腹腔镜诊治未触及隐睾21例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜技术在诊治未触及隐睾中的作用.方法 2001年5月至2007年8月对21例23侧未触及隐睾患者行腹腔镜探查及一期睾丸下降固定术.结果 21例患者均行腹腔镜探查成功,1例睾丸发育不良行腹腔镜隐睾切除术,1例睾丸缺如,其余19例行一期睾丸下降固定术.平均手术时间55 min,平均住院时间3 d.门诊或电话随访0.5～3年,平均1.2年,无一例睾丸萎缩和移位.结论 腹腔镜探查未触及隐睾定位诊断准确率高,创伤小,可同时行一期睾丸下降固定术.     

腹腔镜下腹腔内高位隐睾下降固定术的疗效观察

目的：探讨腹腔镜下腹腔内高位隐睾下降固定术的疗效。方法：应用腹腔镜技术进行诊断并行隐睾下降固定术治疗不可触及的高位腹腔内型隐睾患儿21例（24侧）,年龄2～12岁,平均4岁。结果：21例患儿均得到明确诊断。14例（17侧）行一期睾丸下降固定术,3例行Fowler Stephens一期睾丸下降固定术,3例睾丸缺如,1例行睾丸萎缩切除术。随访6～30个月,平均16个月,下降固定的睾丸位置良好,睾丸均无萎缩和回缩。结论：采用腹腔镜技术可以准确诊断高位不可触及的腹腔内型隐睾,并可同时行睾丸下降固定术,安全、有效、微创,值得推广。     

腹腔镜诊治未触及睾丸的隐睾42例

目的 探讨腹腔镜在未触及睾丸的隐睾患儿中的诊断及治疗作用。方法 对42例未触及睾丸的隐睾患儿腹腔镜检查，根据睾丸的位置及发育情况，分别行睾丸一期固定术，分期Fowler-Stephens手术或切除术，结果 腹腔内睾丸28例（28/42，66.7%），其中4例行分期Fowler-Stephens手术，1例行分期睾丸固定术，余23例行一期睾丸固定术，睾丸发育不良4例（4/42，9.5%）,经腹腔沟区探查行切除术；睾丸缺如7例（7/42，16.7%）；腹股沟管内睾丸3例（3/42，7.1%），行常规睾丸固定术。术后随访6-60个月，平均38个月，患侧睾丸位置和发育基本正常。结论 腹腔镜能够准确诊断未触及睾丸的隐睾，并可做相应的治疗。     

电视腹腔镜在隐睾诊治中的应用

目的 :探讨腹腔镜在术前触及不到睾丸的隐睾症中诊断和治疗的价值。　方法 :对 8例 12侧术前触不到睾丸的隐睾病人行腹腔镜检查及相应的治疗。　结果 :8例 12侧隐睾均于腹腔镜下明确定位 ,其中腹腔内寻及睾丸 7例 (87 5 % ) ,腹股沟内环口隐睾 1例 (12 5 % ) ,行腹腔镜下隐睾切除 4例 ,睾丸下降固定术 4例。随访 0 5～ 8年 ,疗效满意。　结论 :本方法安全、准确 ,在体表触及不到的隐睾的诊治中有重要应用价值。     

经腹腔镜探查未触及睾丸的隐睾11例报告

目的 :探讨腹腔镜技术在未触及睾丸的隐睾中进行诊断和治疗的方法。方法 :利用腹腔镜技术对 11例未触及睾丸的隐睾进行了腹腔内探查和手术治疗。结果 :11例患者均取得了满意效果 ,其中 ,睾丸缺如 5例 ,腹腔内睾丸 4例 ,腹股沟睾丸 2例。腹腔内睾丸中 3例做了分期Fowler -Stephens睾丸固定术 ,另 1例行一期睾丸固定术。结论 :腹腔镜用于小儿未触及睾丸的隐睾探查和治疗 ,具有微创 ,准确 ,恢复快 ,瘢痕小 ,住院时间短的优点。     

