学龄前肥胖儿童体质指数与血清瘦素、胰岛素及性激素水平的关系

[目的]研究学龄前肥胖儿童体质指数与血清瘦素、胰岛素及性激素水平的关系. [方法]对122例学龄前肥胖儿童及61例健康正常儿童的瘦素(Leptin)、胰岛素(Ins)、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3(IGF-BP3)、雌二醇(E2)和睾酮(T)水平进行测定,测量其身高、体重.计算其体质指数(body mass index,BMI),并分析BMI与各激素的相互关系. [结果]①肥胖组儿童BMI及血清Leptin、Ins、IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-BP3和E2水平明显高于正常组,且差异有显著性(P值均<0.001),而两组睾酮水平差异无显著性(P>0.05);相关分析显示肥胖儿童BMI与血清Leptin和Ins水平有明显正相关(r=0.412,r=0.336.P值均<0.001);②正常组儿童BMI与血清Leptin、Ins、IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-BP3、E2和睾酮水平均无相关性(P值均>0.05),③BMI与血清Leptin和Ins水平的相关系数肥胖男童大于肥胖女童,且肥胖女童BMI与血清E2水平有显著正相关(P<0.05),而肥胖男童则无显著相关性(P>0.05);④多元线性回归分析显示肥胖儿童血清Leptin和Ins水平是影响BMI的重要因素(P值均<0.001). [结论]BMI对儿童肥胖的早期诊断、早期干预是非常有意义的.     

Work-related physical activity is not associated with body mass index and obesity

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of work-related physical activity (WRPA) and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with body mass index (BMI) and obesity in the Spanish adult population aged 20 to 60 years. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The data were taken from the 1993 Spanish National Health Survey. We analyzed a sample of 12,044 men and women representative of the Spanish population aged 20 to 60 years. BMI and frequency of obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2)) were obtained from self-reported weight and height. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression models were constructed, adjusting for the main confounding factors. WRPA and LTPA were measured by two questions to classify subjects into four categories of physical activity. RESULTS: Neither mean BMI nor percentage of obesity varied significantly (p > 0.05) by WRPA. Mean BMI was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in those who were inactive in their leisure time (25.90 kg/m(2) in men and 24.43 kg/m(2) in women) than in those who reported vigorous activity (24.42 kg/m(2) and 22.97 kg/m(2) in men and women, respectively). The odds ration (OR) for obesity decreased with increasing level of LTPA in both men (OR of 0.64 for vigorous activity) and women (OR = 0.68), showing a statistically significant dose-response relation in both men (for linear trend, p = 0.0021) and women (p = 0.0245). DISCUSSION: These results raise questions about the association between WRPA and obesity and suggest the need to reexamine models of the obesity epidemic that point to automation of the workplace as one of the major explanatory factors.     

胰岛素抵抗与体质量指数对PCOS妇女脂代谢及性激素的影响

目的 探讨胰岛素抵抗(IR)与体质指数(BMI)对多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)妇女脂代谢与性激素的影响.方法 选取2015年7月至2016年12月在海南医学院第二附属医院东湖妇产科就诊的198例PCOS患者,根据体质指数与胰岛素抵抗指数分为胰岛素抵抗+肥胖组(A组)、胰岛素抵抗+非肥胖组(B组)、非胰岛素抵抗+肥胖组(C组)和非胰岛素抵抗+非肥胖组(D组),对比四组患者的卵泡刺激素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)、性激素结合蛋白(SHBG)及脂代谢指标.结果 四组患者BMI、腰围、腰臀比(WHR)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)比较均有统计学差异(F值分别为2.657、3.024、2.997、3.223,均P<0.05),A组和C组BMI、腰围、WHR均显著高于B组和D组(t=2.446~2.780,均P<0.05),A组和B组BMI、腰围、W HR均显著高于C组和D组(t=2.409~3.127,均P<0.05).四组患者血清FSH、E2、T比较无显著性差异(F值分别为0.790、1.030、1.103,均P>0.05),LH和SHBG比较有显著性差异(F值分别为3.112、2.579,均P<0.05),A组LH水平最高,D组SHBG水平最高.四组患者总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)比较有显著性差异(F值分别为2.908、2.557,均P<0.05),进一步每两组之间比较发现,A组和B组均显著高于C组和D组(t=3.408~2.676,均P<0.05),A组和B组之间、C组和D组之间比较无显著性差异(t值分别为0.788、0.457,均P>0.05).四组患者高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)比较无显著性差异(F值分别为1.009、1.243,均P>0.05).结论 患有胰岛素抵抗及肥胖患者有更严重的脂代谢异常及性激素分泌紊乱,需要积极干预治疗.     

