镇痛对剖宫产术后催乳素及婴儿体重的影响

目的：观察剖宫产术后病人自控硬膜外镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）对催乳素（ＰＲＬ）、母乳量及婴儿体重的影响。方法：选择６０例健康足月产妇,择期在硬膜外麻醉下施行剖宫产术。术毕随机等分为镇痛组和对照组。镇痛组行ＰＣＥＡ,注入０．２％布比卡因（２ｍｌ／ｈ）持续７２小时镇痛。对照组术毕拔出硬膜外导管。两组采用放射免疫分析法测定血浆ＰＲＬ。结果：镇痛组ＶＡＳ明显低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）。两组术后ＰＲＬ较术前明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）,镇痛组术后ＰＲＬ又显著高于对照级殖 组婴儿体重增加明显高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）,肠蠕动恢复时间明显快于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,镇痛组睡眠好。两组宫缩无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论：剖宫产术后经卡因ＰＣＥＡ能促进ＰＲＬ分泌,增加婴儿体重。     

剖宫产术后静脉途径PCA对产妇自理能力及泌乳的影响

目的 探讨剖宫产术后静脉途径PCA对产妇自理能力和泌乳的影响。方法 对473例符合剖宫产指征者行剖宫产，根据产妇自愿选择术后镇痛方法分为观察组（320例）和对照组（153例）。观察组术后采用静脉途径PCA镇痛；对照组术后采用间断肌内注射曲马多镇痛。观察两组镇痛效果、产妇自理能力、泌乳始动时间、不同时段泌乳率等。结果 观察组术后4h和24h镇痛有效率显著高于对照组（均P〈0．01）；产妇自理能力优良率显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）；且泌乳始动时间比对照组早（P〈0．01），术后24、48h泌乳率显著高于对照组（P〈0．01，P〈0．05）。结论 静脉途径PCA是一种简便易行、持久稳定的术后镇痛方法，可提高剖宫产术后产妇的自理能力和促进泌乳。     

剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛对产妇泌乳的影响

目的　观察剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛产妇的泌乳状况及对血清泌乳素 (PRL)的影响。方法　足月初产妇 90例均分为三组 :Ⅰ组剖宫产术后采用硬膜外芬太尼、布比卡因自控镇痛(PCEA) ;Ⅱ组为剖宫术后非镇痛 ;Ⅲ组为阴道自然分娩。采用放射免疫法测定血清泌乳素 (PRL)浓度 ,视觉模拟评分法 (VAS)估计镇痛效果 ,随访 72小时。结果　镇痛组VAS明显低于非镇痛组 (P<0 0 1) ;镇痛组初乳时间明显早于非镇痛组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;三组病人产后PRL较产前明显升高 (P <0 0 1) ,镇痛组术后 2 4、48小时PRL明显高于非镇痛组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　剖宫产术后采用芬太尼、布比卡因硬膜外PCEA ,镇痛效果确切 ,能增加PRL分泌 ,促进早泌乳     

吗啡蛛网膜下腔镇痛剂量的探讨

目的 探讨吗啡注入蛛网膜下腔剖宫产产妇术后镇痛的较为理想的剂量.方法 选取ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,足月妊娠需剖宫产产妇120例,随机均分为四组.采用配方为0.5%布比卡因2ml 50%GS 0.2ml 吗啡行蛛网膜下腔麻醉.四组吗啡剂量分别是Ⅰ组0.2mg、Ⅱ组0.3mg、Ⅲ组0.4 mg和Ⅳ组0.5 mg.麻醉平面控制在T8以下.观察新生儿Apgar评分;48 h内每12小时的镇痛效果及呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应.结果 Ⅲ和Ⅳ组术后镇痛时间明显较Ⅰ和Ⅱ组长(P〈0.01),Ⅳ组恶心呕吐及皮肤瘙痒显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P<0.01),四组新生儿Apgar评分差异无统计学意义.结论 0.4 mg吗啡用于蛛网膜下腔是剖宫产产妇术后镇痛较为理想的剂量.     