未触及睾丸隐睾的腹腔镜手术体会

目的探讨腹腔镜在未触及睾丸隐睾患儿中的应用价值。方法选取2007年12月~2014年6月诊疗的未触及睾丸的隐睾患儿40例(45侧),根据患儿情况在腹腔镜下行相应手术治疗。腹腔内睾丸33例(38侧),其中行一期睾丸下降固定术29例(33侧),分期睾丸下降固定术4例(5侧);精索血管进入腹股沟管6例(6侧),行腹股沟区探查术;1例(1侧)腹腔内见输精管呈盲端,镜下切除。结果 40例(45侧)均手术顺利。手术时间34~65 min,平均46 min。术后住院时间2~5 d,平均3.2 d。40例随访6~24个月,平均8.7月。睾丸回缩至阴囊上方4例,睾丸萎缩1例,阴囊水肿、血肿3例,无睾丸扭转坏死。结论腔镜技术暴露清楚,解剖明确,不易损伤周围组织,对患儿创伤较小,有助于提高睾丸下降固定的成功率,尤其对腹腔内盲端输精管和很高位置的睾丸有较好的治疗效果,对治疗小儿高位隐睾具有重要的临床价值。     

腹股沟可触及睾丸的小儿隐睾的腹腔镜治疗体会

目的探讨腹腔镜技术在小儿腹股沟可触及隐睾中的应用。方法对23例26侧腹股沟可触及睾丸的隐睾患儿进行腹腔镜睾丸下降固定术治疗。其中左侧隐睾8例,右侧隐睾12例,双侧隐睾3例。结果 23例中有20例隐睾患者经腹腔镜手术均能分离到足够长度的精索及输精管,使睾丸能通过腹股沟管顺利降至阴囊中而I期完成手术。术后随访6月睾丸发育良好,睾丸无回缩,均未出现睾丸萎缩、腹股沟斜疝及鞘膜积液等并发症。3例转为腹股沟开放性手术。结论腹腔镜治疗腹股沟可触及的隐睾方法可行,疗效满意。     

超声及腹腔镜探查诊断小儿未触及睾丸

目的探讨超声及腹腔镜探查诊断小儿未触及睾丸的价值。方法对35例未触及睾丸患儿行常规超声检查,对超声于腹腔外未探及患侧睾丸者行腹腔镜探查术。分析检查结果,比较睾丸缺如、睾丸残余与单侧隐睾患儿健侧睾丸体积差异。结果 35例未触及睾丸患儿中,超声探及14例(17个)隐睾(13个腹内型和4个腹外型)、3例腹外型睾丸缺如、2例腹外型睾丸残余及2例异位睾丸,总检出率为60.00%(21/35)。对25例患儿行腹腔镜探查,发现17例(19个)腹内型隐睾、6例睾丸缺如(5例腹内型和1例腹外型)、2例腹内型睾丸残余,腹腔镜探查对腹内型未触及睾丸检出率为100%(24/24)。睾丸缺如、睾丸残余患儿健侧睾丸体积大于单侧隐睾患儿健侧睾丸体积(P均0.05)。结论联合应用超声和腹腔镜对诊断小儿未触及睾丸具有重要应用价值。     

腹腔镜手术治疗不可触及睾丸的隐睾患儿体会

目的探讨腹腔镜手术治疗不可触及睾丸的隐睾的价值。方法选取2014-08—2016-01间在郑州儿童医院接受腹腔镜睾丸探查的78例(86侧)不可触及睾丸的隐睾患儿,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果腹腔内睾丸26例(34侧),腹股沟内睾丸2例。其中行Ⅰ期睾丸下降固定术8例(10侧),(F-S)分期睾丸固定术20例(24侧)。睾丸缺如36例,睾丸残余14例。结论腹腔镜手术治疗不可触及睾丸的隐睾,创伤小、术野清晰、能明确睾丸位置及与精索和输精管之间的关系,有助于采取相应的手术方式。     

隐睾合并腹股沟疝腹腔镜手术中关闭内环口的必要性探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜治疗小儿隐睾合并同侧腹股沟斜疝术中关闭内环口是否必要。 方法收集2009年6月至2016年5月间宜昌市第二人民医院50例隐睾合并同侧腹股沟斜疝行腹腔镜睾丸下降固定术的患儿临床资料。腹腔镜下彻底游离精索后所有的睾丸均经腹股沟管下降至阴囊,内环口均未缝合关闭。观察手术时间、睾丸下降情况及并发症等。 结果50例患儿鞘状突均未闭合,其中腹股沟管型隐睾39例,腹腔型隐睾11例。平均手术时间72 min,所有患儿睾丸均一期下降固定于阴囊。所有病例随访时间9个月至6.5年,中位时间3年,睾丸回缩至阴囊上方3例,超声复查无一例患儿腹股沟斜疝复发。 结论隐睾合并同侧腹股沟斜疝行腹腔镜睾丸下降固定术安全、有效,术中缝合关闭内环口也许是不必要的。     

Section of spermatic vessels (Fowler-Stephens procedure). A possible treatment for high undescended testis]

Although orchidopexy for an undescended testis is generally a satisfactory operation, high undescended testis is often a problem. Management of such testicles remains controversial and since 1984 the authors have used spermatic vessels division (Fowler Stephens procedure) in 29 cases with satisfactory results. Although the Fowler-Stephens procedure carries a certain risk of testicular atrophy, the results are equivalent to those achieved by the two stage orchidopexy if careful attention is paid to details of the procedure and selection of cases.     