Snacking patterns influence energy and nutrient intakes but not body mass index

Objective To study dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) patterns among US adults, stratified by snacking patterns. Design The 1994–1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) provided the study sample. Snacking episodes were defined as a ‘food and/or beverage break’, and subjects were classified as morning, afternoon, evening, multiple or never snackers. Subjects/setting Our study included data from 1756 men and 1511 women who provided two nonconsecutive, multiple-pass 24-h dietary recalls. Statistical analyses Mean values of each subject's two 24-h recalls were used for analyses, and data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows and SUDAAN. Results Compared with women, men were more likely to be evening, multiple or never snackers. Male multiple snackers had significantly higher energy intakes than did afternoon and never snackers, whereas female multiple snackers had higher energy intakes than did morning, evening and never snackers. At the same time, male and female multiple snackers had more prudent energy-adjusted intakes of protein, cholesterol, calcium and sodium. Coffee, cola, milk, ice cream and fruits were among the most frequently consumed snacks by men and women. The BMI did not differ significantly across snacker categories. Conclusions These data indicate that snacking patterns have some effects on energy and nutrient intakes but not on BMI. Snack food choices remain a concern, especially beverages, including those that are sweetened. Vegetables and fruits as snacks should be encouraged.     

Decrease in television viewing predicts lower body mass index at 1-year follow-up in adolescents, but not adults

ObjectiveTo examine associations between television viewing, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, eating out, physical activity, and body weight change over 1 year.DesignSecondary data analysis from randomized intervention trial.SettingHouseholds in the community.ParticipantsAdults (n = 153) and adolescents (n = 72) from the same households.InterventionHouseholds were randomized to a home-based obesity prevention intervention or to a no-intervention control group for a 1-year period.Main Outcome MeasuresSelf-reported television viewing (TV) hours, diet, and physical activity. Body mass index (BMI) computed from measured weight and height (primary outcome measure).AnalysisMixed-model regression.ResultsAmong adolescents, a significant prospective association was observed between decreases in television viewing hours and lower BMI z score at 1-year follow-up (decreased TV hours: BMI z score mean = 0.65; no change or increase TV hours: BMI z score = 0.92; P < .02). No significant prospective associations were observed among adults.Conclusions and ImplicationsReducing television viewing may be an effective strategy to prevent excess weight gain among adolescents.     

Breakfast size is related to body mass index for men,but not women

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of self-reported breakfast size, daily eating, and other health habits on body mass index (BMI). We hypothesized that a consumption of a substantial breakfast compared with skipping or small breakfasts would be associated with lower BMI. Three independent, cross-sectional, screening surveys were conducted by Sydney Adventist Hospital in 1976, 1986, and 2005 in the surrounding community. The archived survey forms of 384 men and 338 women in 1976, 244 men and 229 women in 1986, and 270 men and 62 women in 2005 were randomly selected. Body mass index was determined from height and weight measured by hospital staff. The reported amount consumed at breakfast was one of several eating habits that predicted BMI for men but not women. It explained 5% to 6% of the variance in male BMI in all 3 years examined. As the reported breakfast amount increased, men's BMI decreased. Lifestyle confounders including vegetarianism and physical activity did not affect this relationship. However, the consumption of breakfast was significantly positively associated with consumption of cereals, bread, fruit, and spreads, while coffee consumption was significantly associated with smaller breakfasts or breakfast skipping. The consumption of relatively large breakfasts may influence BMI in men, and its promotion may help reduce the prevalence of obesity in Australia and elsewhere.     