吗啡用于妇科和胸科手术术后镇痛的临床观察

本文比较了吗啡用于妇科和胸科手术术后镇痛的临床效果和安全性。20例妇科手术在连续硬膜外麻醉下手术,术毕一次性给予吗啡2.5mg,胸科13例病人在全麻后、术毕及术后3小时分别给予2.5mg吗啡。于术毕、术后1、3、5、24小时进行随访并记录疼痛评分(VAPS)、平均动脉压和呼吸频率、心率、脉搏血氧饱和度(SPO_2)及恶心、呕吐等副作用情况。结果表明,两组镇痛效果均确切,时间长达24小时以上。恶心呕吐发生率妇科组30％,胸科组15％,无显著差异。妇科组1例发生皮肤瘙痒。两组呼吸、循环变化均无显著差异。作者认为对于连续硬膜外麻醉术后需短期镇痛患者,单次剂量硬外吗啡镇痛效果优良,对于全麻术后患者、吗啡用量宜大一些。     

不同稀释容量的吗啡对术后镇痛的影响

目的　探讨不同稀释容量的吗啡对剖宫产患者术后镇痛的影响。方法　 80例行剖宫产术患者 ,随机分成四组 ,每组 2 0例。A组 :吗啡 1 5mg稀释到 2ml;B组 :吗啡 1 5mg稀释到 5ml;C组 :吗啡 1 5mg稀释到 10ml;D组 :吗啡 1 5mg稀释到 2 0ml;分别在手术结束时注入硬膜外腔。术后6 ,12和 2 4小时用视觉模拟评分法 (VAS)评定镇痛效果并观察恶心、呕吐、瘙痒和呼吸抑制等并发症。结果　四组病人 2 4小时内VAS评分在任何时间均无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,仅D组恶心、呕吐、瘙痒发生率大于A、B和C组。结论　不同稀释容量的吗啡对术后镇痛无明显影响     

羟考酮对慢性乙型肝炎剖宫产产妇术后T细胞功能的影响

目的探讨羟考酮术后镇痛对慢性乙型肝炎剖宫产产妇术后T细胞功能的影响。方法择期在腰-硬联合麻醉下行剖宫产的慢性乙型肝炎产妇60例,年龄22~35岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,Child分级A或B,随机分为两组,每组30例。分别采用羟考酮0.8mg/kg(O组)和吗啡0.8mg/kg(M组)行术后静脉镇痛,镇痛泵配方均用生理盐水稀释至100ml,背景量2ml/h,Bolus 2ml,锁定时间15min。记录术毕即刻、术后24、48、72h免疫细胞(Th1、Th2细胞)及生化指标。记录术后24h内镇痛泵的按压次数和累计镇痛药用量。记录术后不良反应情况。结果术后24h和48h,O组Th1明显高于M组(P0.05);M组Th1、Th2细胞变化差异无统计学意义。O组总按压次数和镇痛药累计用量明显少于M组(P0.05)。两组术后不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。结论慢性乙型肝炎剖宫产产妇术后镇痛中羟考酮能激活T细胞,而吗啡引起Th1细胞抑制。     

Epidural neostigmine produces analgesia but also sedation in women after cesarean delivery

BACKGROUND: Intrathecal neostigmine produces analgesia but also nausea, limiting its utility. In contrast, epidural administration of neostigmine has been suggested to produce postoperative analgesia without nausea in nonpregnant patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the dose range for efficacy and side effects of epidural neostigmine in women at cesarean delivery receiving combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. METHODS: After institutional approval and informed consent, 80 patients for elective cesarean delivery were given combined spinal-epidural anesthesia with 8 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine plus 10 microg fentanyl. Patients were randomized to receive either saline or 75, 150, or 300 microg neostigmine (n = 20 per group) in 10 ml saline after cord clamping. Pain, morphine consumption, and side effects were monitored for 24 h. RESULTS: Global pain assessment for the first 24 h was reduced from 5.4 +/- 0.2 in the saline group to 3.0-3.5 +/- 0.3 in the neostigmine groups, dose independently. Correspondingly, global satisfaction with neostigmine was also improved (P < 0.05). Nausea and morphine consumption were similar among groups. Intraoperative shivering and sedation were increased in the 300-microg neostigmine group only (P < 0.05), and postoperative sedation was increased by neostigmine in a dose-independent fashion (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Epidural neostigmine produced modest analgesia in women after cesarean delivery. In contrast with previous reports, which focused primarily on nausea, these data suggest that epidural neostigmine can also produce mild sedation for several hours. These data suggest a limited role for single bolus-administration epidural neostigmine for analgesia after cesarean delivery. They also support future study of epidural neostigmine for obstetric analgesia.     