Laparoscopic orchidopexy: one-stage alternative for non-palpable testes.

Laparoscopy was utilised in the evaluation of 24 non-palpable undescended testes in 19 children. The procedure was accurate in all patients while ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) failed to localise the testes in most cases. At the same time laparoscopic orchidopexy was performed on 15 testes (62.5%). The remaining testes were either absent or atrophic, in which case they were excised. There were no complications from these procedures and the hospital stay was short. Paediatric laparoscopy is safe and effective in the definitive management of non-palpable undescended testes.     

Venographic localization of the non-palpable undescended testis in children.

In cases of bilateral non-palpable undescended testes in which human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation has shown the presence of testicular tissue and in cases of unilateral non-palpable undescended testes selective transfemoral gonadal venography with a modified Seldinger technique has been used for the preoperative localization of the non-palpable testis. since the undescended testis may be located anywhere along the course of its embryologic descent, that is from the level of the renal fossa to its exit from the inguinal canal, preoperative localization will aid in the surgical management. Gonadal venography has proved to be accurate and safe, and has aided in the determination of the extent of surgical exploration in 9 children with 12 non-palpable undescended testes (6 right and 6 left).     

Long term results of orchidopexy: transscrotal fixation versus Dartos-pouch

The aim in treating the undescended testis is to move the testis, without tension, permanently and deeply into the scrotum. Depending on the treatment, literature reveals a quote of relapses up to > 10 %. It was the aim of our investigations to judge in how far the quote of relapses after operative treatment of undescended testes can be related to the technique of operation. METHODS: Two groups with maldescensus testis treated by two different techniques of orchidopexy were compared retrospectively. 692 boys (mean age: 4.7 years; median age: 4.0 years) with 867 undescended testes underwent operative orchidopexy by the Gross technique (group 1). In comparison, the Petrivalsky/Schoemaker technique was performed on 493 boys (mean age: 5.0 years; median age: 4.0 years) with 609 undescended testes (group 2). Three months to eight years after operative treatment, the localisation and size of the testis was recorded. RESULTS: (1) In group 1 there were 39.3 % right-sided, 35.4 % left-sided and 25.3 % bilateral undescended testes. Primary operations were performed on 612 of 692 boys (88.4 %), whereas 469 patients (76.6 %) had a follow-up examination: the operation by using the Gross technique was successful in 90.6 % of the cases; there was an atrophy of the testis in 0.2 % and relapses were found in 9.2 %. (2) In group 2 there were 41.2 % right-sided, 35.3 % left-sided and 23.5 % bilateral undescended testes. Primary operations were performed on 446 of 493 boys (90.5 %), whereas 353 patients (79.1 %) had a follow-up examination: the operation using the Petrivalsky/Schoemaker technique was successful in 95.5 % of the cases; there was an atrophy of the testis in 0.3 % and relapses were found only in 4.2 %. (3) Under the same outer conditions the amount of relapses after orchidopexy was significantly (p < 0.025) smaller in group 2 (Petrivalsky/Schoemaker technique) than in group 1 (Gross technique). CONCLUSION: Our observations show that the Petrivalsky/Schoemaker technique for the operative treatment of undescended testis results in a significantly lower rate of relapses. However, the consequences of both techniques concerning fertility must be discussed after further investigations.     

Natural course of acquired undescended testis in boys

BACKGROUND: Although orchidopexy is commonly performed for acquired undescended testis, therapy is still controversial. A prospective study on the natural course of acquired undescended testis in boys was initiated. METHODS: At present, the study includes 63 boys with 74 acquired undescended testes in whom treatment and follow-up has been completed. In 15 boys with 20 acquired undescended testes, orchidopexy was performed before the onset of puberty, mainly at the request of the parents. In the remaining 48 boys with 54 acquired undescended testes, the onset of puberty was awaited. Of these, four boys with four acquired undescended testes were lost to follow-up. RESULTS: In 42 of 50 boys the testis descended spontaneously at puberty with a testicular volume appropriate for age. In the remaining eight boys the testis failed to descend at puberty and orchidopexy was performed. CONCLUSION: The preliminary results of this study indicate that spontaneous descent at puberty commonly occurs in boys with acquired undescended testes, with testicular volume appropriate for age. It is suggested that surgical intervention before onset of puberty may not always be necessary in acquired undescended testis.     