Epidemiological evidence of increased waist circumference,but not body mass index,associated with impaired baroreflex sensitivity

Although an inverse relationship between body mass index (BMI) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was found, the effect of waist circumference (WC) on BRS is still inconclusive. The contradictory results of previous studies may be related to the heterogeneity and relatively small sample size of the subjects examined. The aim of this population-based study was to investigate whether the influence of increased WC is more detrimental to BRS than BMI. A total of 760 community dwellers were recruited and they were classified into Q1 (n = 189), Q2 (n = 183), Q3 (n = 192) and Q4 (n = 196) groups, based on WC quartiles. Spontaneous BRS was determined by spectral α coefficient method. Valsalva ratio was the longest RR interval after release of Valsalva maneuver divided by the shortest RR interval during maneuver. Cardiac autonomic function was calculated by power spectrum of heart rate in low and high frequency (LF, 0.04–0.15 Hz; HF, 0.15–0.40 Hz), and LF/HF ratio in supine position for five minutes. There were significant differences in spontaneous BRS and Valsalva ratio among different WC groups. In multivariate analysis, obesity was inversely associated with spontaneous BRS and Valsalva ratio. However, these inverse relationships became insignificant after further adjustment for WC quartiles. In contrast, Q4 vs. Q1, Q3 vs. Q1 and Q2 vs. Q1 of WC were inversely related to spontaneous BRS. Q4 vs. Q1 and Q3 vs. Q1 of WC were negatively associated with the Valsalva ratio. In conclusion, increased and even high-normal WC had a stronger adverse effect on BRS than BMI, independent of cardio-metabolic risk factors.     

Relationship of ghrelin and leptin hormones with body mass index and waist circumference in a random sample of adults

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship of ghrelin and leptin hormones with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference in a population-based random sample of adult men and women subsequently categorized from normal weight to severely obese based on BMI criteria. The relationship between total ghrelin and leptin was also evaluated. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted on adults. METHODS: Two-hundred thirty-three men (n=107) and women (n=126) between the ages of 23 and 75 years were randomly selected from a database of over 600,000 adults who had previously participated in a population-based study conducted by the University of Utah Cardiovascular Genetics Program. Items collected included height, weight, waist circumference, and fasting blood samples. Blood samples were later thawed, and plasma leptin and total ghrelin levels were analyzed with radioimmunoassay kits. RESULTS: Leptin levels were directly associated with BMI (r=0.72, P=0.001) and waist circumference (r=0.71, P=0.0001), whereas total ghrelin was inversely associated with BMI (r=-0.39, P=0.001) and waist circumference (r=-0.37, P=0.001). There were also statistically significant linear changes in means across the BMI categories for both hormones. After controlling for BMI and waist circumference, the highly significant correlation of leptin with ghrelin (r=-0.39) was reduced but still significant (r=-0.17, P=0.01). CONCLUSION: Leptin increases and ghrelin decreases were linear over the five BMI categories, suggesting there is no threshold of BMI where the hormone levels change abruptly. There remain other factors beyond current BMI and waist circumference that induce a correlation of these two hormones. Further understanding of the role that each of these hormones has in influencing appetite and body weight may provide insight into mechanisms involved with obesity.     