Effects of epidural naloxone on pruritus induced by epidural morphine: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Epidural morphine produces prolonged analgesia but has many side effects including pruritus. Naloxone is an antagonist that can reverse the side effects of morphine. METHOD: We studied the effects of continuously administered epidural naloxone mixed with morphine on side effects and analgesia in a randomized, double blind, two-armed study. Fifty-eight pregnant women undergoing cesarean section were enrolled. All patients received a 4-mg epidural bolus of morphine in the post-anesthetic care unit. After this, patients in group M (n=28) received continuous epidural morphine (6 mg over 48 h) in 0.1% bupivacaine; patients in group N (n=30) received an epidural infusion containing naloxone (1.2 mg over 48 h) and morphine (6 mg over 48 h) in 0.1% bupivacaine. The infusion rate was 2 mL/h. RESULTS: The incidence (82% versus 47%) and severity of pruritus were lower in group N than group M (P=0.001). There were no significant differences in pain score or in the incidence of nausea, vomiting or urinary disturbance between groups. CONCLUSION: Continuous epidural infusion of naloxone combined with morphine is effective in reducing the incidence and severity of pruritus induced by epidural morphine.     

Does epidural fentanyl decrease the efficacy of epidural morphine after cesarean delivery?

Earlier studies have suggested that epidural fentanyl improves intraoperative analgesia during cesarean section, but others have suggested that it worsens postoperative analgesia from epidural morphine. The purpose of this study was to determine whether epidural fentanyl given before epidural morphine improves the quality of intraoperative epidural anesthesia without worsening postoperative analgesia provided by epidural morphine. Sixty patients having epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery were studied. Epidural anesthesia was established using 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 5 micrograms/mL. After delivery, either fentanyl 100 micrograms/10 mL or normal saline-control 10 mL was injected through the epidural catheter in a randomized, double-blind manner. All patients received 3.5 mg of morphine epidurally after uterine repair. After administration of the epidural study drug, there were no significant differences in the pain responses during surgery between the two groups. Patients in the fentanyl group experienced significantly less nausea and vomiting between delivery and the end of surgery than did patients in the normal saline-control group (P = 0.013). Postoperatively, visual analogue scale scores for pain, pruritus, nausea, and sedation were similar at 1, 2, 4, and 8 h in the two groups. We conclude that fentanyl 100 micrograms administered epidurally during cesarean delivery did not improve intraoperative analgesia, but significantly reduced intraoperative nausea and vomiting without diminishing the efficacy of postoperative analgesia provided by epidural morphine.     

Transdermal scopolamine decreases nausea and vomiting following cesarean section in patients receiving epidural morphine

The authors evaluated the antiemetic properties of transdermal scopolamine (TDS) in healthy patients undergoing elective cesarean section and receiving epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia. Prior to administration of anesthesia, 203 patients had either TDS or a placebo study patch applied behind one ear. All patients were hydrated with lactated Ringer's solution iv and given 2.0% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine epidurally for surgical anesthesia. Following delivery of the infant, 4 mg of morphine sulphate was injected through the epidural catheter. After the operation patients were evaluated by "blinded" observers at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, and 48 h for nausea, vomiting, retching, pain relief, itching, and adverse effects. In addition, medications received were noted. No differences were found between the groups in terms of severity or incidence of pain, or requests for analgesic or antipruritic medication. Although there was no difference between the groups in the first 2 h, patients with TDS had significantly less nausea, vomiting, and retching than patients in the placebo group in each time interval between 2 and 10 h. Additionally, the TDS group required less antiemetic medication. There was no difference in the frequency of retching or vomiting between groups. Side effects were minimal and equal in both groups. The authors conclude that TDS results in a decreased incidence of nausea and vomiting in patients who have delivered by cesarean section and received epidural morphine. TDS appears safe for continuous antiemetic administration.     

Chloroprocaine may not affect epidural morphine for postcesarean delivery analgesia

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to assess the independent effect of epidural chloroprocaine on morphine used for pain relief after cesarean delivery. DESIGN: We used a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: The study took place at the labor and delivery ward of an academic medical center. PATIENTS: Forty pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal-epidural anesthesia. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to receive either 150 mg of 3% chloroprocaine or placebo, followed by 3 mg of epidural morphine. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome for this investigation was the duration of pain relief after morphine administration, defined as the time at first use of supplemental opioids for analgesia. Secondary outcomes included pain scores, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, anesthetic sensory level, nausea and vomiting, pruritus, supplemental use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, and satisfaction. MAIN RESULTS: The groups were similar in demographics and duration of spinal anesthesia. Using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of the duration of morphine analgesia, we found no difference between the groups (chloroprocaine, 1191 minutes, vs placebo, 1267 minutes, P = 0.52). There was no difference in pain scores or the need for supplemental analgesics. Side effects of epidural morphine were similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: We found that epidural chloroprocaine did not reduce the duration or effectiveness of postoperative analgesia from epidural morphine.     