腹腔型隐睾腹腔镜下二期Fowler-Stephens术的经验总结

目的探讨腹腔镜下二期Fowler-Stephens术（F-S术）治疗腹腔型隐睾的可行性。 方法回顾性分析2014年9月至2018年10月,南方医科大学附属南方医院和张家界市中医医院收治的35例（37侧）腹腔型隐睾患儿,其中29例（31侧）完成了二期F-S术,第2期手术后6个月复查彩色多普勒超声（随访28例,1例失访）,评估睾丸有无萎缩。 结果26例单侧腹腔型隐睾患儿中术侧睾丸血供正常22侧（84.62%）,睾丸直径≥1 cm,且位于阴囊内;术后出现睾丸萎缩4侧（15.38%）。2例双侧腹腔型隐睾患儿4侧（100%）术后均出现双侧睾丸萎缩。单双侧隐睾睾丸萎缩率比较,差异有统计学意义（P=0.003）。而睾丸萎缩率在不同年龄段和腹腔内睾丸距离内环口不同的距离之间,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论腹腔镜下二期F-S术治疗腹腔型隐睾,术后睾丸萎缩率不低,需要谨慎选择患者。对于睾丸位置位于内环口2 cm以内的腹腔型隐睾,直接行腹腔镜下一期睾丸下降固定术,减少术后睾丸萎缩的发生率。对于双侧腹腔型隐睾,可考虑分侧手术,如果一侧睾丸术后出现萎缩,那么另一侧就要考虑不离断精索血管的手术方式。     

Cryptorchidism: the surgical implications of non-union of the epididymis and testis

A boy with a non-palpable undescended testis was found to have a 7.5 cm. separation between the detached epididymis and testis. This anomaly of non-union of the epididymis and testis emphasizes the need for careful exploration of the non-palpable undescended testis.     

Der spät diagnostizierte Hodenhochstand*

Cryptorchidism is a risk factor for testicular cancer and reduced fertility. Failure of critical maturation steps, with the persistence of gonocytes beyond 6 months, results in a decreased number of adult dark (A-dark) spermatogonia, which causes a deficiency of primary spermatocytes at 3 years of age. We evaluated the histological findings in boys older than 4 years who were diagnosed with a testis located in the inguinal channel. From September 2007 to September 2008, 15 boys (mean age 8 years) underwent orchidopexy with a biopsy taken from the undescended testis of one side. Sonograms were performed in all 15 boys. The incidences of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and Leydig cells (semiquantitative) were estimated as well as the exclusion of intratubular carcinoma in situ cells (Department of Pathology, Central EM Lab, University Medical Center Regensburg, Germany). Orchidopexy was performed on the right side in eight boys, the left side in one, and both sides in six. Sonographically, no parenchymal echotexture abnormalities were found. A-dark spermatogonia could be detected in nine biopsies. The Leydig cell score was reduced in 11 boys. No carcinoma in situ cells were detected. Late diagnosis of undescended testis will have a poor prognosis for future fertility.     

Review of the extent to which orchidopexy is performed at the optimal age: implications for health services

Background: In recent decades, the recommended age for orchidopexy for primary undescended testes has decreased, in the expectation that this might improve subsequent fertility. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this is reflected in a reduction in the age at which orchidopexies are carried out, and the implications for child health services. Methods: All boys who underwent an orchidopexy for an undescended testis carried out by the Christchurch‐based paediatric surgical service between January 1997 and December 2007 were identified through a prospectively collected database. They were analysed according to the age at time of operation and year of surgery to determine whether there was any trend over time. The proportions of children younger than 2 years and between 2 and 5 years of age were calculated for each year. Results: In total, 788 boys underwent orchidopexies for primary undescended testes, with 335 (42.5%) boys having surgery before the age of 2 (mean age 54.3 months, median 31.1 months). During the whole 11‐year period, there was no significant change in age at orchidopexy, whereas from 2003, a significant trend towards lower age at operation (Spearman’s rank ?0.1112, P = 0.0071) and a significant increase in the proportion of boys having surgery before the age of 2 (Spearman’s rank 0.9000, P = 0.0374) were seen. Conclusions: Although there has been a modest reduction in the mean age of orchidopexy since 2003, overall, the mean age at orchidopexy remains well above the recommended optimal age, implying that more attention should be paid towards earlier diagnosis and referral for primary undescended testes.