Family social class, maternal body mass index, childhood body mass index, and age at menarche as predictors of adult obesity

BACKGROUND: Obesity is an increasingly prevalent nutritional disorder throughout the world and is a risk factor for many chronic diseases. The prevalence of obesity increases with age. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the associations between BMI at 31 y of age and family social class during early childhood, maternal body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, BMI at birth and at 1 and 14 y of age, and age at menarche. DESIGN: This was a longitudinal study of the northern Finland birth cohort for 1966. Subjects were measured at birth and at 1, 14, and 31 y of age. The analysis was restricted to individuals for whom BMI data were available for all measurement points (n = 2876 males and 3404 females). RESULTS: The mean BMI at birth was highest in offspring from the highest social classes, but BMI was inversely related to social class at 1 y. BMI, the waist-to-hip ratio, and the proportion of obese subjects were inversely related to social class at 31 y. The heavier the mother, the heavier the offspring from birth to 31 y. The paired analyses between maternal BMI and daughter's BMI at 31 y showed no significant difference in BMI after adjustment for the age difference. BMI at 14 y was the most important predictor of BMI at 31 y. Early menarche in females was associated with a higher BMI at 14 and 31 y. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in BMI by social class are formed at least partly during early childhood. Low social class of the child's family, a high maternal BMI before pregnancy, a high BMI during adolescence, and early menarche are predictors of obesity in adulthood.     

父母体质指数与学龄前儿童超重肥胖的关联研究

目的 掌握城市学龄前儿童超重、肥胖的流行现状,探究父母体质指数与学龄前儿童超重肥胖的关系.方法 选取江苏省南京市、山东省淄博市4所幼儿园的2 037名学龄前儿童作为研究对象,采用logistic模型分析父母体质指数与儿童超重肥胖的关系.结果 所调查学龄前儿童超重肥胖率为24.30％,超重率为13.16％(男14.54％...     

儿童肥胖与代谢综合征及胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 研究儿童肥胖与代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)组分及胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法 选择本院儿科门诊筛选的46例肥胖儿童患者[年龄(12.6±2.1)岁]为研究对象,51例正常体重儿童[年龄(12.5±1.9)岁]作为对照组,比较两组的临床特征及MS组分的差异,并分析胰岛素抵抗的影响因素。结果 1)肥胖组儿童的体质指数(body mass index,BMI)、腰围(waist circumference,WC)、血糖、血压、血脂水平(包括总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、非高密度脂蛋白)及胰岛素抵抗程度均明显高于对照组,而高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-c)明显低于对照组(均P<0.05);2)肥胖组中高血压儿童7例(15.2%),高甘油三酯(TG)血症14例(30.4%),低HDL-c或高非HDL-c血症2例(4.3%),血糖异常3例(6.5%),可诊断为MS的儿童有8例(17.4%),而正常对照组仅2例TG增高(3.9%);3)多元逐步回归显示WC(标准化β=0.432,P<0.01)及TG(标准化β=0.207,P<0.05)为胰岛素抵抗的独立影响因素。 结论 肥胖儿童易存在不同程度的代谢异常,更易患代谢综合征。腰围及甘油三酯为胰岛素抵抗的独立影响因素。     

Limits of body mass index to detect obesity and predict body composition

Body mass index (BMI) is commonly used to identify obesity. In this study, we determined how accurately BMI could determine body composition and identify obese from non-obese individuals. Fat-free mass and body fat were determined with bioelectrical impedance. Adiposity was calculated as body fat per body mass and as body fat divided by body height (m2). Obesity was defined as a BMI of at least 30 kg/m2 or an amount of body fat of at least 25% of total body mass for men and at least 30% for women. Obesity as defined by percentage of body fat was always present with a BMI of at least 30 kg/m2. However, 30% of men and 46% of women with a BMI below 30 kg/m2 had obesity levels of body fat. The greatest variability in the prediction of percentage of body fat and body fat divided by height (m2) from regression equations using BMI was at a BMI below 30 kg/m2. In conclusion, using impedance-derived body-fat mass as the criterion, people with BMI of at least 30 kg/m2 are obese. However, significant numbers of people with a BMI below 30 kg/m2 are also obese and thus misclassified by BMI. Percent of body fat and body fat divided by height (m2) are predictable from BMI, but the accuracy of the prediction is lowest when the BMI is below 30 kg/m2. Therefore, measurement of body fat is a more appropriate way to assess obesity in people with a BMI below 30 kg/m2.     