Epidural analgesia and the rate of cesarean delivery]

OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of epidural analgesia on the increased rate of cesarean delivery and to analyze associated factors. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective study enrolling 1,714 women in labor to whom epidural analgesia was offered; 719 received epidural analgesia and 995 did not. We recorded age, weight, height, parity, gestational age, duration of labor, manner of onset of labor, delivery, birth weight, Apgar score and pH in the umbilical artery and vein. Student t, Hotteling's t2 and chi-squared tests were used to compare the results. Multiple logical regression analysis was used to determine the variable or variables having the most effect on the rate of cesarean delivery. RESULTS: Labor lasted longer in the group of women who received epidural analgesia than in those who did not (234 +/- 90 versus 181 +/- 43 minutes) and the epidural group had significantly higher rates of induced labor (50% versus 15%), instrument-assisted delivery (19% versus 5%) and cesarean delivery (21% versus 8%). Cesarean sections were more frequent among women whose labor was induced and in nulliparous women in both groups. Logical regression analysis showed that epidural analgesia was the most significant variable affecting delivery by cesarean section. The next most influential variable was induction of labor. Parity was not significantly related to delivery by cesarean. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural analgesia increased the likelihood of cesarean delivery in our study. The same factors that most often encourage women to accept epidural analgesia (induced labor, greater pain, prolonged labor, etc.) may predict increased likelihood of cesarean delivery.     

Epidural clonidine analgesia after cesarean section

Epidurally administered clonidine has been reported to produce postoperative analgesia. To assess the efficacy, safety, and appropriate dose of epidural clonidine for post-cesarean section analgesia, we designed a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Sixty women were randomly assigned to receive epidural administration of saline bolus followed by 24-h saline infusion, 400-micrograms clonidine bolus followed by 10 micrograms/h clonidine infusion, or 800-micrograms clonidine bolus followed by 20 micrograms/h clonidine infusion. Supplemental analgesia was provided with patient-controlled iv morphine. Compared to saline, both clonidine regimens produced analgesia, as measured by verbal pain scores and supplemental iv morphine use during the first 6 h after bolus injection. Time to first morphine use was similar for both clonidine groups and significantly greater than saline. However, compared to saline, only the 20 micrograms/h clonidine infusion resulted in decreased morphine usage over the entire 24-h period. Compared to saline, both clonidine doses decreased blood pressure. This decrease was greater in the 400-micrograms than in the 800-micrograms clonidine group, but no patient required treatment for hypotension. Clonidine decreased heart rate (one patient required atropine for asymptomatic bradycardia) and produced transient sedation. The 800-micrograms clonidine dose prolonged resolution of local anesthetic-induced motor blockade compared to saline. The results suggest that epidurally administered clonidine provides analgesia, as measured by decreased need for supplemental morphine, after cesarean section, but continuous infusion is required for analgesia of more than 6 h duration.     

Postoperative epidural morphine for postpartum tubal ligation analgesia

Women undergoing postoperative postpartum tubal ligation (PPTL) often experience considerable pain. We hypothesized that epidural morphine, as part of a multi-modal analgesic regimen, would decrease postoperative pain and the need for systemic analgesia after PPTL. In a double-blinded study, patients were randomized to receive epidural saline or morphine 2 mg, 3 mg, or 4 mg after epidural anesthesia for PPTL. Postoperatively, ibuprofen 600 mg was administered every 6 h and patients could request acetaminophen 325 mg/hydrocodone 10 mg. The primary outcome variable was time to first request for supplemental analgesia. Verbal rating scores for pain and the incidence and severity of side effects were recorded for 24 h. Morphine group subjects requested supplemental analgesia later and received fewer doses compared with the saline group subjects. Peak cramping and incisional verbal rating scores for pain and the area under the verbal rating scores for pain x time curve for cramping pain were less after epidural morphine compared with saline, but there were no differences among morphine groups. Nausea, vomiting, and pruritus occurred more often in all morphine groups and subjects who received morphine 4 mg required treatment for these side effects more frequently than the saline or morphine 2 mg groups. In conclusion, epidural morphine 2 mg as part of a multi-modal analgesic regimen improved analgesia and decreased the need for supplemental analgesics after PPTL. The need to treat side effects with morphine 2 mg was not increased compared to a regimen of oral acetaminophen/opioid/nonsteroidal antiinflammatory analgesics.