Malnutrition syndrome, but not body mass index, is associated to worse prognosis in heart failure patients

Background & aims

Many studies have suggested that obese patients with chronic heart failure have a better prognosis than leaner patients. The main purpose of this study was to assess the prognostic value of body mass index in patients with chronic heart failure, independently of other poor prognosis parameters.

Methods

This retrospective study included 405 heart failure patients. Anthropometric, body composition, clinical, biochemical, and echocardiographic data were collected from all patients. Patients were classified as: underweight (<20 kg/m²), normal (20–24.9 kg/m²), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m²), and obese (≥30 kg/m²). The endpoints were all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.

Results

Cox regression analysis on all-cause mortality showed that normal weight patients were at significantly lower risk of death [RR = 0.231 (CI_95% 0.085–0.627)] as compared with obese patients, while underweight and overweight categories did not show a significantly different risk compared with the reference category. Age, gender, ejection fraction, systolic heart failure, angiotensin II receptor blockers use, hemoglobin levels, and handgrip strength were independent predictors of all-cause mortality. Cardiovascular deaths showed the same trend.

Conclusion

A lower body mass index does not predict all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among chronic heart failure patients, independently of other nutritional, body composition, and clinical status parameters.     

Links between body mass index,total body fat,cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein,and insulin sensitivity in patients with obesity related to depression,anger, and anxiety

OBJECTIVE: Define links between psychosocial parameters and metabolic variables in obese females before and after a low-calorie diet. METHOD: Nine female obese patients (age 36.1 +/- 7.1 years, body mass index [BMI] > 30 kg/m2) were investigated before and after a 6-week low-calorie diet accompanied by behavior therapy. Blood lipids, insulin sensitivity (Bergman protocol), fat distribution (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DEXA]), as well as psychological parameters such as depression, anger, anxiety, symptom load, and well-being, were assessed before and after the dieting period. RESULTS: The females lost 9.6 +/- 2.8 kg (p < .0001) of body weight, their BMI was reduced by 3.5 +/- 0.3 kg/m2 (p < .0001), and insulin sensitivity increased from 3.0 +/- 1.8 to 4.3 +/- 1.5 mg/kg (p = .05). Their abdominal fat content decreased from 22.3 +/- 5.5 to 18.9 +/- 4.5 kg (p < .0001). In parallel, psychological parameters such as irritability (p < .05) and cognitive control (p < .0001) increased, whereas feelings of hunger (p < .05), externality (p < .05), interpersonal sensitivity (p < .01), paranoid ideation (p < .05), psychoticism (p < .01), and global severity index (p < .01) decreased. Prospectively, differences in body fat (percent) were correlated to nervousness (p < .05). Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) differences were significantly correlated to sociability (p < .05) and inversely to emotional instability (p < .05), whereas emotional instability was inversely correlated to differences in insulin sensitivity (p < .01). DISCUSSION: Weight reduction may lead to better somatic risk factor control. Women with more nervousness and better sociability at the beginning of a diet period may lose more weight than others.     

产前BMI及孕期BMI增幅与分娩方式及新生儿体重的关系

目的:探讨孕妇产前BMI及孕期BMI增幅对分娩方式、新生儿体重的影响。方法:选取单胎初孕妇360人作为研究对象,产前BMI≥28为肥胖组、产前BMI28为正常组及孕期BMI增幅4为Ⅰ组,4≤BMI≤6为Ⅱ组,6为Ⅲ组。以分娩方式、新生儿出生体重为观察指标,对各组进行随访。结果:产前肥胖组剖宫产、新生儿体重明显增加(P0.05);孕期BMI增幅≥4孕妇剖宫产增加、孕期BMI增幅6孕妇巨大儿明显增加(P0.05)。结论:产前BMI及孕期BMI增幅与妊娠结局有关,控制孕期体重过度增长,可降低母婴并发症。